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Wesdemiotis C, Williams-Pavlantos KN, Keating AR, McGee AS, Bochenek C. Mass spectrometry of polymers: A tutorial review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:427-476. [PMID: 37070280 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the inception of synthetic polymeric materials in the late 19th century, the number of studies on polymers as well as the complexity of their structures have only increased. The development and commercialization of new polymers with properties fine-tuned for specific technological, environmental, consumer, or biomedical applications requires powerful analytical techniques that permit the in-depth characterization of these materials. One such method with the ability to provide chemical composition and structure information with high sensitivity, selectivity, specificity, and speed is mass spectrometry (MS). This tutorial review presents and exemplifies the various MS techniques available for the elucidation of specific structural features in a synthetic polymer, including compositional complexity, primary structure, architecture, topology, and surface properties. Key to every MS analysis is sample conversion to gas-phase ions. This review describes the fundamentals of the most suitable ionization methods for synthetic materials and provides relevant sample preparation protocols. Most importantly, structural characterizations via one-step as well as hyphenated or multidimensional approaches are introduced and demonstrated with specific applications, including surface sensitive and imaging techniques. The aim of this tutorial review is to illustrate the capabilities of MS for the characterization of large, complex polymers and emphasize its potential as a powerful compositional and structural elucidation tool in polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Addie R Keating
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew S McGee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Calum Bochenek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
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2
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Li CY, Yu SS. Efficient Visible-Light-Driven RAFT Polymerization Mediated by Deep Eutectic Solvents under an Open-to-Air Environment. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Sheng Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Core Facility Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Program on Smart and Sustainable Manufacturing, Academy of Innovative Semiconductor and Sustainable Manufacturing, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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3
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Omae M, Ozeki Y, Kitagawa S, Ohtani H. End group analysis of poly(methylmethacrylate)s using the most abundant peak in electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry-tandem mass spectrometry and Fourier transform-based noise filtering. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9176. [PMID: 34355832 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE We recently developed the characterization method for synthetic polymers weighing more than a few tens of kilodalton using electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry-tandem mass spectrometry, in which the m/z value of the most abundant peak was used for characterization. However, the identification of the most abundant peak from the isotopic peaks was often difficult due to the background noise. METHODS Here, we employed a noise reduction method using Fourier transform (FT) filtering. In the power spectrum obtained using FT of the mass spectrum of the multiple charged analytes, the significant signals in the low-frequency region and at frequency z are observed for the analytes of z charges. When the signals in both regions were used for inversed FT (i.e., the signals in other regions were zero padded), a noise-filtered mass spectrum was obtained. RESULTS In the analysis of poly(methylmethacrylate)s weighing 13-17 kDa, mass spectra without noise filtering with relatively high-intensity noise (than signal) were complicated to identify the most abundant peak. On the contrary, the most abundant peak was clearly identified from the mass spectra after FT-based noise filtering, and end group composition was estimated successfully. CONCLUSIONS The proposed FT-based noise filtering for the mass spectrum is effective to characterize multiply charged synthetic polymers weighing more than a few tens of kilodalton using electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry-tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Omae
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuka Ozeki
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinya Kitagawa
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohtani
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
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4
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Redox two-component initiated free radical and cationic polymerizations: Concepts, reactions and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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5
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Rakotonirina MD, Baron M, Siri D, Gaudel-Siri A, Quinebeche S, Flat JJ, Gigmes D, Cassagnau P, Beyou E, Guillaneuf Y. Acyloxyimide derivatives as efficient promoters of polyolefin C–H functionalization: application in the melt grafting of maleic anhydride onto polyethylene. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acyloxyimides as a new H-abstracting agent have been developed for the radical grafting of maleic anhydride (MA) onto polyethylene in the melt state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Baron
- Université de Lyon
- Université Lyon 1
- UMR CNRS 5223
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères
- F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex
| | - Didier Siri
- Aix-Marseille-Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
- UMR 7273
- F-13397 Marseille
| | - Anouk Gaudel-Siri
- Aix-Marseille-Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
- UMR 7273
- F-13397 Marseille
| | | | - Jean-Jacques Flat
- ARKEMA
- Centre d'Etude de Recherche et de Développement
- Serquigny
- France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille-Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
- UMR 7273
- F-13397 Marseille
| | - Philippe Cassagnau
- Université de Lyon
- Université Lyon 1
- UMR CNRS 5223
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères
- F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex
| | - Emmanuel Beyou
- Université de Lyon
- Université Lyon 1
- UMR CNRS 5223
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères
- F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- Aix-Marseille-Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
- UMR 7273
- F-13397 Marseille
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6
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Fast DE, Lauer A, Menzel JP, Kelterer AM, Gescheidt G, Barner-Kowollik C. Wavelength-Dependent Photochemistry of Oxime Ester Photoinitiators. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Fast
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Lauer
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Jan P. Menzel
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Anne-Marie Kelterer
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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7
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Garra P, Kermagoret A, Al Mousawi A, Dumur F, Gigmes D, Morlet-Savary F, Dietlin C, Fouassier JP, Lalevée J. New copper(i) complex based initiating systems in redox polymerization and comparison with the amine/benzoyl peroxide reference. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00726d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Novel copper complex based initiating systems for redox free radical polymerization (FRP) of methacrylate resins under mild conditions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Garra
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M
- 68057 Mulhouse Cedex
- France
| | | | - A. Al Mousawi
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M
- 68057 Mulhouse Cedex
- France
| | - F. Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Marseille
- France
| | - D. Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Marseille
- France
| | - F. Morlet-Savary
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M
- 68057 Mulhouse Cedex
- France
| | - C. Dietlin
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M
- 68057 Mulhouse Cedex
- France
| | - J. P. Fouassier
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M
- 68057 Mulhouse Cedex
- France
| | - J. Lalevée
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M
- 68057 Mulhouse Cedex
- France
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8
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Zoller A, Gigmes D, Guillaneuf Y. Simulation of radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate at room temperature using a tertiary amine/BPO initiating system. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00229j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A model was developed for the polymerization of methyl methacrylate at room temperature. The model used both free volume and empirical models for propagation, termination and several side reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zoller
- Aix-Marseille Université
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
- F-13397 Marseille
- France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille Université
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
- F-13397 Marseille
- France
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- Aix-Marseille Université
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
- F-13397 Marseille
- France
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9
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Alghamdi MM, Russell GT. Investigations into the Mass Spectrometric Method for the Determination of the Mode of Termination in Radical Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Voll D, Junkers T, Barner‐Kowollik C. A qualitative and quantitative post‐mortem analysis: Studying free‐radical initiation processes via soft ionization mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Voll
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Polymer Reaction Design Group, Universiteit Hasselt, Agoralaan, Gebouw D, BE‐3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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11
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Hisatomi H, Nishimoto Y, Kawasaki H, Momose H, Ute K, Arakawa R. Correlations between Chemical Compositions and Retention Times of Methacrylate Random Copolymers Using LC-ESI-MS. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2012; 1:A0012. [PMID: 24349913 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlations between chemical compositions and chromatographic retention times (Rt) of methacrylate random copolymers were studied by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). Twenty-six different polymers including homopolymers of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) (PTBMA) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), and their random copolymers of P(MMA-TBMA) and P(MMA-HEMA) with known chemical compositions were studied. The results indicate that there is close correlations between the chemical compositions of the random copolymers and their Rt of the C8 column in the mass spectral ranges of m/z 1,800-2,000. The LC-ESI-MS analysis showed molecular weights of the copolymers distribute in the mass range of ca. 500-20,000, and the structures of polymer terminals and their monomer units can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Hisatomi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University
| | | | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University
| | - Hikaru Momose
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, The University of Tokushima
| | - Koichi Ute
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, The University of Tokushima
| | - Ryuichi Arakawa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University
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12
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Altuntaş E, Knop K, Tauhardt L, Kempe K, Crecelius AC, Jäger M, Hager MD, Schubert US. Tandem mass spectrometry of poly(ethylene imine)s by electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:105-114. [PMID: 22282096 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, linear poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) polymers, which are of importance in gene delivery, are investigated in detail by using electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight (ESI-Q-TOF) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). The analyzed PEIs with different end groups were synthesized using the polymerization of substituted 2-oxazoline via a living cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) and a subsequent hydrolysis under acidic conditions. The main goal of this study was to identify linear PEI polymers in a detailed way to gain information about their fragmentation pathways. For this purpose, a detailed characterization of three different linear PEIs was performed by using ESI-Q-TOF and MALDI-TOF MS in combination with collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments. In ESI-MS as well as MALDI-MS analysis, the obtained spectra of PEIs resulted in fitting mass distributions for the investigated PEIs. In the tandem MS analysis, a 1,2-hydride shift with a charge-remote rearrangement via a four-membered cyclic transition state, as well as charge-induced fragmentation reactions, was proposed as the main fragmentation mechanisms according to the obtained fragmentation products from the protonated parent peaks. In addition, heterolytic and homolytic cleavages were proposed as alternative fragmentation pathways. Moreover, a 1,4-hydrogen elimination was proposed to explain different fragmentation products obtained from the sodiated parent peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Altuntaş
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 , Jena, Germany
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13
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Elfeky SA, Al-Sherbini ASA. Photocatalytic decomposition of Trypan Blue over nanocomposite thin films. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158411030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Wienhöfer IC, Luftmann H, Studer A. Nitroxide-Mediated Copolymerization of MMA with Styrene: Sequence Analysis of Oligomers by Using Mass Spectrometry. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1029482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inga C. Wienhöfer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich Luftmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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15
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HISATOMI H, NISHIMOTO Y, OZAWA T, KAWASAKI H, UTE K, ARAKAWA R. Polymer Analysis Utilizing Psuedo 2D Liquid Chromatogram Integrated with LC-ESI-MS Data Using Two Different Columns. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2011. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.60.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Meiser W, Buback M, Barth J, Vana P. RAFT/MADIX rate coefficients measured via time-resolved EPR spectroscopy after pulse laser initiation. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Altuntaş E, Kempe K, Crecelius A, Hoogenboom R, Schubert US. ESI-MS & MS/MS Analysis of Poly(2-oxazoline)s with Different Side Groups. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Hart-Smith G, Barner-Kowollik C. Contemporary Mass Spectrometry and the Analysis of Synthetic Polymers: Trends, Techniques and Untapped Potential. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Bennet F, Hart-Smith G, Gruendling T, Davis TP, Barker PJ, Barner-Kowollik C. Degradation of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Model Compounds Under Extreme Environmental Conditions. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Gruendling T, Weidner S, Falkenhagen J, Barner-Kowollik C. Mass spectrometry in polymer chemistry: a state-of-the-art up-date. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00347a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Determining Initiator Efficiency in Radical Polymerization by Electrospray-Ionization Mass Spectrometry. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Gruendling T, Guilhaus M, Barner-Kowollik C. Design of Experiment (DoE) as a Tool for the Optimization of Source Conditions in SEC-ESI-MS of Functional Synthetic Polymers Synthesized via ATRP. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 30:589-97. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Günzler F, Junker T, Barner‐Kowollik C. Studying the mechanism of thioketone‐mediated polymerization via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Günzler
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Universität Karlsruhe (TH)/Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Tanja Junker
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Universität Karlsruhe (TH)/Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Universität Karlsruhe (TH)/Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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24
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Günzler F, Wong EHH, Koo SPS, Junkers T, Barner-Kowollik C. Quantifying the Efficiency of Photoinitiation Processes in Methyl Methacrylate Free Radical Polymerization via Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma802308z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Günzler
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für
Technische Chemie and Polymerchemie, Universität Karlsruhe
(TH)/Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128
Karlsruhe, Germany, and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design,
School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New
South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Edgar H. H. Wong
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für
Technische Chemie and Polymerchemie, Universität Karlsruhe
(TH)/Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128
Karlsruhe, Germany, and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design,
School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New
South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sandy P. S. Koo
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für
Technische Chemie and Polymerchemie, Universität Karlsruhe
(TH)/Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128
Karlsruhe, Germany, and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design,
School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New
South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für
Technische Chemie and Polymerchemie, Universität Karlsruhe
(TH)/Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128
Karlsruhe, Germany, and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design,
School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New
South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für
Technische Chemie and Polymerchemie, Universität Karlsruhe
(TH)/Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128
Karlsruhe, Germany, and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design,
School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New
South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Koo SPS, Junkers T, Barner-Kowollik C. Quantitative Product Spectrum Analysis of Poly(butyl acrylate) via Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801196w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy P. S. Koo
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Universität Karlsruhe (TH)/Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Universität Karlsruhe (TH)/Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Universität Karlsruhe (TH)/Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
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Sinnwell S, Synatschke CV, Junkers T, Stenzel MH, Barner-Kowollik C. A Study into the Stability of 3,6-Dihydro-2H-thiopyran Rings: Key Linkages in the RAFT Hetero-Diels−Alder Click Concept. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8013959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Sinnwell
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische
Chemie and Polymer Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe (TH)/Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany,
and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney
NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher V. Synatschke
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische
Chemie and Polymer Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe (TH)/Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany,
and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney
NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische
Chemie and Polymer Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe (TH)/Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany,
and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney
NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische
Chemie and Polymer Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe (TH)/Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany,
and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney
NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische
Chemie and Polymer Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe (TH)/Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany,
and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney
NSW 2052, Australia
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Buback M, Frauendorf H, Janssen O, Vana P. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric study of end-groups in peroxydicarbonate-initiated radical polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen M. Weidner
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), D-12489 Berlin, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, 33 Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), D-12489 Berlin, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, 33 Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan 48202
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Characterization of linear and branched polyacrylates by tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:595-607. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Junkers T, Wong EHH, Szablan Z, Davis TP, Stenzel MH, Barner-Kowollik C. Laser Induced Marking of Polymer Chains with Radical Spin Traps. Macromol Rapid Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200700820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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