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Liu J, Tian S, Ren J, Huang J, Luo L, Du B, Zhang T. Improved Interlaminar Properties of Glass Fiber/Epoxy Laminates by the Synergic Modification of Soft and Rigid Particles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6611. [PMID: 37834749 PMCID: PMC10574751 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Poor interlaminar fracture toughness has been a major issue in glass fiber-reinforced epoxy resin (GF/EP) laminate composites. In this paper, soft carboxy-terminated nitrile (CTBN) rubber particles and rigid nano-SiO2 are used to toughen the epoxy resin (EP) matrix to improve the interlayer properties of GF/EP laminate composites. The effects of adding two toughening agents on the mechanical and interlayer properties of GF/EP laminates were studied. The results showed that adding the two kinds of particles improved the mechanical properties of the epoxy matrix. When the additional amount of flexible CTBN rubber particles was 8 wt%, and the rigid nano-SiO2 was 0.5 wt%, the fracture toughness of the matrix resin was increased by 215.8%, and the tensile strength was only decreased by 2.3% compared with the pure epoxy resin. On this basis, the effects of two kinds of particles on the interlayer properties of GF/EP composites were studied. Compared with the unmodified GF/EP laminates, the interlayer shear strength and mode I interlayer fracture toughness is significantly improved by a toughening agent, and the energy release rate GIC of interlayer shear strength and interlayer fracture toughness is increased by 109.2%, and 86.8%, respectively. The flexible CTBN rubber particles and rigid nano-SiO2 improve the interfacial adhesion between GF and EP. The cavitation of the two particles and the plastic deformation of the matrix is the toughening mechanism of the interlayer properties of the composite. Such excellent interlaminar mechanical properties make it possible for GF/EP laminates to be widely used as engineering materials in various industries (e.g., aerospace, hydrogen energy, marine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Composites and Devices, College of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
- Department of Fine Chemicals and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
| | - Shenghui Tian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Composites and Devices, College of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jiaqi Ren
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Composites and Devices, College of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Materials Chemistry and Functional Manufacturing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Composites and Devices, College of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Bing Du
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Composites and Devices, College of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Tianyong Zhang
- Department of Fine Chemicals and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
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2
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Direct visualization of stretch-induced phase separation in methoxy silyl-terminated polypropylene oxide/epoxy resin-type polymer alloys via AFM nanomechanics: A toughening mechanism. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Maccaferri E, Ortolani J, Mazzocchetti L, Benelli T, Brugo TM, Zucchelli A, Giorgini L. New Application Field of Polyethylene Oxide: PEO Nanofibers as Epoxy Toughener for Effective CFRP Delamination Resistance Improvement. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:23189-23200. [PMID: 35847344 PMCID: PMC9281329 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Delamination is the most severe weakness affecting all composite materials with a laminar structure. Nanofibrous mat interleaving is a smart way to increase the interlaminar fracture toughness: the use of thermoplastic polymers, such as poly(ε-caprolactone) and polyamides (Nylons), as nonwovens is common and well established. Here, electrospun polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers are proposed as reinforcing layers for hindering delamination in epoxy-based carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. While PEO nanofibers are well known and successfully applied in medicine and healthcare, to date, their use as composite tougheners is undiscovered, resulting in the first investigation in this application field. The PEO-modified CFRP laminate shows a significant improvement in the interlaminar fracture toughness under Mode I loading: +60% and +221% in G I,C and G I,R, respectively. The high matrix toughening is confirmed by the crack path analysis, showing multiple crack planes, and by the delamination surfaces, revealing that extensive phase separation phenomena occur. Under Mode II loading, the G II enhancement is almost 20%. Despite a widespread phase separation occurring upon composite curing, washings in water do not affect the surface delamination morphology, suggesting a sufficient humidity resistance of the PEO-modified laminate. Moreover, it almost maintains both the original stiffness and glass transition temperature (T g), as assessed via three-point bending and dynamic mechanical analysis tests. The achieved results pave the way for using PEO nanofibrous membranes as a new effective solution for hindering delamination in epoxy-based composite laminates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Maccaferri
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Jacopo Ortolani
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Technology, CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Laura Mazzocchetti
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Technology, CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Tiziana Benelli
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Technology, CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Tommaso Maria Brugo
- Interdepartmental
Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Technology, CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna 40136, Italy
- Department
of Industrial Engineering, University of
Bologna, Viale Risorgimento
2, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Andrea Zucchelli
- Interdepartmental
Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Technology, CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna 40136, Italy
- Department
of Industrial Engineering, University of
Bologna, Viale Risorgimento
2, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Loris Giorgini
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Technology, CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna 40136, Italy
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4
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Sun W, Luo J, Zhang L, Liang Y, Chen Y, Zhou H, Zheng Y, Cheng Y. Healable epoxy‐based dielectric semi‐interpenetrating networks with different degrees of cross‐linking. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Jiaming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Yujie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Yue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Han Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Yiting Zheng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Yonghong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
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5
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Luo X, Liu XF, Ding XM, Chen L, Chen SC, Wang YZ. Effects of curing temperature on the structure and properties of epoxy resin-poly(ε-caprolactam) blends. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Ma H, Aravand MA, Falzon BG. Phase morphology and mechanical properties of polyetherimide modified epoxy resins: A comparative study. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Improvement of the Impact Properties of Composite Laminates by Means of Nano-Modification of the Matrix—A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8122406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews recent works on the application of nanofibers and nanoparticle reinforcements to enhance the interlaminar fracture toughness, to reduce the impact induced damage and to improve the compression after impact performance of fiber reinforced composites with brittle thermosetting resins. The nanofibers have been mainly used as mats embedded between plies of laminated composites, whereas the nanoparticles have been used in 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D dimensional patterns to reinforce the matrix and consequently the composite. The reinforcement mechanisms are presented, and a comparison is done between the different papers in the literature. This review shows that in order to have an efficient reinforcement effect, careful consideration is required in the manufacturing, materials selection and reinforcement content and percentage. The selection of the right parameters can provide a tough and impact resistant composite with cost effective reinforcements.
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8
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Wu X, Yang X, Yu R, Zhao XJ, Zhang Y, Huang W. Highly crosslinked and uniform thermoset epoxy microspheres: Preparation and toughening study. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Sun S, Guo M, Yi X, Zhang Z. Reaction-mediated entropic effect on phase separation in a binary polymer system. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Chandran CS, Antolasic F, Shanks RA, Thomas S. Mechanism of phase separation in a weakly interacting system with strong dynamic asymmetry. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Sarath Chandran
- School of Chemical Sciences; Mahatma Gandhi University; Kottayam Kerala India
- School of Sciences; Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology; Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University; Kottayam Kerala India
| | - Frank Antolasic
- School of Sciences; Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology; Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
| | - Robert A. Shanks
- School of Sciences; Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology; Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences; Mahatma Gandhi University; Kottayam Kerala India
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University; Kottayam Kerala India
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11
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Parameswaranpillai J, Sidhardhan SK, Jose S, Hameed N, Salim NV, Siengchin S, Pionteck J, Magueresse A, Grohens Y. Miscibility, Phase Morphology, Thermomechanical, Viscoelastic and Surface Properties of Poly(ε-caprolactone) Modified Epoxy Systems: Effect of Curing Agents. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai
- Department
of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, 682022 Kerala, India
| | - Sisanth Krishnan Sidhardhan
- Department
of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, 682022 Kerala, India
| | - Seno Jose
- Department
of Chemistry, Government College Kottayam, Kottayam, 686013 Kerala, India
| | - Nishar Hameed
- Factory
of the Future, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Nisa V. Salim
- Carbon
Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn
Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Department
of Materials and Production Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok 1518 Pracharaj 1, Wongsawang Road, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Jürgen Pionteck
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Yves Grohens
- FRE
CNRS 3744, IRDL, Univ. Bretagne Sud, F-56100 Lorient, France
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12
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13
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Chandran CS, Muller R, Bouquey M, Serra C, Thomas S. Effect of blend ratio and elongation flow on the morphology and properties of epoxy resin-poly(trimethylene terephthalate) blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Sarath Chandran
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IIUCNN), Mahatma Gandhi University; Kottayam Kerala 686 560 India
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University; Kottayam Kerala 686 560 India
- Group for the Intensification and Integration of Polymer Processes (G2IP), Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES-UMR 7515 CNRSLaboratoire) European Engineering School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials Science (ECPM) University of Strasbourg (UdS) 25 Rue Becquerel; F67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Rene Muller
- Group for the Intensification and Integration of Polymer Processes (G2IP), Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES-UMR 7515 CNRSLaboratoire) European Engineering School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials Science (ECPM) University of Strasbourg (UdS) 25 Rue Becquerel; F67000 Strasbourg France
| | - M. Bouquey
- Group for the Intensification and Integration of Polymer Processes (G2IP), Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES-UMR 7515 CNRSLaboratoire) European Engineering School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials Science (ECPM) University of Strasbourg (UdS) 25 Rue Becquerel; F67000 Strasbourg France
| | - C. Serra
- Group for the Intensification and Integration of Polymer Processes (G2IP), Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES-UMR 7515 CNRSLaboratoire) European Engineering School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials Science (ECPM) University of Strasbourg (UdS) 25 Rue Becquerel; F67000 Strasbourg France
| | - S. Thomas
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IIUCNN), Mahatma Gandhi University; Kottayam Kerala 686 560 India
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University; Kottayam Kerala 686 560 India
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14
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Arnebold A, Thiel K, Kentzinger E, Hartwig A. Morphological adjustment determines the properties of cationically polymerized epoxy resins. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03042k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Method of integrating a crystalline polyester into an epoxy resin determines morphology and by this mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Arnebold
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Fertigungstechnik und Angewandte Materialforschung
- D-28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - K. Thiel
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Fertigungstechnik und Angewandte Materialforschung
- D-28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - E. Kentzinger
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS and Peter Grünberg Institute PGI
- JARA-FIT
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- D-52425 Jülich
- Germany
| | - A. Hartwig
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Fertigungstechnik und Angewandte Materialforschung
- D-28359 Bremen
- Germany
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15
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Lützen H, Gesing TM, Hartwig A. Nucleation as a new concept for morphology adjustment of crystalline thermosetting epoxy polymers. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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16
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Silva L, Tognana S, Salgueiro W. Miscibility in crystalline/amorphous blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/DGEBA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Grishchuk S, Gryshchuk O, Weber M, Karger-Kocsis J. Structure and toughness of polyethersulfone (PESU)-modified anhydride-cured tetrafunctional epoxy resin: Effect of PESU molecular mass. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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18
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Vernigorov KB, Karzov IM, Kostina YV, Yablokova MY, Alent’ev AY. Modification of epoxy novolak resin with polyamic acid, investigation of cocuring mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3103/s0027131411020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Phase behavior and morphology in epoxy resin/poly(L-lactide) blends. Comparison with epoxy resin/poly(L,D-lactide) blends. Colloid Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-010-2257-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Calafel MI, Remiro PM, Cortázar MM, Calahorra ME. Cold crystallization and multiple melting behavior of poly(l-lactide) in homogeneous and in multiphasic epoxy blends. Colloid Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-009-2156-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Luo X, Ou R, Eberly DE, Singhal A, Viratyaporn W, Mather PT. A thermoplastic/thermoset blend exhibiting thermal mending and reversible adhesion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2009; 1:612-620. [PMID: 20355983 DOI: 10.1021/am8001605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report on the development of a new and broadly applicable strategy to produce thermally mendable polymeric materials, demonstrated with an epoxy/poly(-caprolactone) (PCL) phase-separated blend. The initially miscible blend composed of 15.5 wt % PCL undergoes polymerization-induced phase separation during cross-linking of the epoxy, yielding a "bricks and mortar" morphology wherein the epoxy phase exists as interconnected spheres (bricks) interpenetrated with a percolating PCL matrix (mortar). The fully cured material is stiff, strong, and durable. A heating-induced "bleeding" behavior was witnessed in the form of spontaneous wetting of all free surfaces by the molten PCL phase, and this bleeding is capable of repairing damage by crack-wicking and subsequent recrystallization with only minor concomitant softening during that process. The observed bleeding is attributed to volumetric thermal expansion of PCL above its melting point in excess of epoxy brick expansion, which we term differential expansive bleeding (DEB). In controlled thermal-mending experiments, heating of a cracked specimen led to PCL extrusion from the bulk to yield a liquid layer bridging the crack gap. Upon cooling, a "scar" composed of PCL crystals formed at the site of the crack, restoring a significant portion of the mechanical strength. When a moderate force was applied to assist crack closure, thermal-mending efficiencies exceeded 100%. We further observed that the DEB phenomenon enables strong and facile adhesion of the same material to itself and to a variety of materials, without any requirement for macroscopic softening or flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Luo
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute and Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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22
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Hameed N, Sreekumar PA, Thomas PS, Jyotishkumar P, Thomas S. Mechanical properties of poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile)-modified epoxy resin/glass fiber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Reaction-induced microphase separation in thermosetting blends of epoxy resin with poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-polystyrene block copolymers: Effect of topologies of block copolymers on morphological structures. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Thermoplastic vulcanizates obtained by reaction-induced phase separation: Interplay between phase separation dynamics, final morphology and mechanical properties. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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26
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Epoxy resin containing poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(ɛ-caprolactone) diblock copolymer: Effect of curing agents on nanostructures. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Li Y, Oono Y, Kadowaki Y, Inoue T, Nakayama K, Shimizu H. A Novel Thermoplastic Elastomer by Reaction-Induced Phase Decomposition from a Miscible Polymer Blend. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma060181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin Li
- Nanotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yuko Oono
- Nanotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yuji Kadowaki
- Nanotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Nanotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nakayama
- Nanotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Nanotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
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