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Hendeniya N, Chittick C, Hillery K, Abtahi S, Mosher C, Chang B. Revealing the Kinetic Phase Behavior of Block Copolymer Complexes Using Solvent Vapor Absorption-Desorption Isotherms. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:18144-18153. [PMID: 38530201 PMCID: PMC11009910 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Controlling the self-assembled morphologies in block copolymers heavily depends on their molecular architecture and processing conditions. Solvent vapor annealing is a versatile processive pathway to obtain highly periodic self-assemblies from high chi (χ) block copolymers (BCPs) and supramolecular BCP complexes. Despite the importance of navigating the energy landscape, controlled solvent vapor annealing (SVA) has not been investigated in BCP complexes, partly due to its intricate multicomponent nature. We introduce characteristic absorption-desorption solvent vapor isotherms as an effective way to understand swelling behavior and follow the morphological evolution of the polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) block copolymer complexed with pentadecylphenol (PS-b-P4VP(PDP)). Using the sorption isotherms, we identify the glass transition points, polymer-solvent interaction parameters, and bulk modulus. These parameters indicate that complexation completely screens the polymer interchain interactions. Furthermore, we established that the sorption isotherm of the homopolymer blocks serves to deconvolute the intricacy of BCP complexes. We applied our findings by developing annealing pathways for grain coarsening while preventing macroscopic film dewetting under SVA. Here, grain coarsening obeyed a power law and the growth exponent revealed a kinetic transition point for rapid self-assembly. Overall, SVA-based sorption isotherms have emerged as a critical method for understanding and developing annealing pathways for BCP complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayanathara Hendeniya
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa
State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Caden Chittick
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa
State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Hillery
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa
State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Shaghayegh Abtahi
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa
State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Curtis Mosher
- Roy
J. Carver High-Resolution Microscopy Facility, Office of Biotechnology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Boyce Chang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa
State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Micro-Electronics
Research Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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2
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Dong E, Huo Q, Zhang J, Han H, Cai T, Liu D. Advancements in nanoscale delivery systems: optimizing intermolecular interactions for superior drug encapsulation and precision release. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01579-w. [PMID: 38573495 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01579-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Nanoscale preparations, such as nanoparticles, micelles, and liposomes, are increasingly recognized in pharmaceutical technology for their high capability in tailoring the pharmacokinetics of the encapsulated drug within the body. These preparations have great potential in extending drug half-life, reducing dosing frequency, mitigating drug side effects, and enhancing drug efficacy. Consequently, nanoscale preparations offer promising prospects for the treatment of metabolic disorders, malignant tumors, and various chronic diseases. Nevertheless, the complete clinical potential of nanoscale preparations remains untapped due to the challenges associated with low drug loading degrees and insufficient control over drug release. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the vital role of intermolecular interactions in enhancing encapsulation and controlling drug release within nanoscale delivery systems. Our analysis critically evaluates the characteristics of common intermolecular interactions and elucidates the techniques employed to assess them. Moreover, we highlight the significant potential of intermolecular interactions in clinical translation, particularly in the screening and optimization of preparation prescriptions. By attaining a deeper understanding of intermolecular interaction properties and mechanisms, we can adopt a more rational approach to designing drug carriers, leading to substantial advancements in the application and clinical transformation of nanoscale preparations. Moving forward, continued research in this field offers exciting prospects for unlocking the full clinical potential of nanoscale preparations and revolutionizing the field of drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enpeng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qingqing Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hanghang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ting Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Dongfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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3
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Pula P, Leniart A, Majewski PW. Solvent-assisted self-assembly of block copolymer thin films. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4042-4066. [PMID: 35608282 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00439a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solvent-assisted block copolymer self-assembly is a compelling method for processing and advancing practical applications of these materials due to the exceptional level of the control of BCP morphology and significant acceleration of ordering kinetics. Despite substantial experimental and theoretical efforts devoted to understanding of solvent-assisted BCP film ordering, the development of a universal BCP patterning protocol remains elusive; possibly due to a multitude of factors which dictate the self-assembly scenario. The aim of this review is to aggregate both seminal reports and the latest progress in solvent-assisted directed self-assembly and to provide the reader with theoretical background, including the outline of BCP ordering thermodynamics and kinetics phenomena. We also indicate significant BCP research areas and emerging high-tech applications where solvent-assisted processing might play a dominant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Pula
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02089, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Leniart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02089, Poland.
| | - Pawel W Majewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02089, Poland.
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4
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Selkirk A, Prochukhan N, Lundy R, Cummins C, Gatensby R, Kilbride R, Parnell A, Baez Vasquez J, Morris M, Mokarian-Tabari P. Optimization and Control of Large Block Copolymer Self-Assembly via Precision Solvent Vapor Annealing. Macromolecules 2021; 54:1203-1215. [PMID: 34276069 PMCID: PMC8280752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of ultra-high molecular weight (UHMW) block copolymers (BCPs) remains a complex and time-consuming endeavor owing to the high kinetic penalties associated with long polymer chain entanglement. In this work, we report a unique strategy of overcoming these kinetic barriers through precision solvent annealing of an UHMW polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) BCP system (M w: ∼800 kg/mol) by fast swelling to very high levels of solvent concentration (ϕs). Phase separation on timescales of ∼10 min is demonstrated once a thickness-dependent threshold ϕs value of ∼0.80-0.86 is achieved, resulting in lamellar feature spacings of over 190 nm. The threshold ϕs value was found to be greater for films with higher dry thickness (D 0) values. Tunability of the domain morphology is achieved through controlled variation of both D 0 and ϕs, with the kinetically unstable hexagonal perforated lamellar (HPL) phase observed at ϕs values of ∼0.67 and D 0 values of 59-110 nm. This HPL phase can be controllably induced into an order-order transition to a lamellar morphology upon further increase of ϕs to 0.80 or above. As confirmed by grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, the lateral ordering of the lamellar domains is shown to improve with increasing ϕs up to a maximum value at which the films transition to a disordered state. Thicker films are shown to possess a higher maximum ϕs value before transitioning to a disordered state. The swelling rate is shown to moderately influence the lateral ordering of the phase-separated structures, while the amount of hold time at a particular value of ϕs does not notably enhance the phase separation process. These large period self-assembled lamellar domains are then employed to facilitate pattern transfer using a liquid-phase infiltration method, followed by plasma etching, generating ordered, high aspect ratio Si nanowall structures with spacings of ∼190 nm and heights of up to ∼500 nm. This work underpins the feasibility of a room-temperature, solvent-based annealing approach for the reliable and scalable fabrication of sub-wavelength nanostructures via BCP lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Selkirk
- Advanced
Material and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nadezda Prochukhan
- Advanced
Material and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ross Lundy
- Advanced
Material and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Cian Cummins
- CNRS,
Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629 and CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal,
UMR 5031, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac F-33600, France
| | - Riley Gatensby
- Advanced
Material and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Rachel Kilbride
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
| | - Andrew Parnell
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
| | - Jhonattan Baez Vasquez
- Advanced
Material and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michael Morris
- Advanced
Material and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Parvaneh Mokarian-Tabari
- Advanced
Material and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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5
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Gresham I, Reurink DM, Prescott SW, Nelson ARJ, de Vos WM, Willott JD. Structure and Hydration of Asymmetric Polyelectrolyte Multilayers as Studied by Neutron Reflectometry: Connecting Multilayer Structure to Superior Membrane Performance. Macromolecules 2020; 53:10644-10654. [PMID: 33328692 PMCID: PMC7726900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porous membranes coated with so-called asymmetric polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) have recently been shown to outperform commercial membranes for micropollutant removal. They consist of open support layers of poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS)/poly(allylamine) (PAH) capped by denser and more selective layers of either PAH/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) or PAH/Nafion. Unfortunately, the structure of these asymmetric PEMs, and thus their superior membrane performance, is poorly understood. In this work, neutron reflectometry (NR) is employed to elucidate the multilayered structure and hydration of these asymmetric PEMs. NR reveals that the multilayers are indeed asymmetric in structure, with distinct bottom and top multilayers when air-dried and when solvated. The low hydration of the top [PAH/Nafion] multilayer, together with the low water permeance of comparable [PAH/Nafion]-capped PEM membranes, demonstrate that it is a reduction in hydration that makes these separation layers denser and more selective. In contrast, the [PAH/PAA] capping multilayers are more hydrated than the support [PSS/PAH] layers, signifying that, here, densification of the separation layer occurs through a decrease in the mesh size (or effective pore size) of the top layer due to the higher charge density of the PAH/PAA couple compared to the PSS/PAH couple. The [PAH/PAA] and [PAH/Nafion] separation layers are extremely thin (∼4.5 and ∼7 nm, respectively), confirming that these asymmetric PEM membranes have some of the thinnest separation layers ever achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac
J. Gresham
- School
of Chemical Engineering, University of New
South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dennis M. Reurink
- Membrane
Science and Technology, Mesa+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart W. Prescott
- School
of Chemical Engineering, University of New
South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew R. J. Nelson
- Australian
Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Wiebe M. de Vos
- Membrane
Science and Technology, Mesa+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua D. Willott
- Membrane
Science and Technology, Mesa+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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6
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Rasin B, Lindsay BJ, Ye X, Meth JS, Murray CB, Riggleman RA, Composto RJ. Nanorod position and orientation in vertical cylinder block copolymer films. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3005-3014. [PMID: 32125345 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of gold nanorods (AuNRs) of different sizes with a block copolymer (BCP) is studied. Polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) films containing P2VP functionalized AuNRs are solvent annealed resulting in a BCP morphology of vertical P2VP cylinders in a PS matrix. At the surface of the PS-b-P2VP films long AuNRs are found in the bridging and vertical states. The bridging state is where the long axis of the AuNR is parallel to the film surface, the AuNR is embedded in the film, and each end of the AuNR is at the top of nearest neighbor P2VP cylinders. The vertical state is where the AuNR is localized within a vertical P2VP cylinder, the AuNR long axis is perpendicular to the film surface and the upper tip of the AuNR is at the film surface. Short AuNRs were found in the bridging and vertical states as well as in a state not observed for the long AuNRs, the centered state. The centered state is where an AuNR has its long axis parallel to the film surface, is embedded in the film, and is centered over a vertical P2VP cylinder. Hybrid particle-field theory (HPFT) simulations modeling the experimental system predict that for the long AuNRs only the bridging state should be observed while for the short AuNRs only the bridging and centered states should be observed. Possible explanations for why the vertical state is observed in experiments despite being thermodynamically unfavorable in simulations are discussed. HPFT simulations also show that when a nanorod is in the bridging state the two cylinders it bridges remain intact and extend from the nanorod to the substrate. Further, the minority block of the BCP is shown to wet the bottom of the bridging nanorod. The bridging state is very promising for the future development of self-assembled nanoscale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Rasin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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7
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Cheng X, Böker A, Tsarkova L. Temperature-Controlled Solvent Vapor Annealing of Thin Block Copolymer Films. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1312. [PMID: 31390732 PMCID: PMC6722758 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Solvent vapor annealing is as an effective and versatile alternative to thermal annealing to equilibrate and control the assembly of polymer chains in thin films. Here, we present scientific and practical aspects of the solvent vapor annealing method, including the discussion of such factors as non-equilibrium conformational states and chain dynamics in thin films in the presence of solvent. Homopolymer and block copolymer films have been used in model studies to evaluate the robustness and the reproducibility of the solvent vapor processing, as well as to assess polymer-solvent interactions under confinement. Advantages of utilizing a well-controlled solvent vapor environment, including practically interesting regimes of weakly saturated vapor leading to poorly swollen states, are discussed. Special focus is given to dual temperature control over the set-up instrumentation and to the potential of solvo-thermal annealing. The evaluated insights into annealing dynamics derived from the studies on block copolymer films can be applied to improve the processing of thin films of crystalline and conjugated polymers as well as polymer composite in confined geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cheng
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologie, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologie, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Larisa Tsarkova
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West (DNTW), Adlerstr. 1, 47798 Krefeld, Germany.
- Chair of Colloid Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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8
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Swelling of 9 polymers commonly employed for solvent-resistant nanofiltration membranes: A comprehensive dataset. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Ogieglo W, Stenbock-Fermor A, Juraschek TM, Bogdanova Y, Benes N, Tsarkova LA. Synergic Swelling of Interactive Network Support and Block Copolymer Films during Solvent Vapor Annealing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:9950-9960. [PMID: 30070855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the effect of "interactive" polymer network (PN) supports on the solvent-vapor processing of thin polymer films. Densely cross-linked surface-attached network exhibits under experimental time scale a glassy swelling behavior with the conformational states and solvent-uptake clearly sensitive to the degree of solvent vapor saturation in the atmosphere. Pretreatment of the thermally cured PN films by complete immersion or by swelling in saturated chloroform vapors facilitates relaxation of the residual stresses and induces irreversible changes to the network structure as revealed by the swelling/deswelling tests. The presence of a polymer film on top of the PN support results in a mutual influence of the layers on the respective swelling kinetics, steady-state solvent uptake, and chain dynamics. Using UV-vis ellipsometry, we revealed a significantly faster swelling and higher solvent uptake of glassy PN layer below a polymer film as compared to a single PN layer on silicon substrate. Remarkably, the swelling of the network support continues to increase even when the overall swelling of the bilayer is in a steady-state regime. Block copolymer films on PN supports exhibit a faster ordering dynamics and exceptional stability toward dewetting as compared to similar films on silicon wafers. The mechanical stress produced by continuously swelling PN is suggested to account for the enhanced segmental dynamics even at low solvent concentration in the block copolymer film. Apart from novel insights into dynamics of solvent uptake by heterogeneous polymer films, these results might be useful in developing novel approaches toward fast-processing/annealing of functional polymer films and fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Ogieglo
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Anja Stenbock-Fermor
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Thomas M Juraschek
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Yulia Bogdanova
- Chair of Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Moscow State University , 1-3 Leninskiye Gory , 119991 Moscow , Russia
| | - Nieck Benes
- Membrane Science and Technology Cluster/Films in Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Twente , 7500 AE Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Larisa A Tsarkova
- Chair of Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Moscow State University , 1-3 Leninskiye Gory , 119991 Moscow , Russia
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH (DTNW) , Adlerstraße 1 , 47798 Krefeld , Germany
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10
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Gartner TE, Jayaraman A. Macromolecular 'size' and 'hardness' drives structure in solvent-swollen blends of linear, cyclic, and star polymers. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:411-423. [PMID: 29251311 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02199b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we apply molecular simulation and liquid state theory to uncover the structure and thermodynamics of homopolymer blends of the same chemistry and varying chain architecture in the presence of explicit solvent species. We use hybrid Monte Carlo (MC)/molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in the Gibbs ensemble to study the swelling of ∼12 000 g mol-1 linear, cyclic, and 4-arm star polystyrene chains in toluene. Our simulations show that the macroscopic swelling response is indistinguishable between the various architectures and matches published experimental data for the solvent annealing of linear polystyrene by toluene vapor. We then use standard MD simulations in the NPT ensemble along with polymer reference interaction site model (PRISM) theory to calculate effective polymer-solvent and polymer-polymer Flory-Huggins interaction parameters (χeff) in these systems. As seen in the macroscopic swelling results, there are no significant differences in the polymer-solvent and polymer-polymer χeff between the various architectures. Despite similar macroscopic swelling and effective interaction parameters between various architectures, the pair correlation function between chain centers-of-mass indicates stronger correlations between cyclic or star chains in the linear-cyclic blends and linear-star blends, compared to linear chain-linear chain correlations. Furthermore, we note striking similarities in the chain-level correlations and the radius of gyration of cyclic and 4-arm star architectures of identical molecular weight. Our results indicate that the cyclic and star chains are 'smaller' and 'harder' than their linear counterparts, and through comparison with MD simulations of blends of soft spheres with varying hardness and size we suggest that these macromolecular characteristics are the source of the stronger cyclic-cyclic and star-star correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Gartner
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Colburn Laboratory, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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11
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12
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Shelton CK, Jones RL, Epps TH. Kinetics of Domain Alignment in Block Polymer Thin Films during Solvent Vapor Annealing with Soft Shear: An in Situ Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Investigation. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald L. Jones
- Materials
Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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13
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Posselt D, Zhang J, Smilgies DM, Berezkin AV, Potemkin II, Papadakis CM. Restructuring in block copolymer thin films: In situ GISAXS investigations during solvent vapor annealing. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Block copolymer thin films: Characterizing nanostructure evolution with in situ X-ray and neutron scattering. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Shelton CK, Jones RL, Dura JA, Epps TH. Tracking Solvent Distribution in Block Polymer Thin Films during Solvent Vapor Annealing with in Situ Neutron Scattering. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron K. Shelton
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Division and ∥NIST Center for
Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Ronald L. Jones
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Division and ∥NIST Center for
Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Joseph A. Dura
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Division and ∥NIST Center for
Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Division and ∥NIST Center for
Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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16
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Ogieglo W, Ghanem B, Ma X, Pinnau I, Wessling M. How Much Do Ultrathin Polymers with Intrinsic Microporosity Swell in Liquids? J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:10403-10410. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b06807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Ogieglo
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Bader Ghanem
- Advanced
Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Al-Jazri Building 4, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaohua Ma
- Advanced
Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Al-Jazri Building 4, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ingo Pinnau
- Advanced
Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Al-Jazri Building 4, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Matthias Wessling
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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17
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Unger K, Resel R, Coclite AM. Dynamic Studies on the Response to Humidity of Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) Hydrogels Produced by Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Unger
- Institute of Solid State Physics; NAWI Graz; Graz University of Technology; Petersgasse 16 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics; NAWI Graz; Graz University of Technology; Petersgasse 16 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Anna Maria Coclite
- Institute of Solid State Physics; NAWI Graz; Graz University of Technology; Petersgasse 16 8010 Graz Austria
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18
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Dewald I, Gensel J, Betthausen E, Borisov OV, Müller AHE, Schacher FH, Fery A. Splitting of Surface-Immobilized Multicompartment Micelles into Clusters upon Charge Inversion. ACS NANO 2016; 10:5180-5188. [PMID: 27101441 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigate a morphological transition of surface-immobilized triblock terpolymer micelles: the splitting into well-defined clusters of satellite micelles upon pH changes. The multicompartment micelles are formed in aqueous solution of ABC triblock terpolymers consisting of a hydrophobic polybutadiene block, a weak polyanionic poly(methacrylic acid) block, and a weak polycationic poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) block. They are subsequently immobilized on silicon wafer surfaces by dip-coating. The splitting process is triggered by a pH change to strongly basic pH, which goes along with a charge reversal of the micelles. We find that the aggregation number of the submicelles is well-defined and that larger micelles have a tendency to split into a larger number of submicelles. Furthermore, there is a clear preference for clusters consisting of doublets and triplets of submicelles. The morphology of surface-immobilized clusters can be "quenched" by returning to the original pH. Thus, such well-defined micellar clusters can be stabilized and are available as colloidal building blocks for the formation of hierarchical surface structures. We discuss the underlying physicochemical principles of the splitting process considering changes in charge and total free energy of the micelles upon pH change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Dewald
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Julia Gensel
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Eva Betthausen
- Department of Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Oleg V Borisov
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche sur l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254 CNRS/UPPA , 2 av. P. Angot, 64053 Pau, France
- Saint-Petersburg State Polytechnic University , 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Axel H E Müller
- Department of Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena , Lessingstrasse 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena , Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
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19
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Kim K, Park S, Kim Y, Bang J, Park C, Ryu DY. Optimized Solvent Vapor Annealing for Long-Range Perpendicular Lamellae in PS-b-PMMA Films. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joona Bang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
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20
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Saunders JE, Chen H, Brauer C, Clayton M, Chen W, Barnes JA, Loock HP. Quantitative diffusion and swelling kinetic measurements using large-angle interferometric refractometry. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:8746-8757. [PMID: 26458138 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02170g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The uptake and release of sorbates into films and coatings is typically accompanied by changes of the films' refractive index and thickness. We provide a comprehensive model to calculate the concentration of the sorbate from the average refractive index and the film thickness, and validate the model experimentally. The mass fraction of the analyte partitioned into a film is described quantitatively by the Lorentz-Lorenz equation and the Clausius-Mosotti equation. To validate the model, the uptake kinetics of water and other solvents into SU-8 films (d = 40-45 μm) were explored. Large-angle interferometric refractometry measurements can be used to characterize films that are between 15 μm to 150 μm thick and, Fourier analysis, is used to determine independently the thickness, the average refractive index and the refractive index at the film-substrate interface at one-second time intervals. From these values the mass fraction of water in SU-8 was calculated. The kinetics were best described by two independent uptake processes having different rates. Each process followed one-dimensional Fickian diffusion kinetics with diffusion coefficients for water into SU-8 photoresist film of 5.67 × 10(-9) cm(2) s(-1) and 61.2 × 10(-9) cm(2) s(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Saunders
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Chris Brauer
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - McGregor Clayton
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Weijian Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jack A Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Hans-Peter Loock
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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21
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Improving humidity-controlled solvent annealing processes for block copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)-b-polystyrene. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Hannon AF, Bai W, Alexander-Katz A, Ross CA. Simulation methods for solvent vapor annealing of block copolymer thin films. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:3794-3805. [PMID: 25850069 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00324e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in modelling the solvent vapor annealing of thin film block copolymers is examined in the context of a self-consistent field theory framework. Key control variables in determining the final microdomain morphologies include swelling ratio or swollen film solvent volume fraction, swollen film thickness, substrate and vapor atmosphere surface energies, effective volume fraction, and effective Flory-Huggins interaction parameter. The regime of solvent vapor annealing studied is where the block copolymer has a high enough Flory-Huggins parameter that ordered structures form during swelling and are then trapped in the system through quenching. Both implicit and explicit consideration of the solvent vapor is considered to distinguish the cases in which solvent vapor leads to a non-bulk morphology. Block-selective solvents are considered based on the experimental systems of polystyrene-b-polydimethylsiloxane annealed with toluene and heptane. The results of these simulations are compared with these experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Hannon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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23
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Kathrein CC, Kipnusu WK, Kremer F, Böker A. Birefringence Analysis of the Effect of Electric Fields on the Order–Disorder Transition Temperature of Lamellae Forming Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine C. Kathrein
- Lehrstuhl
für Makromolekulare Materialien und Oberflächen, DWI
- Leibniz Institut für Interaktive Materialien, RWTH Aachen University, D-52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Wycliffe K. Kipnusu
- Institut
für Experimentelle Physik, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Friedrich Kremer
- Institut
für Experimentelle Physik, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Lehrstuhl
für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologien, Fraunhofer-Institut
für Angewandte Polymerforschung - IAP, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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24
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Ogieglo W, Wormeester H, Eichhorn KJ, Wessling M, Benes NE. In situ ellipsometry studies on swelling of thin polymer films: A review. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Bai W, Hannon AF, Gotrik KW, Choi HK, Aissou K, Liontos G, Ntetsikas K, Alexander-Katz A, Avgeropoulos A, Ross CA. Thin Film Morphologies of Bulk-Gyroid Polystyrene-block-polydimethylsiloxane under Solvent Vapor Annealing. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501293n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wubin Bai
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Adam F. Hannon
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kevin W. Gotrik
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hong Kyoon Choi
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karim Aissou
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - George Liontos
- Department
of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus - Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Ntetsikas
- Department
of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus - Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alfredo Alexander-Katz
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department
of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus - Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Caroline A. Ross
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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26
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Stenbock-Fermor A, Knoll AW, Böker A, Tsarkova L. Enhancing Ordering Dynamics in Solvent-Annealed Block Copolymer Films by Lithographic Hard Mask Supports. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500561q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Stenbock-Fermor
- DWI—Leibniz-Institut
für Interaktive Materialien, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056, Aachen Germany
| | - Armin W. Knoll
- IBM Research—Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Böker
- DWI—Leibniz-Institut
für Interaktive Materialien, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056, Aachen Germany
| | - Larisa Tsarkova
- DWI—Leibniz-Institut
für Interaktive Materialien, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056, Aachen Germany
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27
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Ogieglo W, Wormeester H, Wessling M, Benes NE. Effective medium approximations for penetrant sorption in glassy polymers accounting for excess free volume. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Jeong JW, Hur YH, Kim HJ, Kim JM, Park WI, Kim MJ, Kim BJ, Jung YS. Proximity injection of plasticizing molecules to self-assembling polymers for large-area, ultrafast nanopatterning in the sub-10-nm regime. ACS NANO 2013; 7:6747-6757. [PMID: 23815388 DOI: 10.1021/nn401611z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
While the uses of block copolymers (BCPs) with a high Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χ) are advantageous for the improvement of resolution and line edge fluctuations of self-assembled nanoscale patterns, their slow chain diffusion results in a prolonged assembly time. Although solvent vapor annealing has shown great effectiveness in promoting the self-assembly of such BCPs, a practical methodology to achieve a uniform swelling level in wafer-scale BCP thin films has not been reported. Here, we show that a solvent-swollen polymer gel pad can be used as a highly controllable vapor source for the rapid, large-area (>200 mm in diameter) formation of sub-10-nm patterns from a high-χ BCP. The proximal injection of solvent vapors to BCP films and the systematic control of the swelling levels and temperatures can significantly boost the self-assembly kinetics, realizing the formation of well-aligned sub-10-nm half-pitch patterns within 1 min of self-assembly. Moreover, we show that the gel pad can be used for the shear-induced alignment of BCP microdomains in an extremely short time of ~5 s as well as for the generation of three-dimensional crossed-wire nanostructures with controlled alignment angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 302-701, Republic of Korea
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29
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Emerson JA, Toolan DTW, Howse JR, Furst EM, Epps TH. Determination of Solvent–Polymer and Polymer–Polymer Flory–Huggins Interaction Parameters for Poly(3-hexylthiophene) via Solvent Vapor Swelling. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400597j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian A. Emerson
- Center for
Molecular and Engineering
Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United
States
| | - Daniel T. W. Toolan
- Department of Chemical
and Biological
Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield
S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Howse
- Department of Chemical
and Biological
Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield
S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Eric M. Furst
- Center for
Molecular and Engineering
Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United
States
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Center for
Molecular and Engineering
Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United
States
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30
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Ogieglo W, van der Werf H, Tempelman K, Wormeester H, Wessling M, Nijmeijer A, Benes NE. n-Hexane induced swelling of thin PDMS films under non-equilibrium nanofiltration permeation conditions, resolved by spectroscopic ellipsometry. J Memb Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Ogieglo W, van der Werf H, Tempelman K, Wormeester H, Wessling M, Nijmeijer A, Benes NE. n-Hexane induced swelling of thin PDMS films under non-equilibrium nanofiltration permeation conditions, resolved by spectroscopic ellipsometry. J Memb Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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33
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Gensel J, Dewald I, Erath J, Betthausen E, Müller AHE, Fery A. Reversible swelling transitions in stimuli-responsive layer-by-layer films containing block copolymer micelles. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20836a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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34
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Gotrik KW, Hannon AF, Son JG, Keller B, Alexander-Katz A, Ross CA. Morphology control in block copolymer films using mixed solvent vapors. ACS NANO 2012; 6:8052-9. [PMID: 22928726 DOI: 10.1021/nn302641z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Solvent vapor annealing of block copolymer thin films can produce a range of morphologies different from the equilibrium bulk morphology. By systematically varying the flow rate of two different solvent vapors (toluene and n-heptane) and an inert gas, phase maps showing the morphology versus vapor pressure of the solvents were constructed for 45 kg/mol polystyrene-block-polydimethylsiloxane diblock copolymer films of different thicknesses. The final morphology was correlated with the swelling of the block copolymer and homopolymer films and the solvent vapor annealing conditions. Self-consistent field theory is used to model the effects of solvent swelling. These results provide a framework for predicting the range of morphologies available under different solvent vapor conditions, which is important in lithographic applications where precise control of morphology and critical dimensions are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Gotrik
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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35
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Price AD, Hur SM, Fredrickson GH, Frischknecht AL, Huber DL. Exploring Lateral Microphase Separation in Mixed Polymer Brushes by Experiment and Self-Consistent Field Theory Simulations. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202542u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Price
- Center for
Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico
87185, United States
| | | | | | - Amalie L. Frischknecht
- Center for
Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico
87185, United States
| | - Dale L. Huber
- Center for
Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico
87185, United States
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36
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37
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Sperschneider A, Schacher FH, Tsarkova L, Böker A, Müller AHE. Stabilization of 3D Network Morphologies in Thin Films via Chemical Modification of ABC Triblock Terpolymers. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102293z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix H. Schacher
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Larisa Tsarkova
- DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., Pauwelsstrasse 8, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., Pauwelsstrasse 8, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Materialien und Oberflächen, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Axel H. E. Müller
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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38
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Zettl U, Knoll A, Tsarkova L. Effect of confinement on the mesoscale and macroscopic swelling of thin block copolymer films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:6610-6617. [PMID: 20027996 DOI: 10.1021/la903922y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report on the swelling behavior and the corresponding morphological behavior of cylinder-forming polystyrene-b-polybutadiene diblock copolymers, which are confined to several layers of structures. The equilibration of thin films has been done under controlled atmosphere of a nonselective solvent. In situ spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements revealed more than 10% increase of the solvent uptake with decreasing film thickness. With scanning force microscopy of the microphase separated patterns in quenched films, the correlation between the degree of the long-range order of cylinder domains and the degree of the macroscopic swelling has been established. In the case of spontaneously formed micrometer-sized topographic features with discreet film thickness (terraces), the increased solvent uptake by thinner films holds true even for isolated terraces on the mesoscale. The observation of nonhomogeneous swelling of the films on the micrometer scale brings novel insights into the properties of confined soft matter, and suggests new approaches toward the fabrication of polymer-based nanostructured responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Zettl
- Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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39
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Tsarkova L, Sevink GJA, Krausch G. Nanopattern Evolution in Block Copolymer Films: Experiment, Simulations and Challenges. COMPLEX MACROMOLECULAR SYSTEMS I 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2010_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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40
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Chuang VP, Ross CA, Bilalis P, Hadjichristidis N. Nanoscale rings fabricated using self-assembled triblock terpolymer templates. ACS NANO 2008; 2:2007-2014. [PMID: 19206445 DOI: 10.1021/nn8002345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although there has been extensive work on the use of self-assembled diblock copolymers for nanolithography, there are few reports of the use of multiblock copolymers, which can form a more diverse range of nanoscale pattern geometries. Pattern transfer from a self-assembled poly(butadiene-b-styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) (PB-b-PS-b-PMMA) triblock terpolymer thin film has been investigated. Polymers of different total molecular weight were synthesized with a predicted morphology consisting of PMMA-core/PS-shell cylinders in a PB matrix. By adjusting the solvent-annealing conditions and the film thickness, thin films with vertically oriented cylinders were formed. The PMMA cylinder cores and the PB matrix were then removed using selective etching to leave an array of PS rings, and the ring pattern was transferred into a silica film by reactive ion etching to form 19 nm high silica rings. This result illustrates the design and use of triblock terpolymers for self-assembled lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian P Chuang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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41
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van Zoelen W, Polushkin E, ten Brinke G. Hierarchical Terrace Formation in PS-b-P4VP(PDP) Supramolecular Thin Films. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801814w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy van Zoelen
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny Polushkin
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit ten Brinke
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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42
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Olszowka V, Kuntermann V, Böker A. Control of Orientational Order in Block Copolymer Thin Films by Electric Fields: A Combinatorial Approach. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800848b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Olszowka
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Universität Erlangen, D-91508 Erlangen, Germany; and Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Volker Kuntermann
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Universität Erlangen, D-91508 Erlangen, Germany; and Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Universität Erlangen, D-91508 Erlangen, Germany; and Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Bercea M, Eckelt J, Wolf BA. Random Copolymers: Their Solution Thermodynamics as Compared with That of the Corresponding Homopolymers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0716619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bercea
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz and Materialwissenschaftliches Forschungszentrum der Universität Mainz, Welder-Weg 13, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - John Eckelt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz and Materialwissenschaftliches Forschungszentrum der Universität Mainz, Welder-Weg 13, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernhard A. Wolf
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz and Materialwissenschaftliches Forschungszentrum der Universität Mainz, Welder-Weg 13, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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Huynh L, Grant J, Leroux JC, Delmas P, Allen C. Predicting the Solubility of the Anti-Cancer Agent Docetaxel in Small Molecule Excipients using Computational Methods. Pharm Res 2007; 25:147-57. [PMID: 17705028 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop an in silico model that provides an accurate prediction of the relative solubility of the lipophilic anticancer agent docetaxel in various excipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The in silico solubility of docetaxel in the excipients was estimated by means of the solubility (delta) and Flory-Huggins interaction (chi (FH)) parameters. The delta values of docetaxel and excipients were calculated using semi-empirical methods and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Cerius(2) software and COMPASS force-field were employed for the MD simulations. The chi (FH) values for the binary mixtures of docetaxel and excipient were also estimated by MD simulations. RESULTS The values obtained from the MD simulations for the solubility of docetaxel in the various excipients were in good agreement with the experimentally determined values. The simulated values for solubility of docetaxel in tributyrin, tricaproin and vitamin E were within 2 to 6% of the experimental values. MD simulations predicted docetaxel to be insoluble in beta-caryophyllene and this result correlated well with experimental studies. CONCLUSIONS The MD model proved to be a reliable tool for selecting suitable excipients for the solubilization of docetaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loan Huynh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Li X, Peng J, Wen Y, Kim DH, Knoll W. Morphology change of asymmetric diblock copolymer micellar films during solvent annealing. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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46
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Feng X, Pelton R. Carboxymethyl Cellulose:Polyvinylamine Complex Hydrogel Swelling. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma062608j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhua Feng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, JHE-136, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L7
| | - Robert Pelton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, JHE-136, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L7
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Jaczewska J, Budkowski A, Bernasik A, Raptis I, Raczkowska J, Goustouridis D, Rysz J, Sanopoulou M. Humidity and solvent effects in spin-coated polythiophene–polystyrene blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cui L, Xuan Y, Li X, Ding Y, Li B, Han Y. Polymer surfaces with reversibly switchable ordered morphology. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:11696-703. [PMID: 16316103 DOI: 10.1021/la051376z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Honeycomb macroporous films fabricated by the "breath figures" method were composed of poly2-vinylpyridine (P2VP) distributed in the holes of polystyrene (PS). The porous films exhibited reversible behavior responding to water and different solvent vapors. When the porous film was treated with water, the honeycomb pattern would change to the hexagonal islandlike pattern. Once heated to remove the water, the honeycomb pattern emerged again. When the porous film was exposed to different solvent vapors, the same reversible process appeared. Carbon disulfide (CS(2)), toluene (TOL), and tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent vapors induced the honeycomb pattern into the ordered islandlike pattern, and ethanol, chloroform, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent vapors made the islandlike pattern come back to the honeycomb pattern. The hygroscopic property of P2VP and the polymer-solvent interaction are the driving force for the reversibly switchable morphology. The appropriate control of the hole depth is very crucial in determining the reversible changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
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