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Yao T, Song J, Hong Y, Gan Y, Ren X, Du K. Application of cellulose to chromatographic media: Cellulose dissolution, and media fabrication and derivatization. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464202. [PMID: 37423075 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
As the cornerstone of chromatographic technology, the development of high-performance chromatographic media is a crucial means to enhance the purification efficiency of biological macromolecules. Cellulose is a popular biological separation medium due to its abundant hydroxyl group on the surface, easy modification and, weak non-specific adsorption. In this paper, the development of cellulosic solvent systems, typical preparation methods of cellulosic chromatographic media, and the enhancement of chromatographic properties of cellulosic chromatographic media by polymeric ligand grafting strategies and their mechanism of action are reviewed. Ultimately, based on the current research status, a promising outlook for the preparation of high-performance cellulose-based chromatographic media was presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Jialing Song
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yihang Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ya Gan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Xingfa Ren
- Welch Materials, Inc. Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kaifeng Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Panikar SS, Sekhar Reddy KC, Gonzalez AL, Ramírez-García G, Rodríguez ÁG, Mondragon Sosa MA, Salas P, Mota-Morales JD. Deep Eutectic Solvent-Enabled Plasmonic Nanocellulose Aerogel: On-Demand Three-Dimensional (3D) SERS Hotspot Based on Collapsing Mechanism. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16470-16480. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Surendra Panikar
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CFATA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Kolli Chandra Sekhar Reddy
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) Unidad Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, México
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Ana L. Gonzalez
- Instituto de Física, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apdo. Post. J-48, Puebla, 72570, México
| | - Gonzalo Ramírez-García
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CFATA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Ángel G. Rodríguez
- Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (UASLP), Álvaro Obregón 64, 78000 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. México
| | - María Antonieta Mondragon Sosa
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CFATA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Pedro Salas
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CFATA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Josué D. Mota-Morales
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CFATA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, 76230, México
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Masek A, Kosmalska A. Technological limitations in obtaining and using cellulose biocomposites. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:912052. [PMID: 36061440 PMCID: PMC9429818 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.912052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the many possible types of polymer composite materials, the most important are nanocomposites and biocomposites, which have received tremendous attention in recent years due to their unique properties. The fundamental benefits of using biocomposites as alternative materials to “petroleum-based” products are certainly shaping current development trends and setting directions for future research and applications of polymer composites. A dynamic growth of the production and sale of biocomposites is observed in the global market, which results not only from the growing interest and demand for this type of materials, but also due to the fact that for the developed and modified, thus improved materials, the area of their application is constantly expanding. Already today, polymer composites with plant raw materials are used in various sectors of the economy. In particular, this concerns the automotive and construction industries, as well as widely understood packaging. Bacterial cellulose, for example, also known as bionanocellulose, as a natural polymer with specific and unique properties, has been used extensively,primarily in numerous medical applications. Intensive research is also being carried out into composites with natural fibres composed mainly of organic compounds such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. However, three aspects seem to be associated with the popularisation of biopolymers: performance, processing and cost. This article provides a brief overview of the topic under discussion. What can be the technological limitations considering the methods of obtaining polymer composites with the use of plant filler and the influence on their properties? What properties of cellulose constitute an important issue from the point of view of its applicability in polymers, in the context of compatibility with the polymer matrix and processability? What can be the ways of changing these properties through modifications, which may be crucial from the point of view of the development directions of biopolymers and bioplastics, whose further new applications will be related, among others, to the enhancement of properties? There still seems to be considerable potential to improve the cellulose material composites being produced, as well as to improve the efficiency of their manufacturing. Nevertheless, the material still needs to be well optimized before it can replace conventional materials at the industrial level in the near future. Typically, various studies discuss their comparison in terms of production, properties and highly demanding applications of plant or bacterial nanocellulose. Usually, aspects of each are described separately in the literature. In the present review, several important data are gathered in one place, providing a basis for comparing the types of cellulose described. On the one hand, this comparison aims to demonstrate the advantage of bacterial cellulose over plant cellulose, due to environmental protection and its unique properties. On the other hand, it aims to prepare a more comprehensive point of view that can objectively help in deciding which cellulosic raw material may be more suitable for a particular purpose, bacterial cellulose or plant cellulose.
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Wen Z, Gao D, Lin J, Li S, Zhang K, Xia Z, Wang D. Magnetic porous cellulose surface-imprinted polymers synthetized with assistance of deep eutectic solvent for specific recognition and purification of bisphenols. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 216:374-387. [PMID: 35798079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic porous cellulose molecularly imprinted polymers-based bisphenols have been developed using Fe3O4 as the magnetic material, a deep eutectic solvent as the assisted solvent, and N-isopropylacrylamide as the functional monomer. The resulting magnetic porous cellulose molecularly imprinted polymers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, thermal gravimetric analysis, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. Moreover, the adsorption properties of the magnetic porous cellulose molecularly imprinted polymers toward bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and bisphenol AF were investigated using static, dynamic, and selective adsorption experiments. The introduction of porous cellulose materials significantly improves the capabilities of the material. The adsorption capacity, mass transfer efficiency, and selectivity of the magnetic porous cellulose molecularly imprinted polymers toward bisphenol A were 5.9, 4.0, and 4.4 times those of traditional molecularly imprinted polymers. Moreover, the adsorption stability of the magnetic porous cellulose molecularly imprinted polymers was investigated under different temperature and pH conditions. The adsorption characteristics of the magnetic porous cellulose molecularly imprinted polymers toward the target molecules were investigated using adsorption isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic models. Hydrogen bonding is the main interaction formed between the magnetic porous cellulose molecularly imprinted polymers and the target molecules. Magnetic porous cellulose molecularly imprinted polymers have great application value with excellent stability and reusability. Finally, the combination of the magnetic porous cellulose molecularly imprinted polymers and high-performance liquid chromatography or ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was successfully used for the purification and detection of bisphenols in milk (1.349 ng/mL bisphenol F and 3.014 ng/mL bisphenol AF), canned fruits (1129 ng/mL bisphenol A, 10.11 ng/mL bisphenol F, and 91.87 ng/mL bisphenol AF), and fish (11.91 ng/mL bisphenol AF) samples. Furthermore, the magnetic porous cellulose molecularly imprinted polymer method is more selective, sensitive, and accurate than the traditional precipitation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Die Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jing Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Siyi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Kailian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Zhining Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Dandan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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Preparation of cellulose-based chromatographic medium for biological separation: A review. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463297. [PMID: 35809519 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cationic Lignocellulose Nanofibers from Agricultural Waste as High-Performing Adsorbents for the Removal of Dissolved and Colloidal Substances. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050910. [PMID: 35267733 PMCID: PMC8912664 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of dissolved and colloidal substances (DCS) in the increasingly closed paper circulating water system can seriously lower the productivity and safety of papermaking machines, and it has been a challenge to develop an adsorbent with low cost, high adsorption efficiency and large adsorption capacity for DCS removal. In this study, cationic lignocellulose nanofibers (CLCNF) were obtained by cationic modification of agricultural waste bagasse in deep eutectic solvents (DES) followed by mechanical defibrillation, and then CLCNF were employed as an adsorbent for DCS model contaminant polygalacturonic acid (PGA) removal. CLCNF was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. The analytical results confirmed the successful preparation of CLCNF with 4.6–7.9 nm diameters and 0.97–1.76 mmol/g quaternary ammonium groups. The effects of quaternary ammonium group contents, pH, contact time and initial concentration of PGA on the adsorption were investigated in a batch adsorption study. According to the results, the cationic modification significantly enhanced the adsorption of PGA by CLCNF and the adsorption performance increased with the increase of the quaternary ammonium group contents. The adsorption of PGA on CLCNF followed the pseudo-second-order and the fitted Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption showed fast initial kinetics and the experimental maximum adsorption capacity was 1054 mg/g, which is much higher than PGA adsorbents previously reported in the literature. Therefore, CLCNF with high cationic group content developed in this paper is a promising adsorbent for DCS removal.
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Photodynamic Activity of Protoporphyrin IX-Immobilized Cellulose Monolith for Nerve Tissue Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031035. [PMID: 35162958 PMCID: PMC8835291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of nerve conduits with a three-dimensional porous structure has attracted great attention as they closely mimic the major features of the natural extracellular matrix of the nerve tissue. As low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as signaling molecules to promote cell proliferation and growth, this study aimed to fabricate protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)-immobilized cellulose (CEPP) monoliths as a means to both guide and stimulate nerve regeneration. CEPP monoliths can be fabricated via a simple thermally induced phase separation method and surface modification. The improved nerve tissue regeneration of CEPP monoliths was achieved by the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). The resulting CEPP monoliths exhibited interconnected microporous structures and uniform morphology. The results of in vitro bioactivity assays demonstrated that the CEPP monoliths with under 0.54 ± 0.07 μmol/g PpIX exhibited enhanced photodynamic activity on Schwann cells via the generation of low levels of ROS. This photodynamic activation of the CEPP monoliths is a cell-safe process to stimulate cell proliferation without cytotoxic side effects. In addition, the protein expression of phospho-ERK increased considerably after the laser irradiation on the CEPP monoliths with low content of PpIX. Therefore, the CEPP monoliths have a potential application in nerve tissue regeneration as new nerve conduits.
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Ge W, Shuai J, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Wang X. Progress on chemical modification of cellulose in “green” solvents. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00879j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modification of cellulose in "green" solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianbo Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuxi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Facile Preparation and Characteristic Analysis of Sulfated Cellulose Nanofibril via the Pretreatment of Sulfamic Acid-Glycerol Based Deep Eutectic Solvents. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112778. [PMID: 34835547 PMCID: PMC8623615 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of sulfamic acid and glycerol allowed for the sustainable preparation of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) with simultaneous sulfation. The reaction time and the levels of sulfamic acid demonstrated that fibers could be swelled and sulfated simultaneously by a sulfamic acid-glycerol-based DES and swelling also promoted sulfation with a high degree of substitution (0.12). The DES-pretreated fibers were further nanofibrillated by a grinder producing CNF with diameters from 10 nm to 25 nm. The crystallinity ranged from 53–62%, and CNF maintained the original crystal structure. DES pretreatment facilitated cellulose nano-fibrillation and reduced the energy consumption with a maximum reduction of 35%. The films prepared from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and CNF showed good UV resistance ability and mechanical properties. This facile and efficient method provided a more sustainable strategy for the swelling, functionalization and nano-fibrillation of cellulose, expanding its application to UV-blocking materials and related fields.
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Deep eutectic systems: An overview of fundamental aspects, current understanding and drug delivery applications. Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121203. [PMID: 34673164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The deep eutectic system (DES) is a relatively new concept in the field of drug delivery science. DES is a class of eutectic mixtures comprised of two or more components, with a eutectic point far below than the melting temperature of the pure components. The strong hydrogen bonding interactions between DES constituents are responsible for significant lowering of melting point in DES. A significant number of molecules cannot reach from drug discovery phase to drug development phase because of poor biopharmaceutical attributes, such as solubility and permeability. DES can be a novel alternative to overcome these issues. In last few years DESs have been widely used in different pharmaceutical and chemical processes. However, comprehensive information regarding their drug delivery potential is not available. This review deals with fundamental aspects such as types, preparation, thermodynamics, toxicity, biodegradability and their applications in the field of drug delivery. Current challenges, future prospects and translational aspects of DES as drug delivery system have also been discussed.
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Cellulose Modification for Improved Compatibility with the Polymer Matrix: Mechanical Characterization of the Composite Material. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13235519. [PMID: 33287258 PMCID: PMC7729504 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The following article is the presentation attempt of cellulose hybrid chemical modification approach as a useful tool in improving the mechanical properties of plant fiber-filled polymer materials. The treatment process is a prolonged method of the cellulose maleinization and consists of two steps: 1. solvent exchange (altering fiber structure); 2. maleic anhydride (MA) chemical grafting (surface modification). Thanks to the incorporated treatment method, the created ethylene-norbornene copolymer composite specimen exhibited an improved performance, tensile strength at the level of (38.8 ± 0.8) MPa and (510 ± 20)% elongation at break, which is higher than for neat polymer matrix and could not be achieved in the case of regular MA treatment. Moreover, both the Payne effect and filler efficiency factor indicate a possibility of the fiber reinforcing nature that is not a common result. Additionally, the polymer matrix employed in this research is widely known for its excellent resistance to aqueous and polar organic media, good biocompatibility, and the ability to reproduce fine structures which makes it an interesting material regarding healthcare applications. Therefore, plant fiber-based polymer materials described in this research might be potentially applied in this area, e.g., medical devices, drug delivery, wearables, pharmaceutical blisters, and trays.
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El-hoshoudy A, Soliman F, Abd El-Aty DM. Extractive desulfurization using choline chloride-based DES/molybdate nanofluids; Experimental and theoretical investigation. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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13
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Incorporation of silver stearate nanoparticles in methacrylate polymeric monoliths for hemeprotein isolation. OPEN CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2020-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA unique method was used to synthesize extremely stable silver stearate nanoparticles
(AgStNPs) incorporated in an organic-based monolith. The facile strategy was then
used to selectively isolate hemeproteins, myoglobin (Myo) and hemoglobin (Hb). Ethyl
alcohol, silver nitrate, and stearic acid were, respectively, utilized as reducing
agents, silver precursors, and capping agents. The color changed to cloudy from
transparent, indicating that AgStNPs had been formed. AgStNP nanostructures were then
distinctly integrated into the natural polymeric scaffold. To characterize the
AgStNP–methacrylate polymeric monolith and the silver nanoparticles,
energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and
Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were used. The results of the SEM
analysis indicated that the AgStNP–methacrylate polymeric monolith’s
texture was so rough in comparison with that of the methacrylate polymeric monolith,
indicating that the extraction process of the monolith materials would be more
efficient because of the extended surface area of the absorbent. The comparison
between the FT-IR spectra of AgStNPs, the bare organic monolith, and
AgStNP–methacrylate polymeric monolith confirms that the AgStNPs were
immobilized on the surface of the organic monolith. The EDX profile of the built
materials indicated an advanced peak of the Ag sequence which represented an Ag atom
of 3.27%. The results therefore established that the AgStNPs had been successfully
integrated into the monolithic materials. Extraction efficiencies of 92% and 97% were
used to, respectively, recover preconcentrated Myo and Hb. An uncomplicated method is
a unique approach of both fabrication and utilization of the nanosorbent to
selectively isolate hemeproteins. The process can further be implemented by using
other noble metals.
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Yang Z, Asoh TA, Uyama H. Removal of Cationic or Anionic Dyes from Water Using Ion Exchange Cellulose Monoliths as Adsorbents. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohang Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taka-Aki Asoh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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