1
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Li D, Tu Z, Wang B, Li M, Jia Z, Wei Z. Synthesis of renewable furan-based phosphate and the superior flame retardancy in biodegradable polylactide. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130435. [PMID: 38408585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Currently, it has long been considered a challenge to provide sustainable additives for polylactide (PLA) in green way to endow it excellent comprehensive properties. Given the flammability and unsatisfactory crystallization performance of PLA, a furan-based phosphate furfurylamine trimethylphosphate (FATMP) was synthesized from 2-furfurylamine and amino trimethylphosphonic acid by a simple hydration reaction, and the PLA/FATMP composites were prepared by melting blending process. The tensile performance, crystallization behaviors, flame retardancy, and flame-retardant mechanism received special attention. Results showed that the incorporation of only 3 wt% FATMP could indeed increase the LOI value of PLA from 19.8 to 27.3 %, and simultaneously acquired V-0 rating in the vertical burning test owing to the favorable synergistic effect between the vapor phase and the condensed phase. Additionally, the half-crystallization time of PLA was decreased from 12.4 to 5.1 mins with the addition of FATMP, which acted as a nucleating agent. More appealingly, the tensile performance of PLA/FATMP composites was also well maintained. In general, the PLA/FATMP composites we proposed could be promising candidates in application fields where favorable flame retardancy and crystallization ability are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhu Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Minglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zihan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhiyong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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2
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Cao X, Huang J, Tang Z, Tong Y, Yuen ACY, Zhao W, Huang Q, Li RKY, Wu W. Self-assembled biobased chitosan hybrid carrying N/P/B elements for polylactide with enhanced fire safety and mechanical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:123947. [PMID: 36898460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
The inherent shortcomings such as flammability, brittleness, and low crystallinity limit the broad applications of poly(lactic acid) (PLA). To improve the fire resistance and mechanical properties of PLA, a chitosan-based core-shell flame retardant additive (APBA@PA@CS) was prepared for PLA via the self-assembly of interionic interactions among chitosan (CS), phytic acid (PA), and 3-aminophenyl boronic acid (APBA). The peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) of PLA composite containing 3 wt% APBA@PA@CS decreased from 460.1 kW/m2 and 75.8 MJ/m2 to 419.0 kW/m2 and 53.1 MJ/m2, respectively. The presence of APBA@PA@CS contributed to the formation of a high-quality char layer rich in phosphorus and boron in the condensed phase and released non-flammable gases in the gas phase to hinder the exchange of heat and O2, thereby having a synergistic flame retardant effect. Meanwhile, the tensile strength, elongation at break, impact strength, and crystallinity of PLA/APBA@PA@CS were increased by 3.7 %, 17.4 %, 5.3 %, and 55.2 %, respectively. This study provides a feasible route to construct a chitosan-based N/B/P tri-element hybrid to improve the fire safety performance and mechanical properties of PLA biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jingshu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | | | - Yizhang Tong
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Anthony Chun Yin Yuen
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wanjing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qilong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Robert Kwok Yiu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Jihua Laboraory, Foshan 528200, China..
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3
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Yuan J, Zhu Z, Wang Y, Yin X, Lin X. Multi-functional solvent-free SiO2 nanofluid simultaneously improve major properties and fluidity of epoxy resin: A new strategy beyond nanofillers. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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4
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The designation of highly efficient intrinsic fame-retarding epoxy materials via the regulation of the phosphorus and nitrogen content for the curing agents. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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5
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Chen X, Lin X, Ye W, Xu B, Wang DY. Polyelectrolyte as highly efficient flame retardant to epoxy: Synthesis, characterization and mechanism. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Chen R, Dongmei B, Jiang J, Sun C, Chen H, Zhang M. Effect of 3-methoxysalicylaldehyde on transparency and mechanical properties of EP modified with aminopyridine-based DOPO derivative. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221142758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two effective flame retardant additives hsalaminopyridine phosphaphenanthrene (HAD) and methoaminopyridine phosphaphenanthrene (MAD) were respectively prepared with DOPO, aminopyridine, salicylaldehyde and 3-Methoxysalicylaldehyde. Subsequently, HAD and MAD was added into epoxy resin (EP) respectively, and flame retardancy of EP/HAD and EP/MAD thermosets were dramatically enhanced. The result of cone calorimeter (CC) test revealed that both HAD and MAD showed perfect smoke suppression performance. In respect of transmittance and mechanical properties, there was a huge difference between HAD and MAD. The introduction of HAD dramatically harmed transmittance and mechanical properties of EP, while, EP/10%MAD was transparent and nearly possessed the same mechanical properties with pure EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- West Anhui University, Luan, China
| | | | | | | | - Han Chen
- West Anhui University, Luan, China
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7
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Zhang B, Yang S, Liu X, Zou Y, Kan Y, Deng D, Zong Z, Tang G. Rigid polyurethane foam composites based on bivalent metal phytate: thermal stability, flame retardancy, and fire toxicity. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2039192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Sujie Yang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zou
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Yongchun Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Dan Deng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, P.R. China
| | - Zhifang Zong
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Gang Tang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
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8
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Liu C, Li P, Xu YJ, Liu Y, Zhu P, Wang YZ. Bio‐based nickel alginate toward improving fire safety and mechanical properties of epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Gu L, Shi Y, Zhang L. Synthesis and characterization of bio-based "three sources in one" intumescent flame retardant monomer and the intrinsic flame retardant waterborne polyurethane. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Zhang J, Guo Z, Ma J, Song L, Yang G, Ao Y, Shang L, Li M. Imidazole substituted benzothiadiazole derivatives as latent curing agent for epoxy thermosetting resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Zongwei Guo
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Jinpeng Ma
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Lingxiao Song
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Guorui Yang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Yuhui Ao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Lei Shang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Ming Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
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Yu Z, Ma S, Liu Y, Su Y, Feng H, Li P, Dong Y, Tang Z, Zhang K, Zhu J. Facile synthesis of bio-based latent curing agent and its high-Tg epoxy network. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Ye G, Huo S, Wang C, Shi Q, Liu Z, Wang H. One-step and green synthesis of a bio-based high-efficiency flame retardant for poly (lactic acid). Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Luo Z, Chen Z, Wei J, Wang D, Chen H, Chen R. A transparent and intumescent phosphaphenanthrene/phenylpyrazole-containing epoxy resin system and its flame retardancy. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008321992412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel intumescent flame retardant, PPMD, was designed from phosphaphenanthrene and nitrogen heterocycles through the two-step gut reactions of 1,4-phthalaldehyde and 3-methyl-1-phe-nylpyrazol-5-ylamine. After determination of its structure by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared analyses, PPMD was added to an epoxy resin (EP) to facilitate a curing process. Thus, EP/PPMD samples with excellent transparency and flame retardancy were acquired. For example, the EP sample satisfied the UL-94 V-0 standard and achieved a limiting oxygen index value of 30.5% because of the incorporation of 5 wt% PPMD. The cone calorimeter test of the EP/5% PPMD sample revealed that its total smoke production (TSP) and total heat release (THR) values of EP/5% PPMD was only 22.5% and 56.4% of the control group, respectively. Moreover, the average effective heat of combustion (av-EHC) value of EP/5% PPMD was reduced by 34.1%, indicating that PPMD possessed high flame-inhibition activity and smoke suppression efficiency. The flame-retardant mechanisms of PPMD were also investigated in gas phase by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and in condensed phase by XPS and IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Luo
- Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
- West Anhui University, Luan, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Chizhou University, Chizhou, China
| | - Jun Wei
- Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Han Chen
- West Anhui University, Luan, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
- West Anhui University, Luan, China
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14
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Chen Y, Duan H, Ji S, Ma H. Novel phosphorus/nitrogen/boron-containing carboxylic acid as co-curing agent for fire safety of epoxy resin with enhanced mechanical properties. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123769. [PMID: 33254780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is a great challenge to develop a high-efficiency reactive flame retardant, applied to anhydride-cured epoxy resin (EP) system, simultaneously possessing good compatibility with matrix and mechanical reinforcement. In this respect, we successfully synthesized a novel phosphorus/nitrogen/boron-containing carboxylic acid (TMDB) through the facile esterification and addition reaction among 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate (THEIC), maleic anhydride (MAH), 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and boric acid (BA). TMDB was utilized as a co-curing agent for EP/methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MeTHPA) system and finally cured EP behaved great transparency, suggesting excellent compatibility of TMDB with EP. Compared with pure EP, modified EP exhibited comparable thermal stability and heat resistance but higher flame retardance. With only 15.1 wt% TMDB loading, the LOI value of anhydride-cured EP increased to 29.6% from 20.1% of pure EP, and UL-94 V-0 rating was achieved. The peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) remarkably decreased by 58.5%, 41.7% and 47.2% compared with that of pure EP, respectively. Besides, different measurements revealed TMDB simultaneously functioned in the condensed and gaseous phase during combustion. Furthermore, after incorporation of TMDB, mechanical properties of cured EP were improved and the maximum increments of flexural and tensile strength can reach 11.8% and 61.4%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huajun Duan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Sa Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huiru Ma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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15
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Dai S, Yu X, Chen R, Zhou H, Pan Z. Transparent epoxy resin material with excellent fire retardancy enabled by a P/N/S containing flame retardant. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengsong Dai
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Xuejun Yu
- Three Gorges Public Inspection and Testing Center Hubei China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhiquan Pan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
- Three Gorges Public Inspection and Testing Center Hubei China
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Huo S, Yang S, Wang J, Cheng J, Zhang Q, Hu Y, Ding G, Zhang Q, Song P. A liquid phosphorus-containing imidazole derivative as flame-retardant curing agent for epoxy resin with enhanced thermal latency, mechanical, and flame-retardant performances. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 386:121984. [PMID: 31896008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The development of phosphorus-containing flame retardants combining good compatibility with matrix, low curing temperature, and mechanically reinforcing effect has remained a major challenge. Herein, we reported the synthesis of a liquid flame-retardant curing agent (DA) via the nucleophilic substitution between diphenylphosphinic chloride and 1-(3-aminopropyl)-imidazole (AI). DA exhibited good blending and latency towards epoxy resin (EP) at room temperature. According to DSC studies, DA could rapidly cure EP at moderate temperature. Compared with EP/AI sample, EP/DA samples displayed comparable or higher glass transition temperature (Tg) and enhanced mechanical properties due to the introduction of rigid diphenylphosphinyl group and improved cross-linking density. Moreover, DA improved the flame-retardant performances of EP thermoset. For instance, the LOI and UL94 rating of EP/DA-16 sample achieved 37.2 % and V-0, respectively. In addition, the peak of heat release rate (PHRR), average of heat release rate (AHRR), fire growth rate (FIGRA), and total heat release (THR) for EP/DA-16 sample reduced by 32 %, 42 %, 28 % and 27 % in comparison to EP/AI sample, respectively. DA was characterized by its good compatibility with EP, moderate curing temperature, fast curing rate, suitable thermal latency, mechanical reinforcing and flame-retardant effects, and thus it had a broad application prospect in various industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Huo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; Center for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia
| | - Shuang Yang
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwen Cheng
- Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yefa Hu
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Ding
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoxin Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingan Song
- Center for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia.
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