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Porfyris AD, Vafeiadis A, Gkountela CI, Politidis C, Messaritakis G, Orfanoudakis E, Pavlidou S, Korres DM, Kyritsis A, Vouyiouka SN. Flame-Retarded and Heat-Resistant PP Compounds for Halogen-Free Low-Smoke Cable Protection Pipes (HFLS Conduits). Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1298. [PMID: 38732767 PMCID: PMC11085554 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Conduits are plastic tubes extensively used to safeguard electrical cables, traditionally made from PVC. Recent safety guidelines seek alternatives due to PVC's emission of thick smoke and toxic gases upon fire incidents. Polypropylene (PP) is emerging as a viable alternative but requires modification with suitable halogen-free additives to attain flame retardancy (FR) while maintaining high mechanical strength and weathering resistance, especially for outdoor applications. The objective of this study was to develop two FR systems for PP: one comprising a cyclic phosphonate ester and a monomeric N-alkoxy hindered amine adjuvant achieving V0, and another with hypophosphite and bromine moieties, along with a NOR-HAS adjuvant achieving V2. FR performance along with mechanical properties, physicochemical characterization, and dielectric behavior were evaluated prior to and after 2000 h of UV weathering or heat ageing. The developed FR systems set the basis for the production of industrial-scale masterbatches, from which further optimization to minimize FR content was performed via melt mixing with PP towards industrialization of a low-cost FR formulation. Accordingly, two types of corrugated conduits (ø20 mm) were manufactured. Their performance in terms of flame propagation, impact resistance, smoke density, and accelerated UV weathering stability classified them as Halogen Free Low Smoke (HFLS) conduits; meanwhile, they meet EU conduit standards without significantly impacting conduit properties or industrial processing efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios D. Porfyris
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zographou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.V.); (C.I.G.); (D.M.K.)
| | - Afxentis Vafeiadis
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zographou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.V.); (C.I.G.); (D.M.K.)
| | - Christina I. Gkountela
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zographou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.V.); (C.I.G.); (D.M.K.)
| | - Christos Politidis
- Dielectrics Group, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zographou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (C.P.); (A.K.)
| | | | | | - Silvia Pavlidou
- MIRTEC S.A., 76th km of Athens-Lamia National Road, 32009 Schimatari, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios M. Korres
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zographou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.V.); (C.I.G.); (D.M.K.)
| | - Apostolos Kyritsis
- Dielectrics Group, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zographou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (C.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Stamatina N. Vouyiouka
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zographou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.V.); (C.I.G.); (D.M.K.)
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Kaplan M, Ciesielski M, Fuchs S, Getterle C, Schönberger F, Pfaendner R. Novel Macromolecular and Biobased Flame Retardants Based on Cellulose Esters and Phosphorylated Sugar Alcohols. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3195. [PMID: 37571090 PMCID: PMC10420857 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand to provide sustainably produced plastic materials requires, a.o., the development of biobased flame retardants (FRs) for applications where flame retardancy is essential. To meet those challenging new sustainability requirements, a set of novel phosphorus-containing cellulose esters were synthesized by an efficient two-step procedure. In the first step, cellulose was treated with acrylic anhydride to synthesize acrylate-functionalized cellulose esters-more specifically, cellulose acrylate butyrate (CeAcBu) and propionate (CeAcPr). Subsequently, phosphorylated anhydro erythritol (PAHE), synthesized from the sugar alcohol erythritol, was added to the acrylate-functionalized cellulose esters via Phospha-Michael addition. For comparison a cellulose ester based on 6H-Dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin-6-on (DOPO) was prepared analogously. The acrylate-functionalized cellulose esters and novel FRs were characterized by NMR spectroscopy. TGA investigations of PAHE-functionalized CeAcBu revealed an onset temperature of decomposition (2% mass loss) of approx. 290 °C. The novel PAHE-based FR was incorporated into a polypropylene-polyethylene copolymer (PP-co-PE) together with poly-tert-butylphenol disulfide (PBDS) (8 wt.%/2 wt.%) as a synergist. The PP-PE samples achieved V2 classification in the UL 94 V test. In addition, specimens of a rapeseed oil-based polyamide containing PAHE-functionalized CeAcBu at 20 wt.% loading yielded a V2 rating with short burning times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matay Kaplan
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany; (M.K.); (F.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Michael Ciesielski
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany; (M.K.); (F.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Sabine Fuchs
- Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, 59063 Hamm, Germany; (S.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Christoffer Getterle
- Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, 59063 Hamm, Germany; (S.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Frank Schönberger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany; (M.K.); (F.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Rudolf Pfaendner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany; (M.K.); (F.S.); (R.P.)
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Hu J, Xu S, Ding CJ, Liu ZH, Yan WJ, Hu Y, Zhong CZ, Cui XX, Wu K, Zeng HY. Novel carbon microspheres prepared by xylose decorated with layered double hydroxide as an effective eco-friendly flame retardant for polypropylene. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Xu Y, Zhou R, Mu J, Ding Y, Jiang J. Synergistic flame retardancy of linear low-density polyethylene with surface modified intumescent flame retardant and zinc borate. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Marset D, Fages E, Gonga E, Ivorra-Martinez J, Sánchez-Nacher L, Quiles-Carrillo L. Development and Characterization of High Environmentally Friendly Composites of Bio-Based Polyamide 1010 with Enhanced Fire Retardancy Properties by Expandable Graphite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091843. [PMID: 35567012 PMCID: PMC9103054 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based polyamide 1010 was melt-compounded with different percentages (2.5 to 10.0 wt.%) of expandable graphite (EGr) as an environmentally friendly solution to improve the flame retardancy properties. The mechanical, morphological, thermal and fire retardancy properties (among others) are analysed. The novelty of the article lies in the use of fully removable polyamide. The effect of the incorporation of EGr in the properties of this polymer was analysed and characterised. The incorporation of EGr into the PA1010 matrix led to very promising results. Mechanically, the EGr provided increased stiffness and a tensile strength up to 7.5 wt.%, verifying good mechanical performance. The DMTA results also show how the incorporation of EGr in the PA1010 matrix clearly increases the stiffness of the composites over the entire temperature range analysed. In terms of physical properties, water absorption of PA1010 was reduced particularly in the 10% EGr, which reduces the water absorption of PA1010 by 20%. In terms of flame retardant properties, with the incorporation of EGr, a significant reduction in the heat release rate (HRR) values as the concentration of the additive increases and a reduction in the maximum peak heat release rate (pHRR) can be observed for all compounds. In particular, it goes from 934 kW/m2 for neat polyamide to a value of 374 kW/m2 with 10% EGr. Finally, an improvement in the UL-94 rating of the 7.5 and 10% EGr composites was also observed, going from V-2 in the PA to V-1 in these composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marset
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (E.F.); (E.G.)
| | - Eduardo Fages
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (E.F.); (E.G.)
| | - Eloi Gonga
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (E.F.); (E.G.)
| | - Juan Ivorra-Martinez
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (L.S.-N.); (L.Q.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-966-528-433
| | - Lourdes Sánchez-Nacher
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (L.S.-N.); (L.Q.-C.)
| | - Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (L.S.-N.); (L.Q.-C.)
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Hong X, Zhang S, Tian Z, Qin S, Yang L, Liu D, Gu Z, Chen J. Preparation of Exfoliated Organo‐Montmorillonite and Its Effect on Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Hong
- Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing of Phosphorus Resources Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University, NO. 24, South Section 1 First Ring Road Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing of Phosphorus Resources Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University, NO. 24, South Section 1 First Ring Road Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing of Phosphorus Resources Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University, NO. 24, South Section 1 First Ring Road Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Shiqian Qin
- Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing of Phosphorus Resources Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University, NO. 24, South Section 1 First Ring Road Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing of Phosphorus Resources Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University, NO. 24, South Section 1 First Ring Road Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Daijun Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing of Phosphorus Resources Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University, NO. 24, South Section 1 First Ring Road Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Zhanyong Gu
- College of Chemical Engineering Shijiazhuang University, NO. 6 Changjiang Road Shijiazhuang 050035 P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing of Phosphorus Resources Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University, NO. 24, South Section 1 First Ring Road Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
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Ammonium Polyphosphate Intercalated Yttrium-Doped Layered Double Hydroxides to Enhance the Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of Poly(Lactic Acid). ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9205119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The flammability of the biodegradable plastic PLA limits its application in industrial fields with high flame-retardant requirements. This paper provides a novel strategy for constructing refractory and thermostable PLA composites using layered double hydroxides (LDHs) chemically modified with ammonium polyphosphate (APP). XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDS, and TEM confirm that the goal of LDHs has been successfully prepared. The thermal stability and combustion behavior of PLA composites were evaluated by the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and cone calorimetry tests (CCT). The crystallization behavior and tensile performances were also examined. The results showed that the incorporation of 15 wt% MgAlY-APP-LDHs practically makes the PLA composites reach the UL-94 V-0 grade. There were 43% and 20% reduction in the PHRR and THR of PLA/15APP-LDHs respectively due to the catalytic effect of Y elements and barrier effects of LDHs, which was a major performance against fire hazards. Furthermore, the increase in crystallinity and the decrease in mechanical strength of PLA composites are attributed to the nucleation of LDHs. In short, this research introduces the production of multifunctional PLA composites through APP intercalation of LDHs, which are deemed as prospective candidates for the next generation of sustainable plastics products.
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Marset D, Dolza C, Fages E, Gonga E, Gutiérrez O, Gomez-Caturla J, Ivorra-Martinez J, Sanchez-Nacher L, Quiles-Carrillo L. The Effect of Halloysite Nanotubes on the Fire Retardancy Properties of Partially Biobased Polyamide 610. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3050. [PMID: 33352673 PMCID: PMC7765851 DOI: 10.3390/polym12123050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of the work reported here was the analysis and evaluation of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) as natural flame retardancy filler in partially biobased polyamide 610 (PA610), with 63% of carbon from natural sources. HNTs are naturally occurring clays with a nanotube-like shape. PA610 compounds containing 10%, 20%, and 30% HNT were obtained in a twin-screw co-rotating extruder. The resulting blends were injection molded to create standard samples for fire testing. The incorporation of the HNTs in the PA610 matrix leads to a reduction both in the optical density and a significant reduction in the number of toxic gases emitted during combustion. This improvement in fire properties is relevant in applications where fire safety is required. With regard to calorimetric cone results, the incorporation of 30% HNTs achieved a significant reduction in terms of the peak values obtained of the heat released rate (HRR), changing from 743 kW/m2 to about 580 kW/m2 and directly modifying the shape of the characteristic curve. This improvement in the heat released has produced a delay in the mass transfer of the volatile decomposition products, which are entrapped inside the HNTs' lumen, making it difficult for the sample to burn. However, in relation to the ignition time of the samples (TTI), the incorporation of HNTs reduces the ignition start time about 20 s. The results indicate that it is possible to obtain polymer formulations with a high renewable content such as PA610, and a natural occurring inorganic filler in the form of a nanotube, i.e., HNTs, with good flame retardancy properties in terms of toxicity, optical density and UL94 test.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marset
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Celia Dolza
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Eduardo Fages
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Eloi Gonga
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Oscar Gutiérrez
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Jaume Gomez-Caturla
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.G.-C.); (L.S.-N.)
| | - Juan Ivorra-Martinez
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.G.-C.); (L.S.-N.)
| | - Lourdes Sanchez-Nacher
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.G.-C.); (L.S.-N.)
| | - Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.G.-C.); (L.S.-N.)
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You GY, He HW, Feng B, Tang YY, Fan FF, Cheng ZQ, Yang CJ, Liang C. Synthesis and characterization of a novel Schiff base and its enhancement on flame retardancy of epoxy resins. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Mutlu H, Theato P. Making the Best of Polymers with Sulfur–Nitrogen Bonds: From Sources to Innovative Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000181. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Mutlu
- Soft Matter Synthesis LaboratoryInstitute for Biological Interfaces IIIKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen D‐76344 Germany
| | - Patrick Theato
- Soft Matter Synthesis LaboratoryInstitute for Biological Interfaces IIIKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen D‐76344 Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesser Str. 18 Karlsruhe D‐76131 Germany
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12
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A coating method combined with bulk addition for efficient flame retardant thermoplastic polyolefin sheet material. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Xu J, Ou H, Shan X, Liu B, Jiang J, Xu G. Investigation of novel intumescent flame retardant low‐density polyethylene based on SiO
2
@MAPP and double pentaerythritol. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Xu
- School of Environmental & Safety Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxiang Ou
- School of Environmental & Safety Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Xueying Shan
- School of Environmental & Safety Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Ben Liu
- School of Environmental & Safety Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Juncheng Jiang
- School of Environmental & Safety Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Guoguang Xu
- Changzhou Shujie Plastic Products Co., Ltd Changzhou People's Republic of China
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Üreyen ME, Kaynak E, Yüksel G. Flame‐retardant effects of cyclic phosphonate with HALS and fumed silica in polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa E. Üreyen
- Department of Fashion and Textile DesignEskişehir Technical University Eskişehir 26470 Turkey
- Civil Aviation Research CentreAnadolu University Eskişehir 26555 Turkey
| | - Elif Kaynak
- Chemical Engineering DepartmentEskişehir Technical University Eskişehir 26555 Turkey
| | - Gamze Yüksel
- Department of Advanced TechnologiesEskişehir Technical University Eskişehir 26470 Turkey
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