1
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Masarra NA, Quantin JC, Batistella M, El Hage R, Pucci MF, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Influence of Polymer Processing on the Double Electrical Percolation Threshold in PLA/PCL/GNP Nanocomposites. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9231. [PMID: 36501934 PMCID: PMC9738525 DOI: 10.3390/s22239231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the double electrical percolation threshold was obtained in polylactide (PLA)/polycaprolactone (PCL)/graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) composite systems, prepared by compression moulding and fused filament fabrication (FFF). Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), the localisation of the GNP, as well as the morphology of PLA and PCL phases, were evaluated and correlated with the electrical conductivity results estimated by the four-point probe method electrical measurements. The solvent extraction method was used to confirm and quantify the co-continuity in these samples. At 10 wt.% of the GNP, compression-moulded samples possessed a wide co-continuity range, varying from PLA55/PCL45 to PLA70/PCL30. The best electrical conductivity results were found for compression-moulded and 3D-printed PLA65/PCL35/GNP that have the fully co-continuous structure, based on the experimental and theoretical findings. This composite owns the highest storage modulus and complex viscosity at low angular frequency range, according to the melt shear rheology. Moreover, it exhibited the highest char formation and polymers degrees of crystallinity after the thermal investigation by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The effect of the GNP content, compression moulding time, and multiple twin-screw extrusion blending steps on the co-continuity were also evaluated. The results showed that increasing the GNP content decreased the continuity of the polymer phases. Therefore, this work concluded that polymer processing methods impact the electrical percolation threshold and that the 3D printing of polymer composites entails higher electrical resistance as compared to compression moulding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcos Batistella
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France
| | - Roland El Hage
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials (LCPM), PR2N (EDST), Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Campus Fanar P.O. Box 90656, Lebanon
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2
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Mohammadi M, Heuzey MC, Carreau PJ, Taguet A. Interfacial localization of CNCs in PLA/PBAT blends and its effect on rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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3
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Design and fabrication of thermoplastic elastomer with ionic network: A strategy for good performance and shape memory capability. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Sarul DS, Arslan D, Vatansever E, Kahraman Y, Durmus A, Salehiyan R, Nofar M. Preparation and characterization of PLA/PBAT/CNC blend nanocomposites. Colloid Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-021-04822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Ding W, Zhou Y, Wang W, Wang J. The reactive compatibilization of montmorillonite for immiscible anionic polyamide 6/polystyrene blends via in situ polymerization. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2019.1708101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Zhou
- Shanghai Volkswagen Ningbo Branch., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Wenqi Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jikui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
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6
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Keshavarzi S, Babaei A, Goudarzi A, Shakeri A. ZnO nanoparticles as chain elasticity reducer and structural elasticity enhancer: Correlating the degradating role and localization of ZnO with the morphological and mechanical properties of PLA/PP/ZnO nanocomposite. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Keshavarzi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; Golestan University; PO Box 4913815759 Gorgan Iran
| | - Amir Babaei
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; Golestan University; PO Box 4913815759 Gorgan Iran
| | - Alireza Goudarzi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; Golestan University; PO Box 4913815759 Gorgan Iran
| | - Alireza Shakeri
- Department of chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
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7
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HPAM assisted controllable synthesis of peanut-like CaCO3 in fixed silicate solution. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Urquijo J, Dagréou S, Guerrica-Echevarría G, Eguiazábal JI. Morphology and properties of electrically and rheologically percolated PLA/PCL/CNT nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Urquijo
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros and POLYMAT; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas UPV/EHU; P.O. Box 1072 San Sebastian 20080 Spain
| | - S. Dagréou
- Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères; Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/CNRS IPREM UMR5254; 2, Avenue du Président Angot Pau 64053 France
| | - G. Guerrica-Echevarría
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros and POLYMAT; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas UPV/EHU; P.O. Box 1072 San Sebastian 20080 Spain
| | - J. I. Eguiazábal
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros and POLYMAT; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas UPV/EHU; P.O. Box 1072 San Sebastian 20080 Spain
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9
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Zhang Q, Wang J, Yu J, Guo ZX. Improved electrical conductivity of TPU/carbon black composites by addition of COPA and selective localization of carbon black at the interface of sea-island structured polymer blends. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:3431-3439. [PMID: 28440366 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00346c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The electrical percolation threshold of carbon black (CB) in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) decreases by 46% with the incorporation of 20 wt% polyamide copolymer (COPA) through selective localization of CB particles at the interface of sea-island structured TPU/COPA blends. Composites with a composition of TPU/20 wt% COPA/9 wt% CB were prepared by four different mixing sequences and their morphologies were investigated by FESEM and TEM. The majority of CB particles were observed at the interface of sea-island structured blends irrespective of the compounding sequence used, although the percentage of CB particles at the interface is considerably less in the composite prepared by adding COPA to premixed TPU/CB. The driving force for the interfacial localization of most CB particles is the hydrogen bonding of CB with both TPU and COPA, which is confirmed by FTIR and DMA investigations. CB particles act like Janus particle-type compatibilizers with bonded TPU molecules toward the TPU phase and bonded COPA chains toward the COPA phase. Highly efficient conductive paths are formed through the CB-covered domains and a short inter-domain distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
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10
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Otero-Navas I, Arjmand M, Sundararaj U. Carbon nanotube induced double percolation in polymer blends: Morphology, rheology and broadband dielectric properties. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Petrie KG, Osazuwa O, Docoslis A, Kontopoulou M. Controlling MWCNT partitioning and electrical conductivity in melt compounded polypropylene/poly(ethylene- co -octene) blends. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Zhang X, Sun M, Chen W. Synergistic effects of silica nanoparticles and reactive compatibilizer on the compatibilization of polystyrene/polyamide 6 blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang); Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Manufacturing Technology; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
| | - Menghan Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang); Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Manufacturing Technology; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang); Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
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13
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Navas IO, Arjmand M, Sundararaj U. Effect of carbon nanotubes on morphology evolution of polypropylene/polystyrene blends: understanding molecular interactions and carbon nanotube migration mechanisms. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11390k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
MWCNT migration among domains in conjunction with viscosity and elastic effects are important factors governing the morphological changes in the PP:PS blend nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Otero Navas
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- University of Calgary
- Calgary
- Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- University of Calgary
- Calgary
- Canada T2N 1N4
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14
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The effect of the interfacial assembly of nano-silica in poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blends on morphology, rheology and mechanical properties. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Preferentially fixing nanoclays in the phases of incompatible carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR)-natural rubber (NR) blend using thermodynamic approach and its effect on physico mechanical properties. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Bigdeli A, Nazockdast H, Rashidi A, Yazdanshenas ME. The Effect of Blending Sequence on Nanoclay Partitioning and Microfibrillar Morphology in Blend Nanocomposite Fibers. J MACROMOL SCI B 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2016.1197495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Janus hybrid silica/polymer nanoparticles as effective compatibilizing agents for polystyrene/polyamide-6 melted blends. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Gooneie A, Nazockdast H, Shahsavan F. Effect of selective localization of carbon nanotubes in pa6 dispersed phase of PP/PA6 blends on the morphology evolution with time, part 2: Relaxation of deformed droplets after cessation of flow. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Gooneie
- Chair of Polymer Processing; Department of Polymer Engineering and Science; Montanuniversität Leoben; Otto Glöckel-Straße 2 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - H. Nazockdast
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology; 424 Hafez Ave Tehran 15875-4413 Iran
| | - F. Shahsavan
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology; 424 Hafez Ave Tehran 15875-4413 Iran
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19
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Jalali Dil E, Favis BD. Localization of micro and nano- silica particles in a high interfacial tension poly(lactic acid)/low density polyethylene system. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Du F, Yousfi M, Lipnik P, Sclavons M, Soulestin J. Using water to modify the localization of clay in immiscible polymer blends. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12594d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The injection of water during melt blending modified the localization of clay in immiscible polymer blends from one phase to the other and improved their dispersion state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Du
- Department of Polymer and Composite Technology & Mechanical Engineering
- Mines Douai
- F-59508 Douai Cedex
- France
| | - Mohamed Yousfi
- Department of Polymer and Composite Technology & Mechanical Engineering
- Mines Douai
- F-59508 Douai Cedex
- France
| | - Pascale Lipnik
- Bio- and Soft Matter, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Michel Sclavons
- Bio- and Soft Matter, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Jérémie Soulestin
- Department of Polymer and Composite Technology & Mechanical Engineering
- Mines Douai
- F-59508 Douai Cedex
- France
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21
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Zhao ZY, Dong LP, Chen L, Wang YZ. Morphology development of PP/POE blends with high loading of magnesium hydroxide. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00450k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A co-continuous structure of PP/POE was maintained even after a large amount of Mg(OH)2 was added, which was the key factor for tolerating high loading of additives and retaining acceptable tensile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yong Zhao
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Sichuan University
| | - Liang-Ping Dong
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Sichuan University
| | - Li Chen
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Sichuan University
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Sichuan University
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Nuzzo A, Bilotti E, Peijs T, Acierno D, Filippone G. Nanoparticle-induced co-continuity in immiscible polymer blends – A comparative study on bio-based PLA-PA11 blends filled with organoclay, sepiolite, and carbon nanotubes. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Huang J, Zhu Y, Jiang W, Cardinaels R, Moldenaers P, Shi D. Morphology Control and Stabilization in Immiscible Polypropylene and Polyamide 6 Blends with Organoclay. INT POLYM PROC 2014. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the current study, 70/30 (w/w) polypropylene (PP)/polyamide 6 (PA6)/organoclay ternary blends were prepared by melt mixing in three different blending sequences, i. e., organoclay premixed with PA6 and then mixed with PP (S1 blending sequence), organoclay premixed with PP and then mixed with PA6 (S2 blending sequence), and organoclay, PA6 and PP mixed simultaneously (S3 blending sequence). The effects of organoclay on the phase morphologies, rheological properties and mechanical properties of the blends are examined to reveal the role of organoclay in these immiscible blends. First of all, the dispersion and distribution of organoclay is investigated using XRD and TEM techniques. The organoclay is exfoliated and distributed in the dispersed PA6 phase as well as at the interface between PA6 and PP. Interestingly, more organoclay sheets are observed at the interface when the S2 or S3 blending sequences are utilized. From the SEM images, it is clear that the domain size of the PA6 phase decreases remarkably after introducing organoclay into the PP/PA6 blends. Two different rheological protocols are applied to probe the effect of organoclay on the morphology of the blend by in-situ monitoring the morphological evolution. The rheological results reveal that the phase morphology of the PP/PA6 blends remains relatively stable during shear for a wide range of shear rates when 1.0 wt% organoclay has been added. For the blends with a relatively high clay loading (5.0 wt%), a characteristic and pronounced “plateau” is observed in the low frequency range of the G′-ω curves, which indicates the presence of a percolating network of clay nanosheets. From the mechanical measurements, we find that the tensile strength of the blends increases slightly first and then declines dramatically with increasing organoclay content. Moreover, the elongation at break drops sharply as the organoclay content increases. In summary, it is clear that the organoclay can effectively reduce the domain size of the dispersed PA6 phase and stabilize the phase morphology in shear flow. However, the mechanical properties of the blends are not really improved by clay addition, even though a cocontinuous morphology with a percolated clay network was generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun , PRC
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , PRC
| | - Y. Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun , PRC
| | - W. Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun , PRC
| | - R. Cardinaels
- Department of Chemical Engineering , KU Leuven, Leuven (Heverlee) , Belgium
| | - P. Moldenaers
- Department of Chemical Engineering , KU Leuven, Leuven (Heverlee) , Belgium
| | - D. Shi
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials , Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan , PRC
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24
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Taguet A, Cassagnau P, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Structuration, selective dispersion and compatibilizing effect of (nano)fillers in polymer blends. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Tailoring the morphology of polypropylene/polyamide 66 blend at an asymmetric composition by using organoclay and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene. J IND ENG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Xu C, Fang L, Chen Y. In situreactive compatibilized polypropylene/nitrile butadiene rubber blends by zinc dimethacrylate: Preparation, structure, and properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Guangxi University; Nanning 530004 China
| | - Liming Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering; Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Yukun Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering; Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
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27
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Zhao LN, Wang JK, Wang ZC. Influnence of sodium polyacrylate on crystallization and aggregation of butterfly-like calcium carbonate. Chem Res Chin Univ 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-013-3125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Bigdeli A, Nazockdast H, Rashidi A, Yazdanshenas ME. The Effect of Feeding Method and Compatibilizer on Nanoclay Partitioning and Microfibrillar Morphology Development in PP/PBT/Organoclay Blend Nanocomposite Fibers. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The role of feeding method, as an important parameter in competition with thermodynamic parameters, on determining the nanoclay partitioning and its impact on microfibril formation in PP/PBT blend nanocomposite fibers were investigated. In the direct feeding method in which all components were fed into the extruder simultaneously, the major part of nanoclay with almost unchanged interlayer d-spacing was located in the PP matrix and the rest of the nanoclay partitioned into the PBT dispersed phase. However in the PBT based masterbatch method nanoclay, due to much greater melt intercalation occurred, remained in PBT droplets in the form of tactoids and/or platelets. In the masterbatch feeding method, incorporation of compatibilizer assisted more fraction tactiods and/or platelets to be transferred from PBT to the PP matrix while in the direct method it enhanced the extent of melt intercalation in the PP matrix. It was demonstrated that the nanoclay concentration in PBT droplets plays an important role in the extent of the microfibril formation during the melt spinning process. While at low organoclay loading (1 wt%) fine microfibrils could be formed in the fibers prepared by both methods of feeding, at higher organoclay loading (3,5 wt%) uniform microfibrils could hardly be developed in the fibers, particularly, in the masterbatch feeding method due to high melt elasticity of the PBT droplets and uneven distribution of platelets and/or tactoids in the droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bigdeli
- Department of Textile Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - H. Nazockdast
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Rashidi
- Department of Textile Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - M. E. Yazdanshenas
- Department of Textile Engineering, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
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29
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Liu S, Yu W, Zhou C. Molecular Self-Assembly Assisted Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation in Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Liquid Paraffin/Dibenzylidene Sorbitol Ternary Blends. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400915g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sijun Liu
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Chixing Zhou
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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30
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Ghanbari A, Heuzey MC, Carreau PJ, Ton-That MT. Morphology and properties of polymer/organoclay nanocomposites based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) and sulfopolyester blends. POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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31
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Bigdeli A, Nazockdast H, Rashidi A, Yazdanshenas ME. Role of nanoclay in determining microfibrillar morphology development in PP/PBT blend nanocomposite fibers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-012-9990-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Liu BB, Shangguan YG, Zheng Q. Toughening of ethylene-propylene random copolymer/clay nanocomposites: Comparison of different compatibilizers. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-012-1185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Zhao L, Wang J. Biomimetic synthesis of hollow microspheres of calcium carbonate crystals in the presence of polymer and surfactant. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Li C, Zhao Q, Deng H, Chen C, Wang K, Zhang Q, Chen F, Fu Q. Preparation, structure and properties of thermoplastic olefin nanocomposites containing functionalized carbon nanotubes. POLYM INT 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.3141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Wang L, Guo ZX, Yu J. Cocontinuous phase morphology for an asymmetric composition of polypropylene/polyamide 6 blend by melt mixing of polypropylene with premelted polyamide 6/organoclay masterbatch. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Zhai W, Park CB. Effect of nanoclay addition on the foaming behavior of linear polypropylene-based soft thermoplastic polyolefin foam blown in continuous extrusion. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.22011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Li C, Deng H, Wang K, Zhang Q, Chen F, Fu Q. Strengthening and toughening of thermoplastic polyolefin elastomer using polypropylene-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Tiwari RR, Natarajan U. Effect of blend composition and organoclay loading on the nanocomposite structure and properties of miscible poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(styrene-co
-acrylonitrile) blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Martín Z, Jiménez I, Gómez-Fatou MA, West M, Hitchcock AP. Interfacial Interactions in Polypropylene−Organoclay−Elastomer Nanocomposites: Influence of Polar Modifications on the Location of the Clay. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102707f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zulima Martín
- Department of Chemistry and Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Ignacio Jiménez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marian A. Gómez-Fatou
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcia West
- Health Sciences Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Adam P. Hitchcock
- Department of Chemistry and Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1 Canada
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41
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Effect of organoclay on the morphology, phase stability and mechanical properties of polypropylene/polystyrene blends. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Baudouin AC, Auhl D, Tao F, Devaux J, Bailly C. Polymer blend emulsion stabilization using carbon nanotubes interfacial confinement. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Wang L, Guo ZX, Yu J. Effect of compounding sequence on the morphology of organoclay-filled PA6/PP/MAPP blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Linares EM, Rippel MM, Galembeck F. Clay platelet partition within polymer blend nanocomposite films by EFTEM. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:3648-3653. [PMID: 21117636 DOI: 10.1021/am100812m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is the main technique used to investigate the spatial distribution of clay platelets in polymer nanocomposites, but it has not often been successfully used in polymer blend nanocomposites because the high contrast between polymer phases impairs the observation of clay platelets. This work shows that electron spectral imaging in energy-filtered TEM (EFTEM) in the low-energy-loss spectral crossover region allows the observation of platelets on a clear background. Separate polymer domains are discerned by imaging at different energy losses, above and below the crossover energy, revealing the material morphology. Three blends (natural rubber [NR]/poly(styrene-butyl acrylate) [P(S-BA)], P(S-BA)/poly(vinyl chloride) [PVC], and NR/starch) were studied in this work, showing low contrast between the polymer phases in the 40-60 eV range. In the NR/P(S-BA) and P(S-BA)/PVC blend nanocomposites, the clay platelets accumulate in the P(S-BA) phase, while in the P(S-BA)/PVC nanocomposites, clay is also found at the interfaces. In the NR/starch blend, clay concentrates at the interface, but it also penetrates the two polymer phases. These observations reveal that nanostructured soft materials can display complex morphochemical patterns that are discerned thanks to the ability of EFTEM to produce many contrast patterns for the same sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisângela M Linares
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Caixa Postal 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Tran HV, Tran LD, Vu HD, Thai H. Facile surface modification of nanoprecipitated calcium carbonate by adsorption of sodium stearate in aqueous solution. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sun H, Yu B, Sheng J. Isothermal Crystallization and Miscibility of Isotactic Polypropylene/Poly(cis-butadiene) Rubber Blends. J MACROMOL SCI B 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00222340903355826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- a The Key Lab of Advanced Textile Material and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education China , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yu
- a The Key Lab of Advanced Textile Material and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education China , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Sheng
- b School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Lee S, Kontopoulou M, Park C. Effect of nanosilica on the co-continuous morphology of polypropylene/polyolefin elastomer blends. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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48
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Mohamad N, Muchtar A, Ghazali MJ, Mohd DHJ, Azhari CH. Epoxidized natural rubber-alumina nanoparticle composites: Optimization of mixer parameters via response surface methodology. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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49
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Lee M, Lee K, Min BH, Kim JH. Phase separation behavior and morphologies of PMMA/poly(styrene- co-acrylonitrile)/clay nanocomposites prepared by solution mixing. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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50
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Martín Z, Jiménez I, Gómez MÁ, Ade H, Kilcoyne DA. Interfacial Interactions in PP/MMT/SEBS Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901952p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zulima Martín
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC. Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Jiménez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM.-CSIC. Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Ángeles Gómez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC. Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Harald Ade
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - David A. Kilcoyne
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
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