1
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Zheng P, Zhao H, Li J, Liu Q, Zhang J, Wu W. A multi-element flame retardant containing boron and double-bond structure for enhancing mechanical properties and flame retardancy of epoxy resins. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8130. [PMID: 38584161 PMCID: PMC10999438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A multi-element synergistic flame retardant with double-bond structure was synthesized and added to epoxy resin (EP) to obtain EP composites with high flame retardant and mechanical properties. The study demonstrated that the DOPO-KhCPA-5 composite, containing 5 wt% of DOPO, exhibits the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 32%, indicating a high resistance to combustion. Additionally, it successfully meets the UL-94 V-0 grade, indicating excellent self-extinguishing properties. The DOPO-KhCPA-5 compound exhibited a 48.7% decrease in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and a 7.2% decrease in total heat release (THR) compared to pure EP. The inclusion of double-bonded architectures in the DOPO-KhCPA-5 composites led to a significant enhancement in both the tensile strength and tensile modulus. Specifically, the tensile strength increased by 38.5% and the tensile modulus by 57.9% compared to pure EP. This improvement can be attributed to the formation of a fully interpenetrating network of macromolecular chain structures by DOPO-KhCPA within the EP matrix. This network increased the entanglement between molecular chains, resulting in positive effects on the mechanical properties of the EP. Multi-element of DOPO-KhCPA exhibits a synergistic effect, providing condensed and noncombustible gas-phase flame retardancy. Additionally, the mechanical properties were improved with the introduction of flame retardants due to the good impact of double-bond cross-linking. The effectiveness of DOPO-KhCPA as an additive for developing high-performance EP with significant potential applications has been proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglun Zheng
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China.
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China.
- Sichuan Key Technology Engineering Research Center for All-Electric Navigable Aircraft, Guanghan, 618307, Sichuan, China.
| | - Haihan Zhao
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Key Technology Engineering Research Center for All-Electric Navigable Aircraft, Guanghan, 618307, Sichuan, China
| | - Junwei Li
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Key Technology Engineering Research Center for All-Electric Navigable Aircraft, Guanghan, 618307, Sichuan, China
| | - Quanyi Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Key Technology Engineering Research Center for All-Electric Navigable Aircraft, Guanghan, 618307, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology, Beijing, 100028, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencai Wu
- China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology, Beijing, 100028, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Cao X, Huang J, Tang Z, Tong Y, Yuen ACY, Zhao W, Huang Q, Li RKY, Wu W. Self-assembled biobased chitosan hybrid carrying N/P/B elements for polylactide with enhanced fire safety and mechanical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:123947. [PMID: 36898460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
The inherent shortcomings such as flammability, brittleness, and low crystallinity limit the broad applications of poly(lactic acid) (PLA). To improve the fire resistance and mechanical properties of PLA, a chitosan-based core-shell flame retardant additive (APBA@PA@CS) was prepared for PLA via the self-assembly of interionic interactions among chitosan (CS), phytic acid (PA), and 3-aminophenyl boronic acid (APBA). The peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) of PLA composite containing 3 wt% APBA@PA@CS decreased from 460.1 kW/m2 and 75.8 MJ/m2 to 419.0 kW/m2 and 53.1 MJ/m2, respectively. The presence of APBA@PA@CS contributed to the formation of a high-quality char layer rich in phosphorus and boron in the condensed phase and released non-flammable gases in the gas phase to hinder the exchange of heat and O2, thereby having a synergistic flame retardant effect. Meanwhile, the tensile strength, elongation at break, impact strength, and crystallinity of PLA/APBA@PA@CS were increased by 3.7 %, 17.4 %, 5.3 %, and 55.2 %, respectively. This study provides a feasible route to construct a chitosan-based N/B/P tri-element hybrid to improve the fire safety performance and mechanical properties of PLA biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jingshu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | | | - Yizhang Tong
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Anthony Chun Yin Yuen
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wanjing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qilong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Robert Kwok Yiu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Jihua Laboraory, Foshan 528200, China..
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3
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Waldin NA, Jamain Z. Synthesis and Mechanical Property of Hexasubstituted Cyclotriphosphazene Derivatives Attached to Hydrazine-bridge Linkage with High Fire Retardancy. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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4
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Hu J, Feng H, Rong Y, Wang S, Jin D, Chen Q, Dai J, Liu X. Recyclable bio‐based epoxy resins containing hybrid cross‐linking networks. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Hu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyang Feng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo People's Republic of China
| | - Yangke Rong
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies of Zhejiang Province Ningbo People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaipeng Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies of Zhejiang Province Ningbo People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Jin
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies of Zhejiang Province Ningbo People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyue Dai
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies of Zhejiang Province Ningbo People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies of Zhejiang Province Ningbo People's Republic of China
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5
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Improving the Heat Resistance and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resin Composites by Novel Multifunctional Cyclophosphazene Derivatives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010059. [PMID: 36616409 PMCID: PMC9824309 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel multiple-ring molecule containing P and N, called HCCP-SA, was successfully prepared by the nucleophilic substitution reaction of salicylamide (SA) and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP). Particularly, HCCP-SA possessed the dual functions of heat resistance and flame retardancy. The molecular structure of HCCP-SA was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. HCCP-SA was bonded into the molecular chain of epoxy resin by the ring-opening curing reaction of epoxy resin, aiming to form a heat-resistant and flame-retardant composite (E-HS-x). In particular, the best-prepared E-HS-x composite with a 20 phr content of HCCP-SA (E-HS-20) presented excellent thermal stability, with an initial decomposition temperature of 267.94 °C and a max weight loss speed of only 0.95 mg·min-1. Moreover, E-HS-20 exhibited remarkable flame retardancy with a limiting oxygen index value of 27.1% and a V-2 rating in the UL94 flame retardancy test. The best-prepared E-HS-20 composite would be a suitable and potential candidate for heat-resistant and flame-retardant polymer materials.
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6
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Phosphorylated Metal-Organic Framework for Reducing Fire Hazards of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate). Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224871. [PMID: 36432999 PMCID: PMC9697107 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The low fire safety performance (flame retardant and antistatic properties) of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) has severely limited practical applications. Here, a phosphorylated Zn-based metal-organic framework (ZIF-8-P) is employed as an effective flame retardant and antistatic agent to reduce the fire risk of PMMA. Encouragingly, the as-prepared PMMA/ZIF-8-P composite demonstrated not merely better mechanical properties (e.g., a rise of ca. 136.9% and 175.0% in the reduced modulus and hardness; a higher storage modulus), but also efficient fire safety properties (e.g., lower surface resistance; a decrease of ca. 73.1% in the peak heat release rate; a lower amount of total pyrolysis products), surpassing those of pure PMMA and a PMMA/ZIF-8 composite without phytic acid modification. Mechanism analysis is conducted to reveal the critical role of catalytic charring, char reinforcing, and the dilution of nonflammable gases from ZIF-8 additives during the combustion and pyrolysis process. Our study paves a promising way to achieve high performance PMMA composites.
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7
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Yadav A, de Souza FM, Dawsey T, Gupta RK. Recent Advancements in Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anilkumar Yadav
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Felipe M. de Souza
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Tim Dawsey
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
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8
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Preparation and Characterization of Cyclodextrin Coated Red Phosphorus Double-Shell Microcapsules and Its Application in Flame Retardant Polyamide6. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194101. [PMID: 36236048 PMCID: PMC9571977 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the melamine borate and crosslinked β-cyclodextrin as shell materials, the double-shell microcapsules (Mic-DP) of red phosphorus (RP) was prepared, and its flame-retardant effect on polyamide 6 (PA6) was investigated. Compared with RP, Mic-DP showed lower hygroscopic and better inoxidizability. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PA6/13%Mic-DP was 27.8%, and PA6/13%Mic-DP reached V-0 rating. After the addition of 13% Mic-DP, the total exothermic (THR), peak exothermic (PK-HRR), and average effective thermal combustion (AV-EHC) rates of PA6 decreased. In addition, in order to investigate its flame-retardant mechanism, the pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) methods were used, and the results showed that mic DP acted as a flame retardant in the gas and condensed phases. The Mic-DP exhibited good compatibility and dispersibility in PA6.
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9
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Zhi M, Yang X, Fan R, Yue S, Zheng L, Liu Q, He Y. A comprehensive review of reactive flame-retardant epoxy resin: fundamentals, recent developments, and perspectives. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Li D, Zhang Z, Wang S, Xu M, Li B. A monomolecular intumescent flame retardant for improvement simultaneously of fire safety, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties of epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Miaojun Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Bin Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
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11
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Lin Y, Chen J, Li H. Outstanding flame retardancy for poly(vinyl alcohol) achieved using a resveratrol/tannic acid complex. RSC Adv 2021; 12:285-296. [PMID: 35424507 PMCID: PMC8978684 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08000h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol/tannic acid-poly(vinyl alcohol) (RETA-PVA) blends have been prepared by compression molding using poly(vinyl alcohol), tannic acid and resveratrol as raw materials. The effects of different resveratrol/tannic acid ratios on the flammability of RETA-PVA blends have been studied. The flammability of the RETA-PVA blends was assessed using cone calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results indicate that RETA-PVA molecules occur through hydrogen bonding and RETA-PVA blends are amorphous. The glass transition temperature for RETA-PVA-2 is the highest among all blends and the peak of heat release rate and smoke production rate for RETA-PVA is 38.4% and 43.9% lower than that for PVA, respectively. With the addition of resveratrol, the residual amount of RETA-PVA after complete combustion is greatly increased, to 30 times that for PVA, indicating that RETA-PVA blends display excellent flame retardant properties. The rigid molecular structure of biobased resveratrol/tannic acid (RETA) complex increases the residual amount of RETA-poly(vinyl alcohol) after complete combustion.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350007 China.,Engineering Research Center of Polymer Resources Green Recycling of Ministry of Education Fuzhou 350007 China
| | - Jialian Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350007 China
| | - Hongzhou Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350007 China.,Engineering Research Center of Polymer Resources Green Recycling of Ministry of Education Fuzhou 350007 China
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12
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Usri SNK, Jamain Z, Makmud MZH. A Review on Synthesis, Structural, Flame Retardancy and Dielectric Properties of Hexasubstituted Cyclotriphosphazene. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2916. [PMID: 34502956 PMCID: PMC8433970 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene is a ring compound consisting of an alternating phosphorus and nitrogen atom with two chlorine substituents attached to the phosphorus atom. The six chlorine atoms attached to this cyclo compound can be substituted with any different nucleophile that leads to changes in different chemical and physical properties. The major topics that were investigated in this research are the flame retardancy and dielectric properties of cyclotriphosphazene compounds. Cyclotriphosphazene compounds have high potential to act as a flame retardant, and this compound consists of two active elements attributed to its high flame-retardant character. This compound also demonstrated good ability as a flame retardant due to its low toxicity and less smoke produced. In addition, cyclotriphosphazene compounds were also investigated for their dielectric properties. Cyclotriphosphazene has high potential in the electrical field since it has dielectric properties that can be widely studied in the investigation of any potential application. This review presented literature studies focused on recent research development and studies in the field of cyclotriphosphazene that focused on synthesis, structural, flame retardancy, and dielectric properties of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zuhair Jamain
- Sustainable Materials and Renewable Energy (SMRE) Research Group, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (S.N.K.U.); (M.Z.H.M.)
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13
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Superior radical scavenging and catalytic carbonization capacities of bioderived assembly modified ammonium polyphosphate as a mono-component intumescent flame retardant for epoxy resin. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Birong Z, Ruirui Z, Xianghong Z, Jianyu Y, Jinmei C, Yiting X, Conghui Y, Lizong D. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane hybrided with
DOPO
and phenylboronic acid for flame‐retarded epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Birong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Zhou Ruirui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Zheng Xianghong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Ye Jianyu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Chen Jinmei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Xu Yiting
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Yuan Conghui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Dai Lizong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
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15
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Wei L, Wang R, Zhu Z, Wang W, Wu H. Functionalization of PET with Phosphazene Grafted Graphene Oxide for Synthesis, Flammability, and Mechanism. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1470. [PMID: 33802797 PMCID: PMC8002576 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Significant improvement in the fire resistance of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) while ensuring its mechanical properties is a tremendous challenge. A novel flame retardant (GO-HCCP, graphene oxide-hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene) was synthesized by nucleophilic substitution of the graphene oxide (GO) and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and then applied in PET by an in situ polymerization technique. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed a better dispersion of GO-HCCP than GO in the PET matrix. The char yield at 700 °C increased by 32.5% with the addition of GO-HCCP. Moreover, the peak heat release rate (pHRR), peak smoke produce rate (pSPR)and carbon monoxide production (COP)values significantly decreased by 26.0%, 16.7% and 37.5%, respectively, which indicates the outstanding fire and smoke suppression of GO-HCCP. In addition, the composites exhibited higher elastic modulus and tensile strength without compromising the toughness of PET matrix. These significantly reduced fire hazards properties are mainly attributed to the catalytic carbonation of HCCP and the barrier effect of GO. Thus, PET composites with good flame-retardant and mechanical properties were prepared, which provides a new strategy for further flame retardant PET preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Wei
- Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China;
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, No. A2, East Yinghua Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.Z.); (W.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, No. A2, East Yinghua Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.Z.); (W.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Zhiguo Zhu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, No. A2, East Yinghua Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.Z.); (W.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Wenqing Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, No. A2, East Yinghua Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.Z.); (W.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Hanguang Wu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, No. A2, East Yinghua Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.Z.); (W.W.); (H.W.)
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16
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Fang M, Qian J, Wang X, Chen Z, Guo R, Shi Y. Synthesis of a Novel Flame Retardant Containing Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and Silicon and Its Application in Epoxy Resin. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:7094-7105. [PMID: 33748623 PMCID: PMC7970578 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel flame retardant (TDA) containing phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon was synthesized successfully via a controllable ring-opening addition reaction between 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide, and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and TDA was then blended with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A to prepare flame-retardant epoxy resins (EPs). The chemical structure and components of TDA were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that after the introduction of TDA, cured EP maintained good thermal stability with a minimum initial decomposition temperature of 337.6 °C, and the char yields of a EP/TDA-5 sample significantly increased by 76.2% compared with that of the neat EP thermoset. Additionally, with the addition of 25.0 wt % TDA (1.05 wt % phosphorus loading), the limited oxygen index value of cured EP increased from 22.5% of pure EP to 33.4%, and vertical burning V-0 rating was easily achieved. Meanwhile, after the incorporation of TDA, the total heat release and total smoke production of the EP/TDA-5 sample obviously reduced by 28.9 and 27.7% in the cone calorimeter test, respectively. Flame-retardant performances and flame-retardant mechanisms were further analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, energy-dispersive spectrometry, and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results reveal that the synergistic effect of phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon plays an excellent flame-retardant role in both gaseous and condensed phases. In addition, the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of cured EP thermosets are well maintained rather than destroyed. All the results demonstrate that TDA endows epoxy resin with excellent flame retardancy and possesses great promise in the industrial field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Fang
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuezhi Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ruilin Guo
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yifeng Shi
- Hangzhou
Rongfang Pressure Sensitive New Material Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200237, China
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17
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18
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Palabıyık D, Mutlu Balcı C, Beşli S. The first example of macrocyclic derivatives of cyclotetraphosphazene. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2021.1873338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Palabıyık
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Institute of Technology, Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ceylan Mutlu Balcı
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Institute of Technology, Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Serap Beşli
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Institute of Technology, Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey
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19
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Chen Y, Duan H, Ji S, Ma H. Novel phosphorus/nitrogen/boron-containing carboxylic acid as co-curing agent for fire safety of epoxy resin with enhanced mechanical properties. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123769. [PMID: 33254780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is a great challenge to develop a high-efficiency reactive flame retardant, applied to anhydride-cured epoxy resin (EP) system, simultaneously possessing good compatibility with matrix and mechanical reinforcement. In this respect, we successfully synthesized a novel phosphorus/nitrogen/boron-containing carboxylic acid (TMDB) through the facile esterification and addition reaction among 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate (THEIC), maleic anhydride (MAH), 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and boric acid (BA). TMDB was utilized as a co-curing agent for EP/methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MeTHPA) system and finally cured EP behaved great transparency, suggesting excellent compatibility of TMDB with EP. Compared with pure EP, modified EP exhibited comparable thermal stability and heat resistance but higher flame retardance. With only 15.1 wt% TMDB loading, the LOI value of anhydride-cured EP increased to 29.6% from 20.1% of pure EP, and UL-94 V-0 rating was achieved. The peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) remarkably decreased by 58.5%, 41.7% and 47.2% compared with that of pure EP, respectively. Besides, different measurements revealed TMDB simultaneously functioned in the condensed and gaseous phase during combustion. Furthermore, after incorporation of TMDB, mechanical properties of cured EP were improved and the maximum increments of flexural and tensile strength can reach 11.8% and 61.4%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huajun Duan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Sa Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huiru Ma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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20
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Geoffroy L, Davesne AL, Parent F, Sanchette F, Samyn F, Jimenez M, Bourbigot S. Combining Low-Emissivity Thin Coating and 3D-Printed Original Designs for Superior Fire-Protective Performance. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27857-27863. [PMID: 33163768 PMCID: PMC7643117 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a very flexible process to design various objects of original shapes. Previous works highlighted the preparation of new multimaterials composed of an original sandwich structure made of the ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer containing 30 wt % of aluminum trihydroxide in which a hydrogel phase made of agar and vermiculite was incorporated. This original material revealed an extremely low heat release rate (HRR) (with a reduction of 86 and 64% with regard to the peak of the HRR and total heat release, respectively, when compared to the same sample without hydrogel filling) during its heat exposure at 50 kW/m2 according to the mass loss cone calorimetry test. However, the time to ignition (TTI) of this material was not improved. This work consequently focuses on delaying the time to ignition of this hydrogel sandwich 3D-printed multimaterial. Solution consists in depositing by pulsed DC magnetron sputtering a low-emissivity thin coating on the exposed skin surface. This coating reflects most of the infrared rays responsible for heat absorption and thus delays the ignition of the underlying material. The thermal resistance performances of this coated sandwich 3D-printed multimaterial were evaluated, and a mechanism of action was proposed to explain the dramatic enhancement of the properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Geoffroy
- Université
Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité
Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne-Lise Davesne
- Université
Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité
Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Parent
- ICD
LASMIS, Université de Technologie de Troyes, UMR6281, CNRS,
Antenne de Nogent, Pôle Technologique de Haute-Champagne, 52800 Nogent, France
- NICCI,
LRC CEA-ICD LASMIS, UTT, Antenne de Nogent-52, Pôle Technologique
de Haute-Champagne, 52800 Nogent, France
| | - Frédéric Sanchette
- ICD
LASMIS, Université de Technologie de Troyes, UMR6281, CNRS,
Antenne de Nogent, Pôle Technologique de Haute-Champagne, 52800 Nogent, France
- NICCI,
LRC CEA-ICD LASMIS, UTT, Antenne de Nogent-52, Pôle Technologique
de Haute-Champagne, 52800 Nogent, France
| | - Fabienne Samyn
- Université
Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité
Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Maude Jimenez
- Université
Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité
Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Serge Bourbigot
- Université
Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité
Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
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21
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Recent Developments in the Flame-Retardant System of Epoxy Resin. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092145. [PMID: 32384706 PMCID: PMC7254395 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing emphasis on environmental protection, the development of flame retardants for epoxy resin (EP) has tended to be non-toxic, efficient, multifunctional and systematic. Currently reported flame retardants have been capable of providing flame retardancy, heat resistance and thermal stability to EP. However, many aspects still need to be further improved. This paper reviews the development of EPs in halogen-free flame retardants, focusing on phosphorus flame retardants, carbon-based materials, silicon flame retardants, inorganic nanofillers, and metal-containing compounds. These flame retardants can be used on their own or in combination to achieve the desired results. The effects of these flame retardants on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of EPs were discussed. Despite the great progress on flame retardants for EP in recent years, further improvement of EP is needed to obtain numerous eco-friendly high-performance materials.
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22
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Mahajan DS, Deshpande TD, Bari ML, Patil UD, Narkhede JS. Hydrated and anhydrous zinc borate fillers for tuning the flame retardancy of epoxy nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj S. Mahajan
- University Institute of Chemical TechnologyKavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University Jalgaon Maharashtra India
| | - Tushar D. Deshpande
- University Institute of Chemical TechnologyKavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University Jalgaon Maharashtra India
| | - Mahendra L. Bari
- University Institute of Chemical TechnologyKavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University Jalgaon Maharashtra India
| | - Ujwal D. Patil
- University Institute of Chemical TechnologyKavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University Jalgaon Maharashtra India
| | - Jitendra S. Narkhede
- University Institute of Chemical TechnologyKavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University Jalgaon Maharashtra India
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23
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Cheng J, Wang J, Yang S, Zhang Q, Hu Y, Ding G, Huo S. Aminobenzothiazole-substituted cyclotriphosphazene derivative as reactive flame retardant for epoxy resin. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.104412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Ai L, Yang L, Hu J, Chen S, Zeng J, Liu P. Synergistic Flame Retardant Effect of Organic Phosphorus–Nitrogen and Inorganic Boron Flame Retardant on Polyethylene. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianghui Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Research Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Research Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Junfeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Research Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Research Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jinming Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Research Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Research Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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25
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Yang D, Dong L, Hou X, Zheng W, Xiao J, Xu J, Ma H. Synthesis of bio‐based poly (cyclotriphosphazene‐resveratrol) microspheres acting as both flame retardant and reinforcing agent to epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental ScienceHebei University Baoding China
| | - Luming Dong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental ScienceHebei University Baoding China
| | - Xudong Hou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental ScienceHebei University Baoding China
| | - Weikang Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental ScienceHebei University Baoding China
| | - Jian Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental ScienceHebei University Baoding China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental ScienceHebei University Baoding China
| | - Haiyun Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental ScienceHebei University Baoding China
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province Baoding China
- The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Research Center of Hebei Province Baoding China
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26
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Liu S, Yu B, Feng Y, Yang Z, Yin B. Synthesis of a multifunctional bisphosphate and its flame retardant application in epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Ai L, Chen S, Zeng J, Yang L, Liu P. Synergistic Flame Retardant Effect of an Intumescent Flame Retardant Containing Boron and Magnesium Hydroxide. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:3314-3321. [PMID: 31459546 PMCID: PMC6648587 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, to develop an organic/inorganic synergistic flame retardant and to reduce the dosage and cost of flame retardants, organic/inorganic synergistic flame retardants, hexakis(4-boronic acid-phenoxy)-cyclophosphazene (CP-6B), and magnesium hydroxide (MH) were chosen. The flame retardant properties of CP-6B/MH in epoxy resin (EP) were discussed. EP/CP-6B/MH had better flame retardancy and heat resistance compared with EP/CP-6B and EP/MH. A limiting oxygen index of EP/3.0%CP-6B/0.5%MH of 31.9% was achieved, and vertical burning V-0 rating was achieved. Compared with EP, the cone calorimeter dates of EP/CP-6B/MH decreased. CP-6B/MH inhibited combustion and did little to damage mechanical properties. Besides, the flame retardant mechanism was studied by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. CP-6B/MH exerted good synergistic effects.
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