1
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Fontelo R, Reis RL, Novoa-Carballal R, Pashkuleva I. Preparation, Properties, and Bioapplications of Block Copolymer Nanopatterns. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2301810. [PMID: 37737834 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly has emerged as a feasible method for large-scale fabrication with remarkable precision - features that are not common for most of the nanofabrication techniques. In this review, recent advancements in the molecular design of BCP along with state-of-the-art processing methodologies based on microphase separation alone or its combination with different lithography methods are presented. Furthermore, the bioapplications of the generated nanopatterns in the development of protein arrays, cell-selective surfaces, and antibacterial coatings are explored. Finally, the current challenges in the field are outlined and the potential breakthroughs that can be achieved by adopting BCP approaches already applied in the fabrication of electronic devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Fontelo
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ramon Novoa-Carballal
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- CINBIO, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, 36310, Spain
| | - Iva Pashkuleva
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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2
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de Sousa RR, Heinze DA, Sacramento JB, Lanfredi AJC, Carastan DJ. Electrical Conductivity and In Situ SAXS Probing of Block Copolymer Nanocomposites Under Mechanical Stretching. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37235644 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Elastomers based on block copolymers can self-organize into ordered nanoscale structures, making them attractive for use as flexible conductive nanocomposites. Understanding how ordered structures impact electrical properties is essential for practical applications. This study investigated the morphological evolution of flexible conductive elastomers based on polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-polystyrene (SEBS) block copolymers with aligned single- or multi-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs or MWCNTs) and their electrical conductivity under large deformations. Oriented nanocomposites were obtained through injection molding and characterized using two different setups: tensile testing monitored by in situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and tensile testing with simultaneous electrical conductivity measurements. Our findings demonstrate that structural orientation significantly influences electrical conductivity, with higher conductivity in the longitudinal direction due to the preferred orientation of carbon nanotubes. Tensile testing demonstrated that carbon nanotubes accelerate the process of realignment of the ordered structure. As a consequence, higher deformations reduced the conductivity of samples with longitudinal alignment due to the disruption of percolation contacts between nanotubes, while in samples with a transverse alignment the process promoted the formation of a new conductive network, increasing electrical conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogerio R de Sousa
- Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Av. Dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Heinze
- Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Av. Dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Joana B Sacramento
- Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Av. Dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Alexandre J C Lanfredi
- Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Av. Dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Danilo J Carastan
- Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Av. Dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
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3
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Liu H, Liang X, Nakajima K. Nanoscale
strain–stress
mapping for a thermoplastic elastomer revealed using a combination of
in situ
atomic force microscopy nanomechanics and Delaunay triangulation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Liu
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Xiaobin Liang
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Japan
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4
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Krupp A, Noll M, Reggelin M. Valine derived poly (acetylenes) as versatile chiral lyotropic liquid crystalline alignment media for RDC-based structure elucidations. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2021; 59:577-586. [PMID: 32012341 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropic samples of lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) phases of valine derived polyaryl acetylenes were employed as chiral alignment media for the measurement of residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) of 12 small, chiral, organic molecules. The quadrupolar splitting of the deuterium signal of CDCl3 can be adjusted by temperature and concentration changes from 0 to 350 Hz. The LLC phases showed excellent orienting properties for all analytes bearing various functional groups. The precise extraction of RDCs in the range of up to ±30 Hz from F2-coupled HSQC spectra was possible. Additionally, the chiral environment led to diastereomorphous interactions with the enantiomers of chiral analytes leading to two different sets of RDCs. This differential order effect was particularly pronounced with H-bond donors like alcohols and 2° amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Krupp
- Clemens Schöpf Institut for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Nitrochemie Aschau GmbH, Aschau am Inn, Germany
| | - Markus Noll
- Clemens Schöpf Institut for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Reggelin
- Clemens Schöpf Institut for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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5
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Nieswandt K, Georgopanos P, Abetz V. Well-defined polyvinylpyridine- block-polystyrene diblock copolymers via RAFT aqueous-alcoholic dispersion polymerization: synthesis and isoporous thin film morphology. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00074h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the synthesis of polyvinylpyridine-polystyrene (PVP-b-PS) diblock copolymers via RAFT dispersion polymerization. Spin-coated PVP-b-PS films were converted into porous surfaces by a controlled alignment and swelling strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Nieswandt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- Institute of Membrane Research
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
| | | | - Volker Abetz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- Institute of Membrane Research
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
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6
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Magnetic field‐induced alignment of polybenzimidazole microstructures to enhance proton conduction. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Doi T, Takagi H, Shimizu N, Igarashi N, Sakurai S. Effects of drying temperature in solution coating process on microphase-separated structures in coated layers of pressure-sensitive adhesive composed of di- and triblock copolymer blends as revealed by small-angle X-ray scattering. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Bayomi RAH, Honda K, Wataoka I, Takagi H, Shimizu N, Igarashi N, Sasaki S, Sakurai S. Grain coarsening on the free surface and in the thickness direction of a sphere-forming triblock copolymer film. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Zhao W, Zhang Y, Wang X, Hu X, Liu F, Russell TP, Zhou G. Highly oriented and ordered microstructures in block copolymer films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- SCNU‐TUE Joint Laboratory of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM) South China Normal University No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou China
| | - Yi Zhang
- SCNU‐TUE Joint Laboratory of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM) South China Normal University No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou China
| | - Xiao Wang
- SCNU‐TUE Joint Laboratory of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM) South China Normal University No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou China
| | - Xiaowen Hu
- SCNU‐TUE Joint Laboratory of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM) South China Normal University No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Collaborative, Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA) Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai 200240 People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Guofu Zhou
- SCNU‐TUE Joint Laboratory of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM) South China Normal University No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou China
- Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics Tech. Co. Ltd. No. 1301‐1, Tourism Road, Dabu Xiang, Longhua District, 518110, Shenzhen China
- Academy of Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics No. 1301‐1, Tourism Road, Dabu Xiang, Longhua District, Shenzhen, 518110 China
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10
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Chen Y, Xu Q, Jin Y, Qian X, Ma R, Liu J, Yang D. Shear-induced parallel and transverse alignments of cylinders in thin films of diblock copolymers. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6635-6647. [PMID: 29999081 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00833g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Coarse-grained Langevin dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the alignment behavior of monolayer films of cylinder-forming diblock copolymers under steady shear, a structure of significant importance for many technical applications such as nanopatterning. The influences of shear conditions, the interactions involved in the films, and the initial morphology of the cylinder-forming phase were examined. Our results showed that above a critical shear rate, the cylinders can align either along the shearing direction or transverse (log-rolling) to the shearing direction depending on the relative strength between the interchain attraction in the cylinders (εAA) and the surface attraction of the confining walls with the film (εBW). To understand the underlying mechanism, the microscopic properties of the films under shear were systematically investigated. It was found that at low εAA/εBW, the majority blocks of the diblock polymer that are adsorbed on the confining walls prefer to move synchronously with the walls, inducing the cylinder-forming blocks to align along the flow direction. When εAA/εBW is above a threshold value, a strong attraction between the cylinder-forming blocks restrains their movement during shear, leading to the log-rolling motions of the cylinders. To predict the threshold εAA/εBW, we developed an approach based on equilibrium thermodynamics data and found good agreement with our shear simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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11
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Hanafy Bayomi RA, Aoki T, Shimojima T, Takagi H, Shimizu N, Igarashi N, Sasaki S, Sakurai S. Structural analyses of sphere- and cylinder-forming triblock copolymer thin films near the free surface by atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Characterization of the surface morphology and grain growth near the surface of a block copolymer thin film with cylindrical microdomains oriented perpendicular to the surface. Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2017.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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14
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HONDA K, SASAKI S, SAKURAI S. Spontaneous Orientation of the Body-Centered-Cubic Lattice for Spherical Microdomains in a Block Copolymer Thin Film. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2017. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.2016-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konomi HONDA
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology
| | - Sono SASAKI
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology
| | - Shinichi SAKURAI
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology
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15
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Lee K, Kreider M, Bai W, Cheng LC, Dinachali SS, Tu KH, Huang T, Ntetsikas K, Liontos G, Avgeropoulos A, Ross CA. UV-solvent annealing of PDMS-majority and PS-majority PS-b-PDMS block copolymer films. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:465301. [PMID: 27736809 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/46/465301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The response of polystyrene-block-poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PS-b-PDMS) thin films to UV exposure during solvent vapor annealing is described, in order to improve their applicability in nanolithography and nanofabrication. Two BCPs were examined, one with the PS block as majority (f PS = 68%, M n = 53 kg mol-1), the other with PDMS block as majority (f PDMS = 67%, M n = 44 kg mol-1). A 5 min UV irradiation was applied during solvent vapor annealing which led to both partial crosslinking of the polymer and a small increase in the temperature of the annealing chamber. This approach was effective for improving the correlation length of the self-assembled microdomain arrays and in limiting subsequent flow of the PDMS in the PDMS-majority BCP to preserve the post-anneal morphology. Ordering and orientation of microdomains were controlled by directed self-assembly of the BCPs in trench substrates. Highly-ordered perpendicular nanochannel arrays were obtained in the PDMS-majority BCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keehong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge MA 02139, USA. Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics, Hwasung-City, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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16
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Shagolsem LS, Kreer T, Galuschko A, Sommer JU. Diblock-copolymer thin films under shear. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:164908. [PMID: 27802665 DOI: 10.1063/1.4966151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The behavior of lamellae forming diblock-copolymer melts confined by two non-selective substrates under shear is studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations. Since the substrate/copolymer preferential interaction is absent, the vertically oriented lamellae (L⊥) are formed. The response of L⊥ phase under transverse and perpendicular modes of shear is studied for a wide range of shear rates, γ̇. In particular, shear deformation and reorientation transition, flow behavior, and difference in the macroscopic response under the two modes of shear are discussed. We show that an inclined lamellae state observed for transverse shear below a critical shear rate γ̇* is stabilized by a cyclic motion of chains close to the substrates. The value of γ̇*, at which lamellae dissolve and reorient along the flow field during transverse shear, coincides with the onset of shear-thinning. For γ̇<γ̇*, the shear viscosity for transverse shear is much larger compared to that observed in perpendicular shear, while there is no difference for γ̇>γ̇*.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenin S Shagolsem
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Manipur, Imphal 795004, India
| | - Torsten Kreer
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andre Galuschko
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Sommer
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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17
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In situ GISAXS study of a Si-containing block copolymer under solvent vapor annealing: Effects of molecular weight and solvent vapor composition. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Mykhaylyk OO, Warren NJ, Parnell AJ, Pfeifer G, Laeuger J. Applications of shear-induced polarized light imaging (SIPLI) technique for mechano-optical rheology of polymers and soft matter materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas J. Warren
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Sheffield; Sheffield S3 7HF United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Parnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; The University of Sheffield; Sheffield S3 7RH United Kingdom
| | | | - Joerg Laeuger
- Anton Paar Germany GmbH; Helmuth-Hirth-Strasse 6 D-73760 Ostfildern Germany
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19
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Orizaga S, Glasner K. Instability and reorientation of block copolymer microstructure by imposed electric fields. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:052504. [PMID: 27300942 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.052504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The influence of electric fields on lamellar block copolymer microstructure is studied in the context of a density functional model and its sharp interface limit. A free boundary problem for domain interfaces of strongly segregated polymers is derived, which includes coupling of interface and electric field orientation. The linearized dynamics of lamellar configurations is computed in this context, leading to quantitative criteria for instability as a function of pattern wavelength, field magnitude, and orientation. Numerical simulations of the full model in two and three dimensions are used to study the nonlinear development of instabilities. In three dimensions, sufficiently large electric field magnitude always leads to instability. In two dimensions, the field has either stabilizing or destabilizing effects depending on the misorientation of the field and pattern. Even when linear instabilities are present, the dynamics can lead to stable corrugated domain interfaces which do not align with the electric field. Sufficiently high field strengths, on the other hand, produce topological rearrangement which may lead to alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Orizaga
- Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, 617 N. Santa Rita Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Karl Glasner
- Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, 617 N. Santa Rita Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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20
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Yamanoi M, Kawabata Y, Kato T. Effects of Oscillatory Shear on the Orientation of the Inverse Bicontinuous Cubic Phase in a Nonionic Surfactant/Water System. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:2863-2873. [PMID: 26947965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The bicontinuous inverse cubic phase (V2 phase) formed in amphiphilic systems consists of bilayer networks with a long-range order. We have investigated effects of oscillatory shear on the orientation of the V2 phase with space group Ia3d formed in a nonionic surfactant (C12E2)/water system by using simultaneous measurements of rheology/small-angle X-ray scattering. It is shown that grain refining occurs by applying the large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) with a strain amplitude (γ0) of ∼20, which gives the ratio of the loss modulus (G″) to the storage modulus (G') (G″/G' = tan δ) of ∼100. On the other hand, orientation of the cubic lattice occurs when the small amplitude (γ0 ≈ 0.0004) oscillatory shear (SAOS) in the linear regime is applied to the sample just after the LAOS. Interestingly, the orientation is strongly enhanced by the "medium amplitude" (γ0 ≈ 0.05) oscillatory shear ("MAOS") after the SAOS. When the MAOS is applied before applying the LAOS, orientation to a particular direction is not observed, indicating that the grain refining process by the LAOS is necessary for the orientation during the MAOS. The results of additional experiments show that the shear sequence "LAOS-MAOS" is effective for the orientation of the cubic lattice. When the LAOS and MAOS are applied to the sample alternatively, grain refining and orientation occur during the LAOS and MAOS, respectively, indicating reversibility of the orientation. It is shown that (i) the degree of the orientation is dependent on γ0 and the frequency (ω) of the MAOS and (ii) relatively higher orientation can be obtained for the combination of γ0 and ω, which gives tan δ = 2-3. The lattice constant does not change throughout all the shearing processes and is equal to that before shearing within the experimental errors, indicating that the shear melting does not occur. These results suggest a possibility to control the orientation of the cubic lattice only by changing the conditions of oscillatory shear without using the epitaxial transition from other anisotropic phases, such as the hexagonal and lamellar phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Yamanoi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University , 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Youhei Kawabata
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University , 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University , 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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21
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Kim K, Park S, Kim Y, Bang J, Park C, Ryu DY. Optimized Solvent Vapor Annealing for Long-Range Perpendicular Lamellae in PS-b-PMMA Films. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joona Bang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
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22
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Vriezekolk EJ, Kudernac T, de Vos WM, Nijmeijer K. Composite ultrafiltration membranes with tunable properties based on a self-assembling block copolymer/homopolymer system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik J. Vriezekolk
- Membrane Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Tibor Kudernac
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Wiebe M. de Vos
- Membrane Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Kitty Nijmeijer
- Membrane Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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23
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Li W, Müller M. Defects in the Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers and Their Relevance for Directed Self-Assembly. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2015; 6:187-216. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061114-123209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Block copolymer self-assembly provides a platform for fabricating dense, ordered nanostructures by encoding information in the chemical architecture of multicomponent macromolecules. Depending on the volume fraction of the components and chain topology, these macromolecules form a variety of spatially periodic microphases in thermodynamic equilibrium. The kinetics of self-assembly, however, often results in initial morphologies with defects, and the subsequent ordering is protracted. Different strategies have been devised to direct the self-assembly of copolymer materials by external fields to align and perfect the self-assembled nanostructures. Understanding and controlling the thermodynamics of defects, their response to external fields, and their dynamics is important because applications in microelectronics either require extremely low defect densities or aim at generating specific defects at predetermined locations to fabricate irregular device-oriented structures for integrated circuits. In this review, we discuss defect morphologies of block copolymers in the bulk and thin films, highlighting (a) analogies to and differences from defects in other crystalline materials, (b) the stability of defects and their dynamics, and (c) the influence of external fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Li
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Marcus Müller
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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24
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Transition behavior of asymmetric polystyrene- b -poly(2-vinylpyridine) films: A stable hexagonally modulated layer structure. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Sarkar B, Alexandridis P. Block copolymer–nanoparticle composites: Structure, functional properties, and processing. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Hu H, Gopinadhan M, Osuji CO. Directed self-assembly of block copolymers: a tutorial review of strategies for enabling nanotechnology with soft matter. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:3867-89. [PMID: 24740355 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52607k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of soft materials is broadly considered an attractive means of generating nanoscale structures and patterns over large areas. However, the spontaneous formation of equilibrium nanostructures in response to temperature and concentration changes, for example, must be guided to yield the long-range order and orientation required for utility in a given scenario. In this review we examine directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) as canonical examples of nanostructured soft matter systems which are additionally compelling for creating functional materials and devices. We survey well established and newly emerging DSA methods from a tutorial perspective. Special emphasis is given to exploring underlying physical phenomena, identifying prototypical BCPs that are compatible with different DSA techniques, describing experimental methods and highlighting the attractive functional properties of block copolymers overall. Finally we offer a brief perspective on some unresolved issues and future opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqiong Hu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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27
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Effects of metal loading and magnetic field strength on alignment of noncrystalline block copolymers doped with metal complexes. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-014-0488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Bae J, Cha SH. Effect of nanoparticle surface functionality on microdomain orientation in block copolymer thin films under electric field. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Cakmak M, Batra S, Yalcin B. Field assisted self-assembly for preferential through thickness (“z-direction”) alignment of particles and phases by electric, magnetic, and thermal fields using a novel roll-to-roll processing line. POLYM ENG SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miko Cakmak
- Department of Polymer Engineering; University of Akron; Akron Ohio 44325
| | - Saurabh Batra
- Department of Polymer Engineering; University of Akron; Akron Ohio 44325
| | - Baris Yalcin
- Department of Polymer Engineering; University of Akron; Akron Ohio 44325
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30
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Wolska JM, Pociecha D, Mieczkowski J, Górecka E. Control of sample alignment mode for hybrid lamellar systems based on gold nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:7975-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02242d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Kim JC, Seo M, Hillmyer MA, Francis LF. Magnetic microrheology of block copolymer solutions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:11877-11883. [PMID: 24228981 DOI: 10.1021/am403569f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The viscosity of poly(styrene)-b-poly(lactide) [PS-b-PLA] solutions in a neutral solvent was characterized by magnetic microrheology. The effect of polymer concentration on the viscosity of the block polymer solutions was compared with that of the PS and PLA homopolymers in the same solvent. The viscosity of PS-b-PLA solution, unlike the homopolymer solutions, showed a steep increase over a narrow concentration range. The steep rise was concomitant with microphase separation into an ordered cylindrical microstructure as determined by small-angle X-ray scattering. Hence microrheology proved effective as a means of characterizing the order-disorder transition concentration. During an in situ drying experiment, changes in local viscosity through the depth of a block copolymer solution were characterized as a function of drying time. Early in the drying process, the viscosity rose steadily and was uniform through the depth, a result consistent with steadily increasing and uniform polymer concentration. However, later in the drying process as the overall polymer concentration approached that required for microphase separation, the viscosity of the polymer solution near the free surface became an order of magnitude higher than that near the bottom of the container. The zone of high viscosity moved downward as drying proceeded, consistent with a microphase separation front.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chul Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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32
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Gianotti V, Antonioli D, Sparnacci K, Laus M, Giammaria TJ, Ferrarese Lupi F, Seguini G, Perego M. On the Thermal Stability of PS-b-PMMA Block and P(S-r-MMA) Random Copolymers for Nanopatterning Applications. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401023y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gianotti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università del Piemonte Orientale ‘‘A. Avogadro’’, INSTM, UdR Alessandria, Viale T. Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Diego Antonioli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università del Piemonte Orientale ‘‘A. Avogadro’’, INSTM, UdR Alessandria, Viale T. Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Katia Sparnacci
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università del Piemonte Orientale ‘‘A. Avogadro’’, INSTM, UdR Alessandria, Viale T. Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Michele Laus
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università del Piemonte Orientale ‘‘A. Avogadro’’, INSTM, UdR Alessandria, Viale T. Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | | | | | - Gabriele Seguini
- Laboratorio MDM, IMM-CNR, Via C.
Olivetti 2, 20864 Agrate Brianza (MB), Italy
| | - Michele Perego
- Laboratorio MDM, IMM-CNR, Via C.
Olivetti 2, 20864 Agrate Brianza (MB), Italy
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33
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Hong X, Wang B, Wang H, Wang Y. Mechanisms of ordering in block copolymer sub-monolayer films upon selective solvent annealing. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Tan Q, Shu X, Yi J, Zhang HL. Electric field-induced stretch of pyrene-labeled diblock weak polyelectrolyte in dilute solution monitored by steady-state fluorescence. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Schoberth HG, Pester CW, Ruppel M, Urban VS, Böker A. Orientation-Dependent Order-Disorder Transition of Block Copolymer Lamellae in Electric Fields. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:469-473. [PMID: 35581799 DOI: 10.1021/mz400013u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electric fields have been shown to stabilize the disordered phase of near-critical block copolymer solutions. Here, we use in situ synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering to examine how the initial orientation of lamellar domains with respect to the external field (φ) affects the shift in the order-disorder transition temperature (TODT) of lyotropic solutions of poly(styrene-b-isoprene) in toluene. We find a downward shift of the transition temperature, which scales with lamellar orientation as ΔTODT ∼ cos2 φ, in accordance with theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko G. Schoberth
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare
Materialien und Oberflächen, DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare
Materialien und Oberflächen, DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Ruppel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
37831, United States
| | - Volker S. Urban
- Biology
and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
37831, United States
| | - Alexander Böker
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare
Materialien und Oberflächen, DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
- JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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36
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Mechanical properties and microphase structure of hydrogenated S-SB-S triblock copolymers. Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2013.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Wakayama H, Yonekura H, Kawai Y. Three-Dimensional Periodically Ordered Nanohetero Metallic Materials from Self-Assembled Block Copolymer Composites. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:284-287. [PMID: 35581751 DOI: 10.1021/mz300634p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We report a synthetic route to inorganic nanoheterostructures with tunable size and morphology via self-assembled block copolymer mesophase templates. Two Fe precursors, tricarbonyl(cyclooctatetraene) iron and acetylacetonate iron(III), and one Pt precursor, platinum dimethylcyclooctadiene, were selectively introduced into separate polymer blocks of a block copolymer, polystyrene-b-poly-4-vinylpyridine, and then the block copolymer templates were removed by pyrolysis. Self-assembled inorganic nanoheterostructures (spheres, hexagonal cylinders, and layers of hard magnetic phase FePt in a matrix of soft magnetic phase α-Fe) were produced. The morphology and domain size of the nanoheterostructures could be tailored by controlling the molecular weight and relative block lengths of the block copolymers. The controlled size and morphology of the inorganic nanoheterostructures demonstrate the method's utility for producing highly functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Wakayama
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Yonekura
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kawai
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
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38
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Yang YB, Jeon YM, Kim JU, Cho J. Diblock and triblock copolymer thin films on a substrate with controlled selectivity. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2012; 35:86. [PMID: 22972228 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2012-12086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Using self-consistent field theory (SCFT), morphology development in symmetric linear ABC triblock copolymer films on neutral and selective substrates has been studied, and it is compared with the triblock copolymer morphologies in bulk. In particular, the effects of the substrate preferable to B (interior) block on nanopattern formation of the copolymer films are of our central interest. Here, we report various nanopatterns with tunable square morphologies. The domain patterns are much more diverse than those parallel to the substrate with substrate selectivity for end-block or those vertical to the substrate without substrate selectivity. Furthermore, in order to figure out an economical and efficient way to fabricate useful passive pattern transfer layers, which have potential applications in microelectronic processes and ultrahigh density storage media, we propose a two-step strategy and scrutinize the conditions for generating square symmetries using cylinder-forming or lamella-forming AB diblock copolymers deposited on substrates created from ABC triblock copolymer films. It is found that a thinner film with weak incompatibility can produce square patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-B Yang
- School of Mechanical and Advanced Materials Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, Korea
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39
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Meins T, Dingenouts N, Kübel J, Wilhelm M. In Situ Rheodielectric, ex Situ 2D-SAXS, and Fourier Transform Rheology Investigations of the Shear-Induced Alignment of Poly(styrene-b-1,4-isoprene) Diblock Copolymer Melts. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300124b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Meins
- Institute for Chemical
Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N. Dingenouts
- Institute for Chemical
Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J. Kübel
- Institute for Chemical
Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. Wilhelm
- Institute for Chemical
Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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40
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Mykhaylyk OO, Parnell AJ, Pryke A, Fairclough JPA. Direct Imaging of the Orientational Dynamics of Block Copolymer Lamellar Phase Subjected to Shear Flow. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3004289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J. Parnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, U.K
| | - Andrew Pryke
- The Polymer Centre, Dainton Building, Sheffield, S3 7HF, U.K
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41
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Hong S, Higuchi T, Sugimori H, Kaneko T, Abetz V, Takahara A, Jinnai H. Highly oriented and ordered double-helical morphology in ABC triblock terpolymer films up to micrometer thickness by solvent evaporation. Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2012.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Wang J, de Jeu WH, Müller P, Möller M, Mourran A. Thin Film Structure of Block Copolymer–Surfactant Complexes: Strongly Ionic Bonding Polymer Systems. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202079m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Wang
- DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V. and Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie an der RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 8, D-52056
Aachen, Germany
| | - Wim H. de Jeu
- DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V. and Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie an der RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 8, D-52056
Aachen, Germany
| | - Paul Müller
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der RWTH Aachen, Prof. Pirlet-Strasse
1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Möller
- DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V. and Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie an der RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 8, D-52056
Aachen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mourran
- DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V. and Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie an der RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 8, D-52056
Aachen, Germany
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43
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Lou Q, Chinthamanipeta PS, Shipp DA. Mechanism of titania deposition into cylindrical poly(styrene-block-4 vinyl pyridine) block copolymer templates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:15206-15212. [PMID: 22047029 DOI: 10.1021/la2031686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A simple and effective way for TiO(2) to be deposited on silicon or indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates has been achieved by using a poly(styrene-block-4-vinyl pyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) block copolymer template. In particular, a mechanism for the formation of TiO(2) within the P4VP phase was developed. Within this model, the TiO(2) deposition occurs by swelling of the protonated P4VP segments followed by transport of Ti precursor, probably protonated Ti(OH)(4) given the low pH conditions used, into the swollen P4VP followed by condensation into TiO(2) during the heating/plasma etch processes. TiO(2) nanostructure morphology is affected by pH and deposition temperatures, because these parameters affect the degree of protonation of P4VP segments and diffusion of the titanium(IV) bis(ammonium lactato)dihydroxide (TALH) precursor into the film. A pH range of 2.1-2.5 for silicon substrates and pH = 2.1 for ITO substrates gave the narrower TiO(2) nanostructures distributions, and deposition at 70 °C gave TiO(2) nanostructures with more regular arrangements and smoother surface than those deposited at room temperature. The use of 1,4-diiodobutane as a P4VP cross-linking compound is demonstrated to be a critical parameter for maintaining good cylindrical surface morphology for both the block copolymer template and the TiO(2) nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Lou
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810, USA
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44
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Meins T, Hyun K, Dingenouts N, Fotouhi Ardakani M, Struth B, Wilhelm M. New Insight to the Mechanism of the Shear-Induced Macroscopic Alignment of Diblock Copolymer Melts by a Unique and Newly Developed Rheo–SAXS Combination. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201492n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Meins
- Institute for Chemical Technology
and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K. Hyun
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Pusan National University,
Jangjeon-Dong 30, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - N. Dingenouts
- Institute for Chemical Technology
and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. Fotouhi Ardakani
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße
7, 76131 Karlsruhe
| | - B. Struth
- DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Wilhelm
- Institute for Chemical Technology
and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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45
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46
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Majewski PW, Gopinadhan M, Osuji CO. Magnetic field alignment of block copolymers and polymer nanocomposites: Scalable microstructure control in functional soft materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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47
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48
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Grozea CM, Li ITS, Grozea D, Walker GC. Microdomain Orientation of Diblock Copolymer Ultrathin Films Solvent Annealed at Low Temperatures. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102470v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M. Grozea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Isaac T. S. Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Daniel Grozea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Gilbert C. Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
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49
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Chinthamanipeta PS, Lou Q, Shipp DA. Periodic titania nanostructures using block copolymer templates. ACS NANO 2011; 5:450-456. [PMID: 21175160 DOI: 10.1021/nn102207y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of periodic titania nanostructures, templated by a polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) block copolymer, is reported. When cast as a thin film (30-50 nm thick), the PS-b-P4VP forms a morphology that consists of P4VP cylinders that are orientated perpendicular to the substrate. The P4VP phase was lightly cross-linked by exposing the film to diiodobutane. When the block copolymer film was exposed to the sol-gel titania precursor, titanium(IV) bis(ammonium lactate) dihydroxide (TALH), titania was formed in the P4VP phase. The resulting titania structures were identical in size to the P4VP cylinders and only formed (under the deposition conditions used in this study) when the block copolymer film was present on the substrate, thus providing evidence that the block copolymer indeed acts as a template. The process works for both silicon and indium tin oxide substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan S Chinthamanipeta
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, and Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810, United States
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50
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Spontaneous Enhancement of Packing Regularity of Spherical Microdomains in the Body-Centered Cubic Lattice upon Uniaxial Stretching of Elastomeric Triblock Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/polym3010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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