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Wang RY, Wang CH, Wang Y, Zhang WF. Synergistic Effects of Multiple Environmental Factors on Degradation of Silicone Rubber Seals under Marine Atmosphere. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7013. [PMID: 37959610 PMCID: PMC10647683 DOI: 10.3390/ma16217013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In this research, the degradation behavior and failure mechanism of silicone rubber seal rings under the synergistic effects of multiple factors in the marine atmosphere are fully investigated. Firstly, four aging factors of air, temperature, compressive stress, and chemical medium were determined by analyzing the service environment profile of silicone rubber seal under a marine atmosphere environment. Secondly, to better simulate the actual service environment of silicone rubber and shorten the test period, an artificially accelerated aging test was designed and carried out in the laboratory. In this paper, temperature is utilized as the accelerating stress. According to the results of the pre-test, the accelerating stress level is finally determined to be 110-150 ∘C. In addition, the compression set applied is consistent with the constant compression permanent deformation value of 28% of the silicone rubber in the actual service process. Finally, through the macroscopic physical properties and microstructure analysis of the samples before and after aging, the corresponding test results are given, and the failure mechanism is analyzed and discussed in detail. Through the above test results and discussion, it can be concluded that the aging process of multi-factor coupling on the lower silicone rubber seal ring is uneven, and its aging process is not a simple superposition of multiple environmental factors. More importantly, the above test data and results are of great significance for evaluating the service life of silicone rubber seals, which can be utilized in the future to improve the reliability and durability of related equipment in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Yuan Wang
- School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (R.-Y.W.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Chong-Hao Wang
- School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (R.-Y.W.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (R.-Y.W.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.W.)
- The 41st Institute of Sixth Academy of CASIC, Huhhot 010010, China
| | - Wei-Fang Zhang
- School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (R.-Y.W.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.W.)
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Da Silva EHP, De Barros S, Vieira AFC, Da Costa RRC, Ribeiro ML. Accelerated Aging on the Compression Properties of a Green Polyurethane Foam: Experimental and Numerical Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071784. [PMID: 37050398 PMCID: PMC10097300 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to evaluate the changes in compression properties of a bio-based polyurethane foam after exposure to 90 °C for different periods of time, and to propose a method to extrapolate these results and use a numerical approach to predict the compression behaviour after degradation for untested conditions at different degradation times and temperatures. Bio-based polymers are an important sustainable alternative to oil-based materials. This is explained by the foaming process and the density along the material as it was possible to see in a digital image correlation analysis. After 60 days, stiffness was approximately decreased by half in both directions. The decrease in yield stress due to thermo-oxidative degradation had a minor effect in the foaming directions, changing from 352 kPa to 220 kPa after 60 days, and the transverse property was harshly impacted changing from 530 kPa to 265 kPa. The energy absorption efficiency was slightly affected by degradation. The simulation of the compression stress-strain curves were in accordance to the experimental data and made it possible to predict the changes in mechanical properties for intermediate periods of degradation time. The plateau stress for the unaged foam transverse to the foaming direction presented experimental and numerical values of 450 kPa and 470 kPa, respectively. In addition, the plateau stresses in specimens degraded for 40 days present very similar experimental and numerical results in the same direction, at 310 kPa and 300 kPa, respectively. Therefore, this paper presents important information regarding the life-span and degradation of a green PUF. It provides insights into how compression properties vary along degradation time as function of material operation temperature, according to the Arrhenius degradation equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enio H. P. Da Silva
- Aeronautical Engineering Department, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil
| | | | - André F. C. Vieira
- Center for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies (C-MAST-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, R. Marquês D’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Romeu R. C. Da Costa
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology—Paraná, Cornélio Procópio 86300-000, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelo L. Ribeiro
- Aeronautical Engineering Department, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil
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Li S, Ke Y, Xie L, Zhao Z, Huang X, Wang Y, Wang Z. Study on the aging of three typical rubber materials under high- and low-temperature cyclic environment. E-POLYMERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-8089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
As the key components of sealing applications, rubber seals are subject to complicated environmental conditions during the service lifetime. In this study, the aging of three typical rubber materials, ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubber, liquid silicone rubber, and fluorine rubber, was tested under different high- and low-temperature cycle aging environments. The experimental results confirm that the reciprocating temperature cycle causes a type of fatigue failure, which could result in an increase in the rubber compression set. In addition, a novel accelerated aging test method was proposed based on the dominant damage mechanism of rubber material caused by the temperature cycle treatments. Based on this method, the long-term aging test results of rubber samples under high- and low-temperature cycle conditions can be predicted. This method could significantly shorten the aging test time and reduce the test cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
- Shenyang Aircraft Corporation , Shenyang 110000 , China
| | - Yuchao Ke
- Zhongding Sealing Parts Co., Ltd., Joint Research Center for Rubber and Plastic Seals , Ningguo , Anhui 341881 , China
| | - Lingyun Xie
- Weichai Power Co. Ltd. , 197A Fushou St. E , Weifang 261016 , China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Weichai Power Co. Ltd. , 197A Fushou St. E , Weifang 261016 , China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Yichun Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Zixi Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100062 , China
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Wei B, Yu C, Bai Y, Liu L, He J. Preparation Optimization of CFRP and EPDM Composite by the Co-Curing Method. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:503. [PMID: 36676238 PMCID: PMC9865802 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As the requirements of aerospace technology become more rigorous, the performance of solid rocket motor (SRM) cases needs to be further optimized. In the present study, a co-curing technique was used to fabricate carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)/ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) composites whereby the properties of CFRP/EPDM composites were adjusted by varying the temperature, heating time and type of vulcanizing agent to obtain the optimum manufacturing process. The results of crosslink density (3.459 × 10-4 mol/cm3) tested by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), a 90° peel strength test (2.342 N/mm), and an interlaminar shear test (ILSS = 82.08 MPa) demonstrated that the optimum mechanical properties of composites were obtained under the temperature 160 °C heated for 20 min with the curing agent DCP/S. The interfacial phase and bonding mechanism of composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) further indicated that EPDM/DCP/S had favorable thermal stability. This will provide valuable recommendations for the optimization of the SRM shell preparation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binxiao Wei
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Wuxi HIT New Material Research Institute Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214183, China
| | - Chen Yu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yongping Bai
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Wuxi HIT New Material Research Institute Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214183, China
| | - Li Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jinmei He
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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Shao Z, Zhu M, Liang T, Wu F, Xu Z, Yang Y, Liu Y. The Variety of the Stress–strain Response of Silicone Foam after Aging. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173606. [PMID: 36080681 PMCID: PMC9460070 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of silicone foam will degrade when exposed to environmental loads such as temperature and pressure for a long time. In recent years, the variation law of the stress–strain response of silicone foam during the aging process has received more and more attention, but there are few works that quantitatively analyze the variation of the stress–strain response. In this work, we quantitatively analyzed the variation law of the stress–strain response of silicone foam during aging by the constitutive model. Firstly, the accelerated aging test of silicone rubber foam under long-term compressive strain was carried out, and its compression set, stress relaxation and strain stress curves of different aging degrees were obtained. Further, degenerate trajectory equations for the compression set and stress–relaxation were obtained. In addition, the hyper-foam constitutive model was obtained by fitting stress–strain curves, and the changes in the model parameters after aging were studied. The results show that the compressed set and stress–relaxation are exponential functions of time, while different to existing research findings, we found that the stress–strain curves do not change monotonically with increasing time, which first softens, then hardens, and finally softens. Additionally, to better understand the changing trend of the stress–strain response, the correlation between the stress–strain curve and the compression set and stress–relaxation was discussed qualitatively. Finally, in the stage of monotonic change of the stress–strain curve, the exponential function of the model parameters with the increase of aging time was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Zhu
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (F.W.)
| | | | - Fei Wu
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (F.W.)
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Han L, Geng J, Wang Z, Hua J. Balancing
anti‐migration
and anti‐aging behavior of binary antioxidants for high‐performance 1,
2‐polybutadiene
rubber. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Han
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Jieting Geng
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Zhaobo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Jing Hua
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
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Effects of ultraviolet irradiation on the aging of the blends of poly (lactic acid) and poly (methyl methacrylate). POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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