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Pontefisso A, Zappalorto M. Percolation in Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Polymers for Strain-Sensing Applications: Computational Investigation on Carbon Nanotube Distribution, Curvature, and Aggregation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4959. [PMID: 37512233 PMCID: PMC10381367 DOI: 10.3390/ma16144959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The present article investigates the possibility of simulating the electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer composites by numerical methods. Periodic representative volume elements are generated by randomly distributing perfectly conductive reinforcements in an insulating matrix and are used to assemble an electrical network representative of the nanocomposite, where the nanotube-nanotube contacts are considered equivalent resistors modeled by means of Simmons' equation. A comparison of the results with experimental data from the literature supports the conclusion that a random distribution of reinforcements is not suitable for simulating this class of materials since percolation thresholds and conductivity trends are different, with experimental percolation taking place before the expectations. Including nanotube curvature does not solve the issue, since it hinders percolation even further. In agreement with experimental observations, the investigation suggests that a suitable approach requires the inclusion of aggregation during the volume element generation to reduce the volume fraction required to reach percolation. Some solutions available in the literature to generate properly representative volume elements are thus listed. Concerning strain sensing, the results suggest that representative volume elements generated with random distributions overestimate the strain sensitivity of the actual composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pontefisso
- Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, Stradella San Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
| | - Michele Zappalorto
- Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, Stradella San Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
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2
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Atreya M, Dikshit K, Marinick G, Nielson J, Bruns C, Whiting GL. Poly(lactic acid)-Based Ink for Biodegradable Printed Electronics With Conductivity Enhanced through Solvent Aging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:23494-23501. [PMID: 32326695 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable electronics is a rapidly growing field, and the development of controllably biodegradable, high-conductivity materials suitable for additive manufacturing under ambient conditions remains a challenge. In this report, printable conductive pastes that employ poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a binder and tungsten as a conductor are demonstrated. These composite conductors can provide enhanced stability in applications where moisture may be present, such as environmental monitoring or agriculture. Post-processing the printed traces using a solvent-aging technique increases their conductivity by up to 2 orders of magnitude, with final conductivities approaching 5000 S/m. Such techniques could prove useful when thermal processes including heating or laser sintering are limited by the temperature constraints of typical biodegradable substrates. Both accelerated oxidative and hydrolytic degradation of the printed composite conductors are examined, and a fully biodegradable capacitive soil moisture sensor is fabricated and tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhur Atreya
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Karan Dikshit
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309 United States
| | - Gabrielle Marinick
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jenna Nielson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Carson Bruns
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Gregory L Whiting
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309 United States
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3
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Arshad MA, Maaroufi A. Kinetics of dynamic percolation in polymer/carbon composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azeem Arshad
- University of Mohammed V, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Composite Materials, Polymers and Environment, Ibn Battuta Avenue, P.O. Box 1014 Rabat Morocco
| | - AbdelKrim Maaroufi
- University of Mohammed V, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Composite Materials, Polymers and Environment, Ibn Battuta Avenue, P.O. Box 1014 Rabat Morocco
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4
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Jiang JS, Guo RH, Chiu YS, Hua CC. Percolation behaviors of model carbon black pastes. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:9786-9797. [PMID: 30383069 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01591k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The percolation behaviors of a series of high-structured carbon black (CB) pastes (CB weight fractions 10-25 wt%, ethyl cellulose as the binder, α-terpineol as the solvent) were systematically investigated using analyses of rheology and impedance spectra together with characterization via small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). When the CB concentration was near the static percolation threshold (∼20 wt%), the permittivity, ac conductance, and elastic modulus of the paste displayed notable increases, whereas the SAXS profile revealed the prevalence of isolated CB aggregates (mean radius of gyration ∼40 nm). Upon further aging at 25 and 40 °C (up to 6 h), two CB pastes near the static percolation threshold (i.e., 20 and 25 wt%) exhibited prominent temporally evolving responses, including more than tenfold increases in their ac conductance and elastic modulus, as well as a pronounced upturn in the low-q SAXS profile (q < 0.03 nm-1) and the formation of a (partially) interconnected cluster network in SEM observations of the morphologies of screen-printed films. In this case, we provide the first evidence of "(aging) Time-(relaxation) Time-Temperature-Concentration Superposition (TTTCS)" for the dynamic modulus data over a frequency range of seven orders of magnitude. This suggests that prolonged aging time imparted to CB aggregate interaction and restructuring (or gelation) may work in tandem with the known effects of the system temperature and concentration to further extend the accessible range of dynamic modulus data, in a similar way to recent reports on the effect of the curing (crosslinking) time on a carbon nanotube suspension and caramel. In combination with existing (three) master curves for two different colloidal materials, we show that there is a reasonable superposition of all the dynamic modulus data over a frequency range of 12 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Shiun Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia Yi 621, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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5
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Fang D, Zhou C, Liu G, Luo G, Gong P, Yang Q, Niu Y, Li G. Effects of ionic liquids and thermal annealing on the rheological behavior and electrical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)/carbon nanotubes composites. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Starý Z, Krückel J. Conductive polymer composites with carbonic fillers: Shear induced electrical behaviour. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Badard M, Combessis A, Allais A, Flandin L. Effect of viscosity and surface tension on dynamic percolation in liquid media. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Badard
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LEPMIF‐73000Chambéry France
| | - A. Combessis
- Nexans Research Center, 29 rue Pré Gaudry69353Lyon France
| | - A. Allais
- Nexans Research Center, 29 rue Pré Gaudry69353Lyon France
| | - L. Flandin
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LEPMIF‐73000Chambéry France
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8
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Sun XR, Gong T, Pu JH, Bao RY, Xie BH, Yang MB, Yang W. Effect of phase coarsening under melt annealing on the electrical performance of polymer composites with a double percolation structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:137-147. [PMID: 29211093 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07493j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of phase coarsening on the evolution of the carbon black (CB) nanoparticle network under quiescent melt annealing and the electrical performance of polypropylene/polystyrene/carbon black (PP/PS/CB) composites with a double percolation structure was investigated. The results showed that when the CB content is low, the coarsening process of PP/PS/CB blends can be divided into two stages. In the first stage, the coarsening rate is fast before the formation of the CB nanoparticle network, and after annealing for a certain time, the evolution of the co-continuous morphology can drive the CB nanoparticles to self-assemble into a complete nanoparticle network. In the second stage, the coarsening rate is slow after the formation of the CB nanoparticle network. When the CB content is high, the CB nanoparticle network can be maintained throughout the whole annealing process, so that the conductivity and morphology of the PP/PS/CB composites are stable. Moreover, the electrical conductivity of the PP/PS/CB composites greatly increases after annealing for a certain time, and a percolation threshold as low as 0.07 vol% can be obtained. These results reveal the relationship between the evolution of the morphology and the conductivity in the conductive polymer composites with a double percolation structure, and provide a more in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the double percolation structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China.
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9
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Wang B, Li J, Liu Y, Gao Y. Reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotubes nanohybrids as preformed reinforcement for polystyrene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baichen Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Matrix Composites; Shenyang Aerospace University; Shenyang LN 110136 China
| | - Junjie Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Matrix Composites; Shenyang Aerospace University; Shenyang LN 110136 China
| | - Yongna Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Matrix Composites; Shenyang Aerospace University; Shenyang LN 110136 China
| | - Yu Gao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Matrix Composites; Shenyang Aerospace University; Shenyang LN 110136 China
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10
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Shehzad K, Xu Y, Gao C, Li H, Dang ZM, Hasan T, Luo J, Duan X. Flexible Dielectric Nanocomposites with Ultrawide Zero-Temperature Coefficient Windows for Electrical Energy Storage and Conversion under Extreme Conditions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:7591-7600. [PMID: 28155272 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymer dielectrics offer key advantages over their ceramic counterparts such as flexibility, scalability, low cost, and high breakdown voltages. However, a major drawback that limits more widespread application of polymer dielectrics is their temperature-dependent dielectric properties. Achieving dielectric constants with low/zero-temperature coefficient (L/0TC) over a broad temperature range is essential for applications in diverse technologies. Here, we report a hybrid filler strategy to produce polymer composites with an ultrawide L/0TC window of dielectric constant, as well as a significantly enhanced dielectric value, maximum energy storage density, thermal conductivity, and stability. By creating a series of percolative polymer composites, we demonstrated hybrid carbon filler based composites can exhibit a zero-temperature coefficient window of 200 °C (from -50 to 150 °C), the widest 0TC window for all polymer composite dielectrics reported to date. We further show the electric and dielectric temperature coefficient of the composites is highly stable against stretching and bending, even under AC electric field with frequency up to 1 MHz. We envision that our method will push the functional limits of polymer dielectrics for flexible electronics in extreme conditions such as in hybrid vehicles, aerospace, power electronics, and oil/gas exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurram Shehzad
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yang Xu
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California Nanosystems Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chao Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hanying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhi-Min Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tawfique Hasan
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Luo
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, The University of Bolton , Deane Road, Bolton BL3 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Xiangfeng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California Nanosystems Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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11
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Pan Y, Liu X, Hao X, Schubert DW. Conductivity and phase morphology of carbon black-filled immiscible polymer blends under creep: an experimental and theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:32125-32131. [PMID: 27847954 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06175c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous evolution of conductivity and phase morphology of blend composites was investigated under shear and in the quiescent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Pan
- Institute of Polymer Materials
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Xianhu Liu
- Institute of Polymer Materials
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Xiaoqiong Hao
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Dirk W. Schubert
- Institute of Polymer Materials
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
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12
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Li X, Deng H, Zhang Q, Chen F, Fu Q. The effect of DBP of carbon black on the dynamic self-assembly in a polymer melt. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra28118k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three types of carbon black with different dibutyl phthalate (DBP) absorption have been used to study the electrical percolation behavior in thermoplastic polyurethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
- Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
| | - Hua Deng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
- Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
| | - Qin Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
- Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
- Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
- Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
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13
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Li HH, Zuo M, Liu T, Chen Q, Zhang J, Zheng Q. Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the morphology evolution, conductivity and rheological behaviors of poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) blends during isothermal annealing. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23002k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MWNTs migrate and aggregate in SAN-rich phase to form the double percolated structure with thermal-induced phase separation of blend matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-hui Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Min Zuo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Ting Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Qi Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Jifei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Qiang Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
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14
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Badard M, Combessis A, Allais A, Flandin L. Electric field as a tuning key to process carbon nanotube suspensions with controlled conductivity. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Gao Y, Cao D, Liu J, Shen J, Wu Y, Zhang L. Molecular dynamics simulation of the conductivity mechanism of nanorod filled polymer nanocomposites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:22959-68. [PMID: 26267833 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01953b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We adopted molecular dynamics simulation to study the conductive property of nanorod-filled polymer nanocomposites by focusing on the effects of the interfacial interaction, aspect ratio of the fillers, external shear field, filler-filler interaction and temperature. The variation of the percolation threshold is anti N-type with increasing interfacial interaction. It decreases with an increase in the aspect ratio. At an intermediate filler-filler interaction, a minimum percolation threshold appears. The percolation threshold decreases to a plateau with temperature. At low interfacial interaction, the effect of an external shear field on the homogeneous probability is negligible; however, the directional probability increases with shear rate. Moreover, the difference in conductivity probabilities is reduced for different interfacial interactions under shear. Under shear, the decrease or increase of conductivity probability depends on the initial dispersion state. However, the steady-state conductivity is independent of the initial state for different interfacial interactions. In particular, the evolution of the conductivity network structure under shear is investigated. In short, this study may provide rational tuning methods to obtain nanorod-filled polymer nanocomposites with high conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Rheological behaviors and electrical conductivity of long-chain branched polypropylene/carbon black composites with different methods. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-015-0751-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Xavier P, Bose S. Electromagnetic shielding materials and coatings derived from gelation of multiwall carbon nanotubes in an LCST mixture. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08220f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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Starý Z. Simultaneous electrical and rheological measurements on melts of conductive polymer composites under elongation. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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20
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Zhang R, Bin Y, Dong E, Matsuo M. Considerable different frequency dependence of dynamic tensile modulus between self-heating (Joule heat) and external heating for polymer--nickel-coated carbon fiber composites. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:7047-58. [PMID: 24893179 DOI: 10.1021/jp5031202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic tensile moduli of polyethylene--nickel-coated carbon fiber (NiCF) composites with 10 and 4 vol % NiCF contents under electrical field were measured by a homemade instrument in the frequency range of 100--0.01 Hz. The drastic descent of the storage modulus of the composite with 10 vol % was verified in lower frequency range with elevating surface temperature (T(s)) by self-heating (Joule heat). The composite was cut when T(s) was beyond 108 °C. On the other hand, the measurement of the composite with 4 vol % beyond 88 °C was impossible, since T(s) did not elevate because of the disruption of current networks. Incidentally, the dynamic tensile moduli by external heating could be measured up to 130 and 115 °C for 10 and 4 vol %, respectively, but the two composites could be elongated beyond the above temperatures. Such different properties were analyzed in terms of crystal dispersions, electrical treeing, and thermal fluctuation-induced tunneling effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- Department of Polymer Material Science, Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science, and ‡Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
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21
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Song Y, Xu C, Zheng Q. Styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer compatibilized carbon black/polypropylene/polystyrene composites with tunable morphology, electrical conduction and rheological stabilities. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:2685-2692. [PMID: 24647801 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a facile kinetic strategy in combination with styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) copolymer compatibilizers for preparing carbon black (CB) filled immiscible polypropylene (PP)/polystyrene (PS) (1/1) blends with finely tuned morphologies and show the important role of location and migration of CB nanoparticles in determining the electrical conductivity and rheological behaviour of the composites. A novel method of mixing a SBS/CB (5/3) masterbatch with the polymers allowed producing composites with CB aggregates dispersed partially in the unfavorable PP phase and partially in the PP side of the interface to exhibit diverse phase connectivity and electrical conductivity depending on the compounding sequences. A cocontinuous morphology with CB enrichment along the interface was formed in the composite prepared by mixing the SBS/CB masterbatch with the premixed PP/PS blend, giving rise to a highest electrical conductivity and dynamic moduli at low frequencies. On the other hand, mixing the masterbatch with one and then with another polymer yielded droplet (PS)-in-matrix (filled PP) composites. The composites underwent phase coalescence and CB redistribution accompanied by marked dynamic electrical conduction and modulus percolations as a function of time during thermal annealing at 180 °C. The composites with the initial droplet-in-matrix morphology progressed anomalously into the cocontinuous morphology, reflecting a common mechanism being fairly nonspecific for understanding the processing of filled multicomponent composites with tailored performances of general concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihu Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China.
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22
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Huang S, Liu Z, Zheng S, Yang M. Enhancing the conductivity of isotactic polypropylene/polyethylene/carbon black composites by oscillatory shear. Colloid Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-013-3074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Yu F, Deng H, Zhang Q, Wang K, Zhang C, Chen F, Fu Q. Anisotropic multilayer conductive networks in carbon nanotubes filled polyethylene/polypropylene blends obtained through high speed thin wall injection molding. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Liu X, Krückel J, Zheng G, Schubert DW. Mapping the electrical conductivity of poly(methyl methacrylate)/carbon black composites prior to and after shear. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:8857-8860. [PMID: 24015768 DOI: 10.1021/am4031517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this letter, the electrical conductivity of disklike poly(methyl methacrylate)/carbon black composite samples was investigated prior to and after a shear process. Novel electrical conductivity maps of the samples as a function of the position were obtained. It was found that the electrical conductivity after angular averaging of the static (nonsheared) sample is, as expected, independent of the radius. However, for the sheared sample, the electrical conductivity is decreasing from the center to the outer rim of the sample. This is attributed to the interplay of destruction and buildup effects of the applied linear shear stress on the agglomerate network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhu Liu
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nuremberg , Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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25
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Yin CL, Liu ZY, Huang SL, Chen C, Yang MB. Isothermal-Treatment-Induced Network Formation of Carbon Black in Isotactic Polypropylene/Carbon Black Composites. J MACROMOL SCI B 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2011.564089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Lu Yin
- a College of Polymer Science and Engineering , State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Ying Liu
- a College of Polymer Science and Engineering , State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Shi-Lin Huang
- a College of Polymer Science and Engineering , State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- b Analytical and Testing Center , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- a College of Polymer Science and Engineering , State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
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ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION AND DYNAMIC RHEOLOGY OF MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES AND HYDROPHOBIC NANOSILICA-FILLED IMMISCIBLE POLY(METHYLMETHACRYLATE)/POLYSTYRENE BLENDS. ACTA POLYM SIN 2013. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2013.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Oscillations of the electrical resistance induced by shear deformation in molten carbon black composites. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bao Y, Pang H, Xu L, Cui CH, Jiang X, Yan DX, Li ZM. Influence of surface polarity of carbon nanotubes on electric field induced aligned conductive network formation in a polymer melt. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44356f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Li W, Zhang Y, Yang J, Zhang J, Niu Y, Wang Z. Thermal annealing induced enhancements of electrical conductivities and mechanism for multiwalled carbon nanotubes filled poly(ethylene-co-hexene) composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:6468-6478. [PMID: 23173546 DOI: 10.1021/am302597f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Thermal annealing-induced enhancements of electrical conductivities at the temperature higher than the melting point of poly(ethylene-co-hexene) matrix for multiwalled carbon nanotubes filled poly(ethylene-co-hexene) (MWCNTs/PEH) composites were investigated by electrical conductivity measurements. Two types of MWCNTs with low and high aspect ratios (4 and 31) were added as fillers into PEH matrix, respectively for comparison study purpose. The morphological changes due to annealing for MWCNTs/PEH composites were observed by SEM. The formation of MWCNT networks in the composites were clearly demonstrated by rheological measurements. It is surprisingly found that the electrical conductivity for MWCNTs/PEH composites with high MWCNT concentrations increases obviously with annealing time of 40 min and the maximum increment approaches about 3 orders of magnitude with annealing time of 120 min. The increase of electrical conductivity of MWCNTs/PEH composites depends on MWCNT content, MWCNT aspect ratio and annealing time. SEM results clearly reveal that micrometer-sized MWCNT aggregates are broken down and more loosely packed MWCNT networks form due to annealing. Different types of networks in the composites are responsible for the evolutions of rheological (MWCNT network and PEH chain-MWCNT combined network) and electrical conductivity properties (tube-tube contacting MWCNT network). The reconstruction of MWCNT network during annealing is attributed to rotational diffusion of MWCNTs in PEH matrix at high temperature and the length of MWCNTs shows significant effect on this. The obvious enhancements of electrical conductivities can be ascribed to the thermal annealing-induced formation of loosely packed more homogeneous networks through non-Brownian motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, PR China
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Song Y, Cao Q, Zheng Q. Annealing-induced rheological and electric resistance variations in carbon black-filled polymer melts. Colloid Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-012-2804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Yan DX, Huang HD, Gao JF, Dai K, Zhang WQ, Li ZM. A Conductive Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composite Based on a Co-continuous Blend. J MACROMOL SCI B 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2013.731940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Xiang Yan
- a College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Hua-Dong Huang
- a College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Jie-Feng Gao
- a College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Kun Dai
- a College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Wei-Qin Zhang
- a College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- a College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
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32
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Fang Y, Zhao J, Zha JW, Wang DR, Dang ZM. Improved stability of volume resistivity in carbon black/ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer composites by employing multi-walled carbon nanotubes as second filler. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Xu C, Tan Y, Song Y, Zheng Q. Influences of compatibilization and compounding process on electrical conduction and thermal stabilities of carbon black-filled immiscible polypropylene/polystyrene blends. POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Zhang S, Lin L, Deng H, Gao X, Bilotti E, Peijs T, Zhang Q, Fu Q. Dynamic percolation in highly oriented conductive networks formed with different carbon nanofillers. Colloid Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-012-2661-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Castillo FY, Grady BP. Filler reaggregation and network formation time scale in extruded high-density polyethylene/multiwalled carbon nanotube composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Fina A, Han Z, Saracco G, Gross U, Mainil M. Morphology and conduction properties of graphite-filled immiscible PVDF/PPgMA blends. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Fina
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia; Politecnico di Torino; V.le Teresa Michel, 5 15121 Alessandria Italy
| | - Zhidong Han
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia; Politecnico di Torino; V.le Teresa Michel, 5 15121 Alessandria Italy
| | - Guido Saracco
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia; Politecnico di Torino; V.le Teresa Michel, 5 15121 Alessandria Italy
| | - Ulrich Gross
- Institute of Thermal Engineering; Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg; Gustav-Zeuner-Straße 7 09596 Freiberg Germany
| | - Michael Mainil
- Nanocyl S.A. Rue de l'Essor; 4, 5060 Sambreville Belgium
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37
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Conductivity of polymethylmethacrylate filled with carbon black or carbon fibres under oscillatory shear. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Schulz S, Faiella G, Buschhorn S, Prado L, Giordano M, Schulte K, Bauhofer W. Combined electrical and rheological properties of shear induced multiwall carbon nanotube agglomerates in epoxy suspensions. Eur Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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39
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Castillo FY, Socher R, Krause B, Headrick R, Grady BP, Prada-Silvy R, Pötschke P. Electrical, mechanical, and glass transition behavior of polycarbonate-based nanocomposites with different multi-walled carbon nanotubes. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Kar P, Khatua BB. Highly reversible and repeatable PTCR characteristics of PMMA/Ag-coated glass bead composites based on CTE mismatch phenomena. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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41
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Tan Y, Song Y, Cao Q, Zheng Q. Characterization of carbon black-filled immiscible polypropylene/polystyrene blends. POLYM INT 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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42
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Tang Q, Tang Z, Wu J, Lin J, Oh I. Highly conducting multilayer films from graphene nanosheets by a spin self-assembly method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm04055j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Shear influenced network dynamics and electrical conductivity recovery in carbon nanotube/epoxy suspensions. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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44
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Pan Y, Cheng HKF, Li L, Chan SH, Zhao J, Juay YK. Annealing induced electrical conductivity jump of multi-walled carbon nanotube/polypropylene composites and influence of molecular weight of polypropylene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Cao Q, Song Y, Tan Y, Zheng Q. Thermal-induced percolation in high-density polyethylene/carbon black composites. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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46
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Zhang C, Zhu J, Ouyang M, Ma C, Sumita M. Conductive network formation and electrical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/multiwalled carbon nanotube composites: Percolation and dynamic percolation. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Grady BP, Paul A, Peters JE, Ford WT. Glass Transition Behavior of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube−Polystyrene Composites. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900375g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhijit Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
| | | | - Warren T. Ford
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
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48
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Deng H, Skipa T, Zhang R, Lellinger D, Bilotti E, Alig I, Peijs T. Effect of melting and crystallization on the conductive network in conductive polymer composites. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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49
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Al-Saleh MH, Sundararaj U. Mechanical properties of carbon black-filled polypropylene/polystyrene blends containing styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer. POLYM ENG SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Blencowe A, Tan JF, Goh TK, Qiao GG. Core cross-linked star polymers via controlled radical polymerisation. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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