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Tian R, Li K, Lin Y, Lu C, Duan X. Characterization Techniques of Polymer Aging: From Beginning to End. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3007-3088. [PMID: 36802560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymers have been widely applied in various fields in the daily routines and the manufacturing. Despite the awareness of the aggressive and inevitable aging for the polymers, it still remains a challenge to choose an appropriate characterization strategy for evaluating the aging behaviors. The difficulties lie in the fact that the polymer features from the different aging stages require different characterization methods. In this review, we present an overview of the characterization strategies preferable for the initial, accelerated, and late stages during polymer aging. The optimum strategies have been discussed to characterize the generation of radicals, variation of functional groups, substantial chain scission, formation of low-molecular products, and deterioration in the polymers' macro-performances. In view of the advantages and the limitations of these characterization techniques, their utilization in a strategic approach is considered. In addition, we highlight the structure-property relationship for the aged polymers and provide available guidance for lifetime prediction. This review could allow the readers to be knowledgeable of the features for the polymers in the different aging stages and provide access to choose the optimum characterization techniques. We believe that this review will attract the communities dedicated to materials science and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kaitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Gijsman P, Fiorio R. Long term thermo-oxidative degradation and stabilization of polypropylene (PP) and the implications for its recyclability. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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3
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Nakatani H, Ohshima Y, Uchiyama T, Suguru M. Degradation and fragmentation behavior of polypropylene and polystyrene in water. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18501. [PMID: 36323804 PMCID: PMC9630436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The polystyrene (PS) retrieved from the beach exhibited no change in surface texture. In contrast to it, the retrieved polypropylene (PP) had a rumpled surface texture. Highly reactive sulfate radical generated by K2S2O8 was employed as degradation initiator of PP and PS, and their degradation behavior was studied in water. The PS carbonyl index value gradually went up down, and its molecular weight (MW) curve discontinuously shifted to a lower MW with the increase of the degradation time unlike the PP. It was found that the PP microplastic production rate was approximately three time higher than the PS from weight ratio dependence on degradation time. The higher microplastic production rate of PP arose from its crystallizability. The voids were produced by change in specific volume occurring by chemi-crystallization and then provoked the cracks leading to quick fragmentation. The SEM photographs suggested that the PP microplastic size facilely reached nm order by the cracking around lamella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayuki Nakatani
- grid.174567.60000 0000 8902 2273Polymeri Materials Laboratory, Chemistry and Materials Program, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-Machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521 Japan
| | - Yuina Ohshima
- grid.174567.60000 0000 8902 2273Polymeri Materials Laboratory, Chemistry and Materials Program, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-Machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521 Japan
| | - Taishi Uchiyama
- grid.174567.60000 0000 8902 2273Polymeri Materials Laboratory, Chemistry and Materials Program, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-Machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521 Japan
| | - Motokucho Suguru
- grid.174567.60000 0000 8902 2273Polymeri Materials Laboratory, Chemistry and Materials Program, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-Machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521 Japan
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A rapid and highly sensitive evaluation of polymer composite aging with linear correlation to real-time aging. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1169:338632. [PMID: 34088370 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of polymer aging is very important for the long-term performance of polymer materials, but it remains a challenge to correlate accelerated evaluations with the real-time procedures. Here we develop a novel in-situ aging evaluation system for rapid and sensitive aging evaluations of polymer materials within hours under multiple environmental conditions. It is carried out by in-situ detecting the generation rate of trace gaseous degradation products, e.g. CO2, of polymer materials in a specially designed reaction cell during aging under environmental conditions with various UV irradiation, temperature and humidity. The advantages of this system were demonstrated by applying to evaluate the photo-oxidation of polypropylene (PP)-CaCO3 composites, including stability evaluation, aging status analysis, aging kinetics measurements and study on effects of UV irradiation intensity and humidity. The CO2 generation rate of PP-CaCO3 composites measured in this system is well correlated to carbonyl indices during 120-day natural weathering. A linear relationship was observed between the generation rate of CO2 and the natural logarithm of the carbonyl index. The activation energy of the photo-oxidation of PP-CaCO3 composites was calculated based on generation rates of CO2 at different temperatures in the range of 30-80 °C. The increase of UV irradiation intensity and humidity both enhanced the generation rate of CO2 of PP composites, and the presence of CaCO3 fillers promoted the sensitivity of PP photo-oxidation to both of UV irradiation intensity and humidity. This study provides a new approach to rapid and highly sensitive evaluation of polymer composite aging under multiple environmental conditions.
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How Small Molecules Affect the Thermo-Oxidative Aging Mechanism of Polypropylene: A Reactive Molecular Dynamics Study. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081243. [PMID: 33921287 PMCID: PMC8069144 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the aging mechanism of polypropylene (PP) is fundamental for the fabrication and application of PP-based materials. In this paper, we present our study in which we first used reactive molecular dynamics (RMD) simulations to explore the thermo-oxidative aging of PP in the presence of acetic acid or acetone. We studied the effects of temperature and oxygen on the aging process and discussed the formation pathways of typical small molecule products (H2, CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4, and C2H6). The effect of two infection agents, acetic acid and acetone, on the aging reaction was analyzed emphatically. The simulation results showed that acetone has a weak impact on accelerating the aging process, while acetic acid has a significant effect, consistent with previous experimental studies. By tracking the simulation trajectories, both acetic acid and acetone produced small active free radicals to further react with other fragment products, thus accelerating the aging process. The first reaction step of acetic acid is often the shedding of the H atom on the hydroxyl group, while the reaction of acetone is often the shedding of the H atom or the methyl. The latter requires higher energy at lower temperatures. This is why the acceleration effect of acetone for the thermo-oxidative aging of PP was not so significant compared to acetic acid in the experimental temperature (383.15 K).
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Zhang Z, Tian R, Zhang P, Lu C, Duan X. Three-Dimensional Visualization for Early-Stage Evolution of Polymer Aging. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:771-778. [PMID: 32490193 PMCID: PMC7256940 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the evolution of polymer aging, especially early-stage aging, over both time and dimensionality can provide in-depth insight into aging-induced material invalidation and even disastrous accidents. However, it remains a great challenge because currently available methods for polymer aging only provide statistic results at a macroscopic scale. Herein, we report the first three-dimensional early-stage visualization (ESV) technique of polymer aging by using the fluorophore-bonded boronic acid to specifically target aging-induced hydroxyl groups through the B-O click reaction. This method can identify the initial aging of polypropylene (PP) as early as 20.0 min. In contrast, no signals can be detected by conventional infrared spectroscopy even after 21 days of thermal treatment. More importantly, the three-dimensional evolution for early-stage polymer aging was demonstrated: faster aggression in the horizontal plane (4.1 × 10-4 s-1) than in the vertical direction (2.6 × 10-9 m s-1) for PP films. The approach could undoubtedly provide valuable information in elucidating mechanistic details of polymer aging in three-dimensional scale and assessing the utility of advanced antiaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Resource Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Resource Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pudun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Resource Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Resource Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Resource Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Abiotic thermo-oxidative degradation of high density polyethylene: Effect of manganese stearate concentration. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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A novel in-situ aging evaluation method by FTIR and the application to thermal oxidized nitrile rubber. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Curran K, Možir A, Underhill M, Gibson LT, Fearn T, Strlič M. Cross-infection effect of polymers of historic and heritage significance on the degradation of a cellulose reference test material. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Colwell JM, Nikolic MA, Bottle SE, George GA. Sensitive luminescence techniques to study the early stages of polymer oxidation. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Taniike T, Umemori M, Kobayashi F, Terano M. Critical Role of Spherulite Structure on Behavior of Stabilizers in Poly(propylene) Stabilization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Nakatani H, Shibata H, Miyazaki K, Yonezawa T, Takeda H, Azuma Y, Watanabe S. Studies on heterogeneous degradation of polypropylene/talc composite: Effect of iron impurity on the degradation behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Lee KY, Kim KY. 60Co γ-ray irradiation effect and degradation behaviors of a carbon nanotube and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) nanocomposites. Polym Degrad Stab 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nakatani H, Kurniawan D, Taniike T, Terano M. Degradation behavior of polymer blend of isotactic polypropylenes with and without unsaturated chain end group. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2008; 9:024401. [PMID: 27877968 PMCID: PMC5099725 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/9/2/024401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the relationship between the unsaturated chain end group content and the thermal oxidative degradation rate was systematically studied with binary polymer blends of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) with and without the unsaturated chain end group. The iPPs with and without the unsaturated chain end group were synthesized by a metallocene catalyst in the absence of hydrogen and by a Ziegler catalyst in the presence of one, respectively. The thermal oxidative degradation rate of the binary iPP blends was estimated from the molecular weight and the apparent activation energy (ΔE), which were obtained through size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements, respectively. These values exhibited a negative correlation against the mole content of the unsaturated chain end group. The thermal oxidative degradation rate apparently depends on the content of the unsaturated chain end group. This tendency suggests that the unsaturated chain end acts as a radical initiator of the iPP degradation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayuki Nakatani
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Kitami Institute of Technology, 165 Koen-cho, Kitami, Hokkaido, 090-8507, Japan
| | - Dodik Kurniawan
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Taniike
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Minoru Terano
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
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Nakatani H, Suzuki S, Tanaka T, Terano M. Effect of unsaturated chain end-group on thermal oxidative behavior of polypropylene. POLYM INT 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Celina M, Trujillo A, Gillen K, Minier L. Chemiluminescence as a condition monitoring method for thermal aging and lifetime prediction of an HTPB elastomer. Polym Degrad Stab 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jipa S, Setnescu R, Zaharescu T, Setnescu T, Kaci M, Touati N. Chemiluminescence of isotactic polypropylene induced by photo-oxidative degradation and natural weathering. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Many oxidation reactions of organic materials, including polymers, are accompanied by the emission of weak chemiluminescence (CL). From a study of the mechanism of this weak CL, it is shown that the time development of the CL intensity may provide the kinetics of the oxidation reaction and is thus a sensitive probe of the degradation of the material. The intensity of emission reflects the concentration of peroxidic species in the material. Whereas the kinetics of the oxidation may be described by a series of elementary, homogeneous free radical reactions, the use of imaging techniques has shown that the oxidation of polymers such as polypropylene is highly heterogeneous. A model that describes the oxidation as spreading through the material as an infection from a number of initiating sites is able to rationalize these observations and provide a new approach to the prediction of the useful lifetime of a polymeric material.
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