1
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Yang XM, Qiu S, Yusuf A, Sun J, Zhai Z, Zhao J, Yin GZ. Recent advances in flame retardant and mechanical properties of polylactic acid: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125050. [PMID: 37257540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale application of ecofriendly polymeric materials has become a key focus of scientific research with the trend toward sustainable development. Mechanical properties and fire safety are two critical considerations of biopolymers for large-scale applications. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a flammable, melt-drop carrying, and strong but brittle polymer. Hence, it is essential to achieve both flame retardancy and mechanical enhancement to improve safety and broaden its application. This study reviews the recent research on the flame retardant functionalization and mechanical reinforcement of PLA. It classifies PLA according to the type of the flame retardant strategy employed, such as surface-modified fibers, modified nano/micro fillers, small-molecule and macromolecular flame retardants, flame retardants with fibers or polymers, and chain extension or crosslinking with other flame retardants. The functionalization strategies and main parameters of the modified PLA systems are summarized and analyzed. This study summarizes the latest advances in the fields of flame retardancy and mechanical reinforcement of PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Yang
- Zhejiang Ruico Advanced Material Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shuang Qiu
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Abdulmalik Yusuf
- E.T.S. de Ingenieros de Caminos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Profesor Aranguren 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jun Sun
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
| | - Zhongjie Zhai
- Zhejiang Ruico Advanced Material Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junhuan Zhao
- Zhejiang Ruico Advanced Material Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313018, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Guang-Zhong Yin
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1.800, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Baochai L, Bakar AA, Mohamad Z. An overview of the recent advances in flame retarded poly(lactic acid). POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Baochai
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
- Department of Applied Chemistry Hengshui University Hengshui China
| | - Aznizam Abu Bakar
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Zurina Mohamad
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
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3
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Preparation and Mechanism of Toughened and Flame-Retardant Bio-Based Polylactic Acid Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020300. [PMID: 36679181 PMCID: PMC9866757 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As a biodegradable thermoplastic, polylactic acid (PLA) shows great potential to replace petroleum-based plastics. Nevertheless, the flammability and brittleness of PLA seriously limits its use in emerging applications. This work is focused on simultaneously improving the flame-retardancy and toughness of PLA at a low additive load via a simple strategy. The PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites were prepared by incorporating alkali-treated, lightweight, renewable kapok fiber (MKF) and high-efficiency, phosphorus-nitrogenous flame retardant (NTPA) into the PLA matrix based on the extrusion-injection molding method. When the additive loads of MKF and NTPA were 0.5 and 3.0 wt%, respectively, the PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites (PLA3.0) achieved a rating of UL-94 V-0 with an LOI value of 28.3%, and its impact strength (4.43 kJ·m-2) was improved by 18.8% compared to that of pure PLA. Moreover, the cone calorimetry results confirmed a 9.7% reduction in the average effective heat of combustion (av-EHC) and a 0.5-fold increase in the flame retardancy index (FRI) compared to the neat PLA. NTPA not only exerted a gas-phase flame-retardant role, but also a condensed-phase barrier effect during the combustion process of the PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites. Moreover, MKF acted as an energy absorber to enhance the toughness of the PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites. This work provides a simple way to prepare PLA biocomposites with excellent flame-retardancy and toughness at a low additive load, which is of great importance for expanding the application range of PLA biocomposites.
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4
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Long L, Xu W, Xu T, Xu G, Xiang Y, Shan C, He M, Qin S, Yu J. Reactable versus soluble
DOPO
derivatives in poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) composites: Flame retardance, mechanical properties and morphology. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Long
- Guizhou Material Industrial Technology Institute National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Guizhou Material Industrial Technology Institute National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Tao Xu
- Guizhou Material Industrial Technology Institute National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Guomin Xu
- Guizhou Material Industrial Technology Institute National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Yushu Xiang
- Guizhou Material Industrial Technology Institute National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
| | - Chunyan Shan
- Guizhou Material Industrial Technology Institute National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
| | - Min He
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Shuhao Qin
- Guizhou Material Industrial Technology Institute National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Jie Yu
- Guizhou Material Industrial Technology Institute National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
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5
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Ge Y, Qi Z, Sha D, Hu X, Liu S. Durable flame‐retardant cotton fabric modified by water‐soluble
C–N–P
intumescent flame retardant. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyu Ge
- College of Textiles and Clothing Yancheng Institute of Technology Yancheng Jiangsu China
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco‐Textile, Ministry of Education Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Zhenming Qi
- College of Textiles and Clothing Yancheng Institute of Technology Yancheng Jiangsu China
| | - Desheng Sha
- College of Textiles and Clothing Yancheng Institute of Technology Yancheng Jiangsu China
- School of Textile and Clothing Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaosai Hu
- College of Textiles and Clothing Yancheng Institute of Technology Yancheng Jiangsu China
| | - Shiwen Liu
- College of Textiles and Clothing Yancheng Institute of Technology Yancheng Jiangsu China
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6
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Xue G, Sun B, Han L, Liu B, Liang H, Pu Y, Tang H, Ma F. Triblock Copolymer Compatibilizers for Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of a Renewable Bio-Polymer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132734. [PMID: 35808779 PMCID: PMC9269499 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is an emerging plastic that has insufficient properties (e.g., it is too brittle) for widespread commercial use. Previous research results have shown that the strength and toughness of basalt fiber reinforced PLA composites (PLA/BF) still need to be improved. To address this limitation, this study aimed to obtain an effective compatibilizer for PLA/BF. Melt-blending of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with PLA in the presence of 4,4′-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI: 0.5 wt% of the total resin) afforded PLA/PBAT-MDI triblock copolymers. The triblock copolymers were melt-blended to improve the interfacial adhesion of PLA/BF and thus obtain excellent performance of the PLA-ternary polymers. This work presents the first investigation on the effects of PLA/PBAT-MDI triblock copolymers as compatibilizers for PLA/BF blends. The resultant mechanics, the morphology, interface, crystallinity, and thermal stability of the PLA-bio polymers were comprehensively examined via standard characterization techniques. The crystallinity of the PLA-ternary polymers was as high as 43.6%, 1.44× that of PLA/BF, and 163.5% higher than that of pure PLA. The stored energy of the PLA-ternary polymers reached 20,306.2 MPa, 5.5× than that of PLA/BF, and 18.6× of pure PLA. Moreover, the fatigue life of the PLA-ternary polymers was substantially improved, 5.85× than that of PLA/PBAT-MDI triblock copolymers. Thus, the PLA/PBAT-MDI triblock copolymers are compatibilizers that improve the mechanical properties of PLA/BF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilian Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; (G.X.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (Y.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Bohua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; (G.X.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (Y.P.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lu Han
- Changguang Jizhi Optical Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun 130022, China;
| | - Baichuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; (G.X.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (Y.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Hongyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; (G.X.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (Y.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Yongfeng Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; (G.X.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (Y.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Hongming Tang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China;
| | - Fangwu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; (G.X.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (Y.P.); (F.M.)
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7
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Development of multifunctional highly-efficient bio-based fire-retardant poly(lactic acid) composites for simultaneously improving thermal, crystallization and fire safety properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:646-656. [PMID: 35777508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, it is still a huge challenge to prepare high performance eco-friendly poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with high thermal stability, good processability, excellent crystallization behavior, good transparency and highly-efficient fire safety. In this paper, a novel bio-based nucleation agent N-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-P,P-diphenylphosphinic amide (FPPA) was prepared and used for the fabrication of fire safety PLA/FPPA composites. The chemical structure of FPPA was measured by FTIR, NMR and MS. Further, the crystallization behavior, thermal stability, fire safety and mechanical properties of PLA/FPPA composites were performed by TGA, DSC, polarization microscope, LOI, UL94, cone calorimeter, DMA and, SEM, Raman, GC-MS, and TGA-FTIR. The results showed that the multifunctional FPPA not only had a high thermal stability and was a good nucleation agent for PLA. Moreover, only loading of 3 wt% FPPA increased the LOI of PLA from 19.0 to 33.8 % with UL-94 V-0 classification. Furthermore, the heat release rate and total heat release values of PLA/3%FPPA composite reduced by 6.3 % and 15.3 % in cone-calorimeter test. Such high fire safety was mainly attributed to specific fire safety radicals due to thermal degradation of FPPA to interrupt composites burning in gas phase. Besides, transparency and mechanical properties were almost not changed because of low loading of FPPA in PLA. This multifunctional bio-based fire-retardant for PLA with good comprehensive performance promises broad application in engineering electronics, automobiles, 3D printing and construction materials.
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8
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Yang R, Gu G, Tang C, Miao Z, Cao H, Zou G, Li J. Super-tough and flame-retardant poly(lactic acid) materials using a phosphorus-containing malic acid-based copolyester by reactive blending. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Chen Y, Wu X, Li M, Qian L, Zhou H. Mechanically Robust and Flame-Retardant Polylactide Composites Based on In Situ Formation of Crosslinked Network Structure by DCP and TAIC. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:308. [PMID: 35054714 PMCID: PMC8782028 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of intumescent flame retardant to PLA can greatly improve the flame retardancy of the material and inhibit the dripping, but the major drawback is the adverse impact of the mechanical properties of the material. In this study, we found that the flame retardant and mechanical properties of the materials can be improved simultaneously by constructing a cross-linked structure. Firstly, a cross-linking flame-retardant PLA structure was designed by adding 0.9 wt% DCP and 0.3 wt% TAIC. After that, different characterization methods including torque, melt flow rate, molecular weight and gel content were used to clarify the formation of crosslinking structures. Results showed that the torque of 0.9DCP/0.3TAIC/FRPLA increased by 307% and the melt flow rate decreased by 77.8%. The gel content of 0.9DCP/0.3TAIC/FRPLA was 30.8%, indicating the formation of cross-linked structures. Then, the mechanical properties and flame retardant performance were studied. Results showed that, compared with FRPLA, the tensile strength, elongation at break and impact strength of 0.9DCP/0.3TAIC/FRPLA increased by 34.8%, 82.6% and 42.9%, respectively. The flame retardancy test results showed that 0.9DCP/0.3TAIC/FRPLA had a very high LOI (the limiting oxygen index) value of 39.2% and passed the UL94 V-0 level without dripping. Finally, the crosslinking reaction mechanism, flame retardant mechanism and the reasons for the improvement of mechanical properties were studied and described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Chen
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.Z.)
- China Light Industry Advanced Flame Retardant Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing 100048, China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xingde Wu
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.Z.)
- China Light Industry Advanced Flame Retardant Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing 100048, China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.Z.)
- China Light Industry Advanced Flame Retardant Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing 100048, China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.Z.)
- China Light Industry Advanced Flame Retardant Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing 100048, China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongfu Zhou
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.Z.)
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10
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Chen Y, Li J, Lai X, Li H, Zeng X. N
‐alkoxyamine‐containing macromolecular intumescent flame‐retardant‐decorated ZrP nanosheet and their synergism in flame‐retarding polypropylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yishen Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Xuejun Lai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Hongqiang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Xingrong Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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11
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Liu J, Wang S, Peng Y, Zhu J, Zhao W, Liu X. Advances in sustainable thermosetting resins: From renewable feedstock to high performance and recyclability. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Zhao C, Luo Z, Kong D, Peng H, Li D, Esmaeili N. Excellent role of
Cu
2
O
on fire safety of epoxy resin with ammonium polyphosphate based on the construction of self‐intumescent flame retardant system. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng‐Shou Zhao
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Zhen‐Jun Luo
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - De‐Yan Kong
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Hua‐qiao Peng
- The Second Research Institute of Civil Aviation Administration of China Chengdu China
| | - De‐Fu Li
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Nima Esmaeili
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation University of Bolton Bolton UK
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13
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Phosphorus-containing organic-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles for the smoke suppression and flame retardancy of thermoplastic polyurethane. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Li C, Ma C, Li J. Highly efficient flame retardant poly(lactic acid) using imidazole phosphate poly(ionic liquid). POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Chao Ma
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Juan Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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