1
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Zhang T, Shan W, Le Dot M, Xiao P. Structural Functions of 3D-Printed Polymer Scaffolds in Regulating Cell Fates and Behaviors for Repairing Bone and Nerve Injuries. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400293. [PMID: 38885644 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Tissue repair and regeneration, such as bone and nerve restoration, face significant challenges due to strict regulations within the immune microenvironment, stem cell differentiation, and key cell behaviors. The development of 3D scaffolds is identified as a promising approach to address these issues via the efficiently structural regulations on cell fates and behaviors. In particular, 3D-printed polymer scaffolds with diverse micro-/nanostructures offer a great potential for mimicking the structures of tissue. Consequently, they are foreseen as promissing pathways for regulating cell fates, including cell phenotype, differentiation of stem cells, as well as the migration and the proliferation of key cells, thereby facilitating tissue repairs and regenerations. Herein, the roles of structural functions of 3D-printed polymer scaffolds in regulating the fates and behaviors of numerous cells related to tissue repair and regeneration, along with their specific influences are highlighted. Additionally, the challenges and outlooks associated with 3D-printed polymer scaffolds with various structures for modulating cell fates are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
| | - Wenpeng Shan
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
| | - Marie Le Dot
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
| | - Pu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
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2
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Weisbord I, Segal-Peretz T. Revealing the 3D Structure of Block Copolymers with Electron Microscopy: Current Status and Future Directions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:58003-58022. [PMID: 37338172 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers (BCPs) are considered model systems for understanding and utilizing self-assembly in soft matter. Their tunable nanometric structure and composition enable comprehensive studies of self-assembly processes as well as make them relevant materials in diverse applications. A key step in developing and controlling BCP nanostructures is a full understanding of their three-dimensional (3D) structure and how this structure is affected by the BCP chemistry, confinement, boundary conditions, and the self-assembly evolution and dynamics. Electron microscopy (EM) is a leading method in BCP 3D characterization owing to its high resolution in imaging nanosized structures. Here we discuss the two main 3D EM methods: namely, transmission EM tomography and slice and view scanning EM tomography. We present each method's principles, examine their strengths and weaknesses, and discuss ways researchers have devised to overcome some of the challenges in BCP 3D characterization with EM- from specimen preparation to imaging radiation-sensitive materials. Importantly, we review current and new cutting-edge EM methods such as direct electron detectors, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of soft matter, high temporal rate imaging, and single-particle analysis that have great potential for expanding the BCP understanding through EM in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Weisbord
- Chemical Engineering Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Tamar Segal-Peretz
- Chemical Engineering Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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3
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Ito M, Liu H, Kumagai A, Liang X, Nakajima K, Jinnai H. Direct Visualization of Interfacial Regions between Fillers and Matrix in Rubber Composites Observed by Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Nanomechanics Assisted by Electron Tomography. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:777-785. [PMID: 34955029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to explain or predict the macroscopic mechanical properties of polymer composites with complex nanostructures, atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanomechanics is one of the most appropriate tools because the local mechanical properties can be obtained by it. However, automatic force curve analysis based on contact mechanics would mislead us to the wrong conclusion. The purpose of this study is to elucidate this point by applying AFM nanomechanics on a carbon black (CB)-reinforced isoprene rubber (IR). The CB aggregates underneath the rubber surface prevent us from quantitatively evaluating the ratio of CB and interfacial polymer region (IPR), which is an important parameter to determine the macroscopic mechanical properties. In order to overcome this problem, transmission electron microtomography was incorporated to investigate the 3D structure in the same field of view as AFM nanomechanics. As a result, it was found that there are buried structures that do not appear in the AFM topographic image. In addition, we were able to reveal the existence of a force curve with an inflection point, which is characteristic of such "false" IPRs. To put it another way, we evidenced the existence of true IPRs for the first time by combining these state-of-the-art techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Haonan Liu
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Akemi Kumagai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Xiaobin Liang
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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4
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OUP accepted manuscript. Microscopy (Oxf) 2022; 71:i148-i164. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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5
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Chen J. Advanced Electron Microscopy of Nanophased Synthetic Polymers and Soft Complexes for Energy and Medicine Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2405. [PMID: 34578720 PMCID: PMC8470047 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
After decades of developments, electron microscopy has become a powerful and irreplaceable tool in understanding the ionic, electrical, mechanical, chemical, and other functional performances of next-generation polymers and soft complexes. The recent progress in electron microscopy of nanostructured polymers and soft assemblies is important for applications in many different fields, including, but not limited to, mesoporous and nanoporous materials, absorbents, membranes, solid electrolytes, battery electrodes, ion- and electron-transporting materials, organic semiconductors, soft robotics, optoelectronic devices, biomass, soft magnetic materials, and pharmaceutical drug design. For synthetic polymers and soft complexes, there are four main characteristics that differentiate them from their inorganic or biomacromolecular counterparts in electron microscopy studies: (1) lower contrast, (2) abundance of light elements, (3) polydispersity or nanomorphological variations, and (4) large changes induced by electron beams. Since 2011, the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory has been working with numerous facility users on nanostructured polymer composites, block copolymers, polymer brushes, conjugated molecules, organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials, organic-inorganic interfaces, organic crystals, and other soft complexes. This review crystalizes some of the essential challenges, successes, failures, and techniques during the process in the past ten years. It also presents some outlooks and future expectations on the basis of these works at the intersection of electron microscopy, soft matter, and artificial intelligence. Machine learning is expected to automate and facilitate image processing and information extraction of polymer and soft hybrid nanostructures in aspects such as dose-controlled imaging and structure analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Chen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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6
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Hagita K, Aoyagi T, Abe Y, Genda S, Honda T. Deep learning-based estimation of Flory-Huggins parameter of A-B block copolymers from cross-sectional images of phase-separated structures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12322. [PMID: 34112914 PMCID: PMC8192782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91761-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, deep learning (DL)-based estimation of the Flory-Huggins χ parameter of A-B diblock copolymers from two-dimensional cross-sectional images of three-dimensional (3D) phase-separated structures were investigated. 3D structures with random networks of phase-separated domains were generated from real-space self-consistent field simulations in the 25-40 χN range for chain lengths (N) of 20 and 40. To confirm that the prepared data can be discriminated using DL, image classification was performed using the VGG-16 network. We comprehensively investigated the performances of the learned networks in the regression problem. The generalization ability was evaluated from independent images with the unlearned χN. We found that, except for large χN values, the standard deviation values were approximately 0.1 and 0.5 for A-component fractions of 0.2 and 0.35, respectively. The images for larger χN values were more difficult to distinguish. In addition, the learning performances for the 4-class problem were comparable to those for the 8-class problem, except when the χN values were large. This information is useful for the analysis of real experimental image data, where the variation of samples is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Hagita
- Department of Applied Physics, National Defense Academy, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, 239-8686, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Aoyagi
- Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 2, 1-1-1, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Yuto Abe
- Department of Applied Physics, National Defense Academy, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, 239-8686, Japan
| | - Shinya Genda
- Department of Applied Physics, National Defense Academy, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, 239-8686, Japan
| | - Takashi Honda
- Zeon Corporation, 1-2-1 Yako, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9507, Japan
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7
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Florian PE, Icriverzi M, Ninciuleanu CM, Alexandrescu E, Trica B, Preda S, Ianchis R, Roseanu A. Salecan-Clay Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Chemotherapeutic Drug Delivery Systems; Characterization and In Vitro Biocompatibility Studies. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5389. [PMID: 33260907 PMCID: PMC7730270 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Salecan is a microbial polysaccharide suitable to obtain hydrogel for biomedical applications due to the excellent hydrophilicity and biocompatibility properties. In this work, Salecan of different concentrations was introduced into polymethacrylic acid (PMAA) in the presence of clay to form novel semi synthetic hydrogel nanocomposites systems and loaded afterwards with doxorubicin (DOX). The physical-chemical characteristics of the nanocomposites systems and their effect on the viability, and morphology of MDBK (Madin-Darby bovine kidney), HT-29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma and Colo 205 human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines were investigated. DOX release from the nanocomposite systems, cell up-take and subsequent effect on cell proliferation was also analyzed. It was found that Salecan concentration determined the swelling behavior, structural parameters and morphological features of the nanocomposite systems. The hydrogen bonds strongly influenced the formation of PMAA-Salecan-clay systems, each component bringing its own contribution, thus demonstrating the achievement of an advanced crosslinked network and a more compacted hydrogel nanocomposite morphology. All the synthesized nanocomposites had negligible toxicity to normal MDBK cells and chemoresistent HT-29 cell line, whereas in the case of Colo 205 cells a decrease by 40% of the cell viability was obtained for the sample containing the highest amount of Salecan. This effect was correlated with the lowest pore size distribution leading to highest available specific surface area and entrapped amount of DOX which was further released from the nanocomposite sample. Corroborating all the data it can be suggested that the synthesized nanocomposites with Salecan and clay could be good candidates as vehicles for chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ecaterina Florian
- Department of Ligand-Receptor Interaction, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 296, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (P.E.F.); (M.I.)
| | - Madalina Icriverzi
- Department of Ligand-Receptor Interaction, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 296, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (P.E.F.); (M.I.)
| | - Claudia Mihaela Ninciuleanu
- National R&D Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM—Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 202, 6th District, P.O. Box 35/174, 0600021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.N.); (E.A.); (B.T.)
| | - Elvira Alexandrescu
- National R&D Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM—Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 202, 6th District, P.O. Box 35/174, 0600021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.N.); (E.A.); (B.T.)
| | - Bogdan Trica
- National R&D Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM—Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 202, 6th District, P.O. Box 35/174, 0600021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.N.); (E.A.); (B.T.)
| | - Silviu Preda
- Institute of Physical Chemistry “Ilie Murgulescu”, Romanian Academy, Spl. Independentei 202, 6th District, P.O. Box 194, 060021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Raluca Ianchis
- National R&D Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM—Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 202, 6th District, P.O. Box 35/174, 0600021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.N.); (E.A.); (B.T.)
| | - Anca Roseanu
- Department of Ligand-Receptor Interaction, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 296, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (P.E.F.); (M.I.)
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8
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Nakamura S, Mitomo H, Sekizawa Y, Higuchi T, Matsuo Y, Jinnai H, Ijiro K. Strategy for Finely Aligned Gold Nanorod Arrays Using Polymer Brushes as a Template. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:3590-3599. [PMID: 32049537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of a strategy for the assembly of nanoscale building blocks, in particular, anisotropic nanoparticles, into desired structures is important for the construction of functional materials and devices. However, control over the orientation of rod-shaped nanoparticles on a substrate for integration into solid-state devices remains challenging. Here, we report a strategy for the fabrication of finely aligned gold nanorod (GNR) arrays using polymer (DNA) brushes as a nanoscale template. The gold nanorods modified with cationic surface ligands were electrostatically adsorbed onto the DNA brush substrates under various conditions. The orientational behavior of the GNRs was examined by spectral analyses and transmission electron microtomography (TEMT). As a result, we found several important factors, such as moderate interaction between GNRs and polymers and polymer densities on the substrate, related to the vertical alignment of GNRs on the substrates. We also developed a purification method to remove the undesired adsorption of GNRs onto the arrays. Finally, we have succeeded in the fabrication of extensive vertical GNR arrays of high quality via the easy bottom-up process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nakamura
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Mitomo
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yu Sekizawa
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takeshi Higuchi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Matsuo
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kuniharu Ijiro
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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9
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Nishida T, Yoshimura R, Nishi R, Imoto Y, Endo Y. Application of ultra-high voltage electron microscope tomography to 3D imaging of microtubules in neurites of cultured PC12 cells. J Microsc 2020; 278:42-48. [PMID: 32133640 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electron tomography methods using the conventional transmission electron microscope have been widely used to investigate the three-dimensional distribution patterns of various cellular structures including microtubules in neurites. Because the penetrating power of electrons depends on the section thickness and accelerating voltage, conventional TEM, having acceleration voltages up to 200 kV, is limited to sample thicknesses of 0.2 µm or less. In this paper, we show that the ultra-high voltage electron microscope (UHVEM), employing acceleration voltages of higher than 1000 kV (1 MV), allowed distinct reconstruction of the three-dimensional array of microtubules in a 0.7-µm-thick neurite section. The detailed structure of microtubules was more clearly reconstructed from a 0.7-µm-thick section at an accelerating voltage of 1 MV compared with a 1.0 µm section at 2 MV. Furthermore, the entire distribution of each microtubule in a neurite could be reconstructed from serial-section UHVEM tomography. Application of optimised UHVEM tomography will provide new insights, bridging the gap between the structure and function of widely-distributed cellular organelles such as microtubules for neurite outgrowth. LAY DESCRIPTION: An optimal 3D visualisation of microtubule cytoskeleton using ultra-high voltage electron microscopy tomography The ultra-high voltage electron microscope (UHVEM) is able to visualise a micrometre-thick specimen at nanoscale spatial resolution because of the high-energy electron beam penetrating such a specimen. In this study, we determined the optimal conditions necessary for microtubule cytoskeleton imaging within 0.7-µm-thick section using a combination with UHVEM and electron tomography method. Our approach provides excellent 3D information about the complex arrangement of the individual microtubule filaments that make up the microtubule network.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nishida
- Japan Textile Products Quality and Technology Center, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - R Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - R Nishi
- Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Imoto
- Japan Textile Products Quality and Technology Center, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Y Endo
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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11
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Murase H, Jinnai H, Toriyama T, Hashimoto T. Cascade Self-Organization of Shish Kebabs in Fibers Spun from Polymer Solutions: Crystalline Fibrils Bridging Neighboring Kebabs Discovered by Transmission Electron Microtomography. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Murase
- Faculty of Home Economics, Department Textile and Clothing Science, Kyoritsu Women’s University, 2-2-1 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8437, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takaaki Toriyama
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeji Hashimoto
- Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Quantum Beam Science Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 1319-1195, Japan
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12
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Oliver AM, Spontak RJ, Manners I. Solution self-assembly of ABC triblock terpolymers with a central crystallizable poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane) core-forming segment. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01830h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and solution self-assembly behavior of a range of linear ABC triblock terpolymers with a central crystallizable poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane) core-forming segment have been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M. Oliver
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Victoria
- Victoria
- Canada
- School of Chemistry
| | - Richard J. Spontak
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Ian Manners
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Victoria
- Victoria
- Canada
- School of Chemistry
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13
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Higuchi T, Gondo T, Miyazaki H, Kumagai A, Akutagawa K, Jinnai H. Development of a three-dimensional tomography holder for in situ tensile deformation for soft materials. Microscopy (Oxf) 2018; 67:296-300. [PMID: 29893959 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfy027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An in situ straining holder capable of tensile deformation and high-angle tilt for electron tomography was developed for polymeric materials. The holder has a dedicated sample cartridge, on which a variety of polymeric materials, such as microtomed thin sections of bulk specimens and solvent-cast thin films, can be mounted. Fine, stable control of the deformation process with nanoscale magnification was achieved. The holder allows large tensile deformation (≃800 μm) with a large field of view (800 × 200 μm before the deformation), and a high tilt angle (±75°) during in situ observations. With the large tensile deformation, the strain on the specimen can be as large as 26, at least one order of magnitude larger than the holder's predecessor. We expect that meso- and microscopic insights into the dynamic mechanical deformation and fracture processes of polymeric materials can be obtained by combining the holder with a transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy filter. The filter allows zero-loss imaging to improve the resolution and image contrast for thick specimens. We used this technique to study the deformation process in a silica nanoparticle-filled isoprene rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Higuchi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Gondo
- Mel-Build Corporation, 2-11-36 Ishimaru, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroya Miyazaki
- Mel-Build Corporation, 2-11-36 Ishimaru, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akemi Kumagai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keizo Akutagawa
- Bridgestone Corporation, 3-1-1 Ogawahigashi-Cho, Kodaira-Shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
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14
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Gannoruwa A, Kawahara S. Distribution of Nanodiamond Inside the Nanomatrix in Natural Rubber. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:6861-6868. [PMID: 29767525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of nanodiamond inside a nanomatrix, which is related to the mechanical and viscoelastic properties, is investigated for a natural rubber-nanodiamond composite. The composite is prepared by reacting nanodiamond with deproteinized natural rubber (NR-ND) in the presence of a tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHPO)/tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) radical initiator at 30 °C in the latex stage and subsequent drying. The morphology of the composite is observed by three-dimensional transmission electron microscopy. NR-ND prepared with an initiator exhibits a nanomatrix structure, whereas NR-ND prepared without an initiator displays an island matrix structure. The nanomatrix is densely loaded with 15 nm or smaller-sized nanodiamond. Both the mechanical and viscoelastic properties of NR-ND depend upon the morphology. The stress at break and the plateau modulus are 12 MPa and 1.19 × 106 Pa, respectively, when NR-ND is prepared with a TBHPO/TEPA initiator and contains 25 w/w % nanodiamond, which are 4 and 8 times higher than those of deproteinized natural rubber, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asangi Gannoruwa
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering , Nagaoka University of Technology , 1603-1 Kamitomioka , Nagaoka , Niigata 9401-2188 , Japan
| | - Seiichi Kawahara
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering , Nagaoka University of Technology , 1603-1 Kamitomioka , Nagaoka , Niigata 9401-2188 , Japan
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15
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Prasad I, Jinnai H, Ho RM, Thomas EL, Grason GM. Anatomy of triply-periodic network assemblies: characterizing skeletal and inter-domain surface geometry of block copolymer gyroids. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:3612-3623. [PMID: 29683466 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00078f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Triply-periodic networks (TPNs), like the well-known gyroid and diamond network phases, abound in soft matter assemblies, from block copolymers (BCPs), lyotropic liquid crystals and surfactants to functional architectures in biology. While TPNs are, in reality, volume-filling patterns of spatially-varying molecular composition, physical and structural models most often reduce their structure to lower-dimensional geometric objects: the 2D interfaces between chemical domains; and the 1D skeletons that thread through inter-connected, tubular domains. These lower-dimensional structures provide a useful basis of comparison to idealized geometries based on triply-periodic minimal, or constant-mean curvature surfaces, and shed important light on the spatially heterogeneous packing of molecular constituents that form the networks. Here, we propose a simple, efficient and flexible method to extract a 1D skeleton from 3D volume composition data of self-assembled networks. We apply this method to both self-consistent field theory predictions as well as experimental electron microtomography reconstructions of the double-gyroid phase of an ABA triblock copolymer. We further demonstrate how the analysis of 1D skeleton, 2D inter-domain surfaces, and combinations therefore, provide physical and structural insight into TPNs, across multiple length scales. Specifically, we propose and compare simple measures of network chirality as well as domain thickness, and analyze their spatial and statistical distributions in both ideal (theoretical) and non-ideal (experimental) double gyroid assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Prasad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Rong-Ming Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Department of Material Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Gregory M Grason
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
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16
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Super-resolution for asymmetric resolution of FIB-SEM 3D imaging using AI with deep learning. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5877. [PMID: 29651011 PMCID: PMC5897388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy equipped with a focused ion beam (FIB-SEM) is a promising three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique for nano- and meso-scale morphologies. In FIB-SEM, the specimen surface is stripped by an ion beam and imaged by an SEM installed orthogonally to the FIB. The lateral resolution is governed by the SEM, while the depth resolution, i.e., the FIB milling direction, is determined by the thickness of the stripped thin layer. In most cases, the lateral resolution is superior to the depth resolution; hence, asymmetric resolution is generated in the 3D image. Here, we propose a new approach based on an image-processing or deep-learning-based method for super-resolution of 3D images with such asymmetric resolution, so as to restore the depth resolution to achieve symmetric resolution. The deep-learning-based method learns from high-resolution sub-images obtained via SEM and recovers low-resolution sub-images parallel to the FIB milling direction. The 3D morphologies of polymeric nano-composites are used as test images, which are subjected to the deep-learning-based method as well as conventional methods. We find that the former yields superior restoration, particularly as the asymmetric resolution is increased. Our super-resolution approach for images having asymmetric resolution enables observation time reduction.
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17
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Tencé-Girault S, Woehling V, Oikonomou EK, Karpati S, Norvez S. About the Art and Science of Visualizing Polymer Morphology using Transmission Electron Microscopy. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Tencé-Girault
- Laboratoire Matière Molle et Chimie; ESPCI Paris; PSL Research University; 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris France
| | - Vincent Woehling
- Laboratoire Matière Molle et Chimie; ESPCI Paris; PSL Research University; 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris France
| | - Evdokia K. Oikonomou
- Laboratoire Matière Molle et Chimie; ESPCI Paris; PSL Research University; 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris France
| | - Szilvia Karpati
- Laboratoire Matière Molle et Chimie; ESPCI Paris; PSL Research University; 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris France
| | - Sophie Norvez
- Laboratoire Matière Molle et Chimie; ESPCI Paris; PSL Research University; 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris France
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18
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Vidil T, Hampu N, Hillmyer MA. Nanoporous Thermosets with Percolating Pores from Block Polymers Chemically Fixed above the Order-Disorder Transition. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:1114-1120. [PMID: 29104928 PMCID: PMC5658760 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A lamellar diblock polymer combining a cross-linkable segment with a chemically etchable segment was cross-linked above its order-disorder temperature (TODT) to kinetically trap the morphology associated with the fluctuating disordered state. After removal of the etchable block, evaluation of the resulting porous thermoset allows for an unprecedented experimental characterization of the trapped disordered phase. Through a combination of small-angle X-ray scattering, nitrogen sorption, scanning electron microscopy, and electron tomography experiments we demonstrate that the nanoporous structure exhibits a narrow pore size distribution and a high surface to volume ratio and is bicontinuous over a large sample area. Together with the processability of the polymeric starting material, the proposed system combines attractive attributes for many advanced applications. In particular, it was used to design new composite membranes for the ultrafiltration of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vidil
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Nicholas Hampu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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19
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Ko HW, Higuchi T, Chang CW, Cheng MH, Isono K, Chi MH, Jinnai H, Chen JT. Controlled self-assemblies of polystyrene-block-polydimethylsiloxane micelles in cylindrical confinement through a micelle solution wetting method and Rayleigh-instability-driven transformation. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:5428-5436. [PMID: 28702567 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymer micelles have been extensively discussed for many decades because of their applications, such as lithography and drug delivery. However, controlling the morphologies of nanostructure assembly using block copolymer micelles as building elements remains a great challenge. In this work, we developed a novel route to induce micelle assembly in confined geometries. Polystyrene-block-polydimethylsiloxane (PS-b-PDMS) micelle solutions were used to prepare micelle nanostructures, and the critical parameters affecting the morphologies were determined. Micelle nanorods, micelle nanospheres, and multi-component nanopeapods were prepared by wetting anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates with micelle solutions. Rayleigh-instability-driven transformation was discovered to play an important role in controlling the morphologies of the micelle nanostructures. This study not only proposes a versatile approach to preparing block copolymer micelle nanostructures, but it also provides deeper insight into the controlling factors of block copolymer micelle morphologies in cylindrical confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Wen Ko
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan.
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20
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Gao S, Wang P, Zhang F, Martinez GT, Nellist PD, Pan X, Kirkland AI. Electron ptychographic microscopy for three-dimensional imaging. Nat Commun 2017; 8:163. [PMID: 28761117 PMCID: PMC5537274 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowing the three-dimensional structural information of materials at the nanometer scale is essential to understanding complex material properties. Electron tomography retrieves three-dimensional structural information using a tilt series of two-dimensional images. In this paper, we report an alternative combination of electron ptychography with the inverse multislice method. We demonstrate depth sectioning of a nanostructured material into slices with 0.34 nm lateral resolution and with a corresponding depth resolution of about 24-30 nm. This three-dimensional imaging method has potential applications for the three-dimensional structure determination of a range of objects, ranging from inorganic nanostructures to biological macromolecules.Three-dimensional ptychographic imaging with electrons has remained a challenge because, unlike X-rays, electrons are easily scattered by atoms. Here, Gao et al. extend multi-slice methods to electrons in the multiple scattering regime, paving the way to nanometer-scale 3D structure determination with electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Gao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and Center for the Microstructures of Quantum Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and Center for the Microstructures of Quantum Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China. .,Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fucai Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China. .,London Centre for Nanotechnology, London, WC1H 0AH, UK. .,Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Oxford Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK.
| | - Gerardo T Martinez
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Peter D Nellist
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and Center for the Microstructures of Quantum Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Califnornia, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Angus I Kirkland
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK.,Electron Physical Sciences Imaging Centre, Diamond Lightsource, Diamond House, Oxfordshire, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
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21
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Jinnai H, Higuchi T, Zhuge X, Kumamoto A, Batenburg KJ, Ikuhara Y. Three-Dimensional Visualization and Characterization of Polymeric Self-Assemblies by Transmission Electron Microtomography. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:1293-1302. [PMID: 28525260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembling structures and their dynamical processes in polymeric systems have been investigated using three-dimensional transmission electron microscopy (3D-TEM). Block copolymers (BCPs) self-assemble into nanoscale periodic structures called microphase-separated structures, a deep understanding of which is important for creating nanomaterials with superior physical properties, such as high-performance membranes with well-defined pore size and high-density data storage media. Because microphase-separated structures have become increasingly complicated with advances in precision polymerization, characterizing these complex morphologies is becoming increasingly difficult. Thus, microscopes capable of obtaining 3D images are required. In this article, we demonstrate that 3D-TEM is an essential tool for studying BCP nanostructures, especially those self-assembled during dynamical processes and under confined conditions. The first example is a dynamical process called order-order transitions (OOTs). Upon changing temperature or pressure or applying an external field, such as a shear flow or electric field, BCP nanostructures transform from one type of structure to another. The OOTs are examined by freezing the specimens in the middle of the OOT and then observing the boundary structures between the preexisting and newly formed nanostructures in three-dimensions. In an OOT between the bicontinuous double gyroid and hexagonally packed cylindrical structures, two different types of epitaxial phase transition paths are found. Interestingly, the paths depend on the direction of the OOT. The second example is BCP self-assemblies under confinement that have been examined by 3D-TEM. A variety of intriguing and very complicated 3D morphologies can be formed even from the BCPs that self-assemble into simple nanostructures, such as lamellar and cylindrical structures in the bulk (in free space). Although 3D-TEM is becoming more frequently used for detailed morphological investigations, it is generally used to study static nanostructures. Although OOTs are dynamical processes, the actual experiment is done in the static state, through a detailed morphological study of a snapshot taken during the OOT. Developing time-dependent nanoscale 3D imaging has become a hot topic. Here, the two main problems preventing the development of in situ electron tomography for polymer materials are addressed. First, the staining protocol often used to enhance contrast for electrons is replaced by a new contrast enhancement based on chemical differences between polymers. In this case, no staining is necessary. Second, a new 3D reconstruction algorithm allows us to obtain a high-contrast, quantitative 3D image from fewer projections than is required for the conventional algorithm to achieve similar contrast, reducing the number of projections and thus the electron beam dose. Combining these two new developments is expected to open new doors to 3D in situ real-time structural observation of polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Jinnai
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1
Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takeshi Higuchi
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1
Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Xiaodong Zhuge
- Centrum Wiskunde and Informatica, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - Akihito Kumamoto
- Institute
of Engineering Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kees Joost Batenburg
- Centrum Wiskunde and Informatica, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
- Mathematical
Institute, Leiden University, RA Leiden 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Yuichi Ikuhara
- Institute
of Engineering Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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22
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Iturrondobeitia M, Guraya T, Okariz A, Srot V, van Aken PA, Ibarretxe J. Quantitative electron tomography of PLA/clay nanocomposites to understand the effect of the clays in the thermal stability. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maider Iturrondobeitia
- eMERG, Technical Drawing and Engineering Projects, Applied Physics I, Mining and Metallurgy Engineering and Material Science, University of the Basque Country; Rafael Moreno Pitxitxi street 2 and 3 Bilbao 48013 Spain
| | - Teresa Guraya
- eMERG, Technical Drawing and Engineering Projects, Applied Physics I, Mining and Metallurgy Engineering and Material Science, University of the Basque Country; Rafael Moreno Pitxitxi street 2 and 3 Bilbao 48013 Spain
| | - Ana Okariz
- eMERG, Technical Drawing and Engineering Projects, Applied Physics I, Mining and Metallurgy Engineering and Material Science, University of the Basque Country; Rafael Moreno Pitxitxi street 2 and 3 Bilbao 48013 Spain
| | - Vesna Srot
- StEM, Stuttgart Center for Electron Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research; Heisenbergstr. 1 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Peter A. van Aken
- StEM, Stuttgart Center for Electron Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research; Heisenbergstr. 1 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Julen Ibarretxe
- eMERG, Technical Drawing and Engineering Projects, Applied Physics I, Mining and Metallurgy Engineering and Material Science, University of the Basque Country; Rafael Moreno Pitxitxi street 2 and 3 Bilbao 48013 Spain
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23
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Avalos E, Higuchi T, Teramoto T, Yabu H, Nishiura Y. Frustrated phases under three-dimensional confinement simulated by a set of coupled Cahn-Hilliard equations. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:5905-5914. [PMID: 27337660 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00429f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We numerically study a set of coupled Cahn-Hilliard equations as a means to find morphologies of diblock copolymers in three-dimensional spherical confinement. This approach allows us to find a variety of energy minimizers including rings, tennis balls, Janus balls and multipods among several others. Phase diagrams of confined morphologies are presented. We modify the size of the interface between microphases to control the number of holes in multipod morphologies. Comparison to experimental observation by transmission electron microtomography of multipods in polystyrene-polyisoprene diblock copolymers is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Avalos
- WPI-Research Center, Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takeshi Higuchi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Teramoto
- Department of Mathematics, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1, Midorigaoka-higashi, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yabu
- WPI-Research Center, Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Nishiura
- WPI-Research Center, Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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24
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Higuchi T, Pinna M, Zvelindovsky AV, Jinnai H, Yabu H. Multipod structures of lamellae-forming diblock copolymers in three-dimensional confinement spaces: Experimental observation and computer simulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Higuchi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University; 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-Ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Marco Pinna
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool; Lincoln LN6 7TS United Kingdom
| | - Andrei V. Zvelindovsky
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool; Lincoln LN6 7TS United Kingdom
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University; 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-Ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yabu
- Research Division Gobancho Building 5F, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency; 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo 102-0076 Japan
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), Tohoku University; 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-Ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
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25
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Saito Y, Higuchi T, Jinnai H, Hara M, Nagano S, Matsuo Y, Yabu H. Silver Nanoparticle Arrays Prepared by In Situ Automatic Reduction of Silver Ions in Mussel-Inspired Block Copolymer Films. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Saito
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM); Tohoku University; 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-Ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Takeshi Higuchi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM); Tohoku University; 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-Ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM); Tohoku University; 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-Ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Mitsuo Hara
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furocho, Chikusa-Ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Shusaku Nagano
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furocho, Chikusa-Ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- The Nagoya University Venture Business Laboratory; Nagoya University; Furocho, Chikusa-Ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Yasutaka Matsuo
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES); Hokkaido University; N21W10 Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yabu
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM); Tohoku University; 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-Ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO); Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); 4-1-8 Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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26
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Migunov V, Ryll H, Zhuge X, Simson M, Strüder L, Batenburg KJ, Houben L, Dunin-Borkowski RE. Rapid low dose electron tomography using a direct electron detection camera. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14516. [PMID: 26434767 PMCID: PMC4592966 DOI: 10.1038/srep14516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the ability to record a tomographic tilt series containing 3487 images in only 3.5 s by using a direct electron detector in a transmission electron microscope. The electron dose is lower by at least one order of magnitude when compared with that used to record a conventional tilt series of fewer than 100 images in 15-60 minutes and the overall signal-to-noise ratio is greater than 4. Our results, which are illustrated for an inorganic nanotube, are important for ultra-low-dose electron tomography of electron-beam-sensitive specimens and real-time dynamic electron tomography of nanoscale objects with sub-ms temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Migunov
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Henning Ryll
- PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 München, Germany
| | - Xiaodong Zhuge
- Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, P.O. Box 94079, NL-1090 GB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Simson
- PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 München, Germany
| | - Lothar Strüder
- PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 München, Germany
- University of Siegen, Walter Flex Str. 3, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - K. Joost Batenburg
- Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, P.O. Box 94079, NL-1090 GB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, The Netherlands
- iMinds-Vision Lab, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lothar Houben
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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27
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Natarajan B, Lachman N, Lam T, Jacobs D, Long C, Zhao M, Wardle BL, Sharma R, Liddle JA. The Evolution of Carbon Nanotube Network Structure in Unidirectional Nanocomposites Resolved by Quantitative Electron Tomography. ACS NANO 2015; 9:6050-6058. [PMID: 26030266 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced polymers are next-generation, high-performance, multifunctional materials with a wide array of promising applications. The successful introduction of such materials is hampered by the lack of a quantitative understanding of process-structure-property relationships. These relationships can be developed only through the detailed characterization of the nanoscale reinforcement morphology within the embedding medium. Here, we reveal the three-dimensional (3D) nanoscale morphology of high volume fraction (V(f)) aligned CNT/epoxy-matrix nanocomposites using energy-filtered electron tomography. We present an automated phase-identification method for fast, accurate, representative rendering of the CNT spatial arrangement in these low-contrast bimaterial systems. The resulting nanometer-scale visualizations provide quantitative information on the evolution of CNT morphology and dispersion state with increasing V(f), including network structure, CNT alignment, bundling and waviness. The CNTs are observed to exhibit a nonlinear increase in bundling and alignment and a decrease in waviness as a function of increasing V(f). Our findings explain previously observed discrepancies between the modeled and measured trends in bulk mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. The techniques we have developed for morphological quantitation are applicable to many low-contrast material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Natarajan
- †Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- §Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Noa Lachman
- ‡Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Thomas Lam
- †Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Douglas Jacobs
- ∥Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christian Long
- †Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- §Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Minhua Zhao
- †Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Brian L Wardle
- ‡Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Renu Sharma
- †Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - J Alexander Liddle
- †Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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28
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Segal-Peretz T, Winterstein J, Doxastakis M, Ramírez-Hernández A, Biswas M, Ren J, Suh HS, Darling SB, Liddle JA, Elam JW, de Pablo JJ, Zaluzec NJ, Nealey PF. Characterizing the Three-Dimensional Structure of Block Copolymers via Sequential Infiltration Synthesis and Scanning Transmission Electron Tomography. ACS NANO 2015; 9:5333-47. [PMID: 25919347 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling the three-dimensional structure of block copolymer (BCP) thin films is critical for utilizing these materials for sub-20 nm nanopatterning in semiconductor devices, as well as in membranes and solar cell applications. Combining an atomic layer deposition (ALD)-based technique for enhancing the contrast of BCPs in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) together with scanning TEM (STEM) tomography reveals and characterizes the three-dimensional structures of poly(styrene-block-methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) thin films with great clarity. Sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS), a block-selective technique for growing inorganic materials in BCPs films in an ALD tool and an emerging technique for enhancing the etch contrast of BCPs, was harnessed to significantly enhance the high-angle scattering from the polar domains of BCP films in the TEM. The power of combining SIS and STEM tomography for three-dimensional (3D) characterization of BCP films was demonstrated with the following cases: self-assembled cylindrical, lamellar, and spherical PS-b-PMMA thin films. In all cases, STEM tomography has revealed 3D structures that were hidden underneath the surface, including (1) the 3D structure of defects in cylindrical and lamellar phases, (2) the nonperpendicular 3D surface of grain boundaries in the cylindrical phase, and (3) the 3D arrangement of spheres in body-centered-cubic (BCC) and hexagonal-closed-pack (HCP) morphologies in the spherical phase. The 3D data of the spherical morphologies was compared to coarse-grained simulations and assisted in validating the simulations' parameters. STEM tomography of SIS-treated BCP films enables the characterization of the exact structure used for pattern transfer and can lead to a better understating of the physics that is utilized in BCP lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Segal-Peretz
- †Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5747 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jonathan Winterstein
- §Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Manolis Doxastakis
- †Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5747 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Abelardo Ramírez-Hernández
- †Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5747 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | | | - Jiaxing Ren
- †Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5747 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Hyo Seon Suh
- †Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5747 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Seth B Darling
- †Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5747 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - J Alexander Liddle
- §Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | | | - Juan J de Pablo
- †Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5747 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | | | - Paul F Nealey
- †Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5747 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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29
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Segal-Peretz T, Winterstein J, Ren J, Biswas M, Liddle JA, Elam JW, Zaluzec N, Nealey PF. Metrology of DSA process using TEM tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1117/12.2085577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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30
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Mineart KP, Jiang X, Jinnai H, Takahara A, Spontak RJ. Morphological investigation of midblock-sulfonated block ionomers prepared from solvents differing in polarity. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 36:432-8. [PMID: 25537368 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments regarding charged multiblock copolymers that can form physical networks and exhibit robust mechanical properties herald new and exciting opportunities for contemporary technologies requiring amphiphilic attributes. Due to the presence of strong interactions, however, control over the phase behavior of such materials remains challenging, especially since their morphologies can be solvent-templated. In this study, transmission electron microscopy and microtomography are employed to examine the morphological characteristics of midblock-sulfonated pentablock ionomers prepared from solvents differing in polarity. Resultant images confirm that discrete, spherical ion-rich microdomains form in films cast from a relatively nonpolar solvent, whereas an apparently mixed morphology with a continuous ion-rich pathway is generated when the casting solvent is more highly polar. Detailed 3D analysis of the morphological characteristics confirms the coexistence of hexagonally-packed nonpolar cylinders and lamellae, which facilitates the diffusion of ions and/or other polar species through the nanostructured medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth P Mineart
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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31
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Jung J, Lee J, Park HW, Chang T, Sugimori H, Jinnai H. Epitaxial Phase Transition between Double Gyroid and Cylinder Phase in Diblock Copolymer Thin Film. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jueun Jung
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Junyoung Lee
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Hae-Woong Park
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Hidekazu Sugimori
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science
and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science
and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), CE80, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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32
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Chen D, Goris B, Bleichrodt F, Mezerji HH, Bals S, Batenburg KJ, de With G, Friedrich H. The properties of SIRT, TVM, and DART for 3D imaging of tubular domains in nanocomposite thin-films and sections. Ultramicroscopy 2014; 147:137-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Drummy LF. Electron microscopy of organic–inorganic interfaces: Advantages of low voltage. Ultramicroscopy 2014; 145:74-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Yabu H, Higuchi T, Jinnai H. Frustrated phases: polymeric self-assemblies in a 3D confinement. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:2919-2931. [PMID: 24695767 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52821a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews recent progress concerning polymeric self-assemblies in confined spaces, including phase-separated structures of polymer blends and block copolymers. Although a wide variety of polymer self-assemblies have been studied in terms of conventional parameters, such as blend ratio, interaction of constituent polymers, block ratio, and molecular weight, a series of unique structures appear when the systems are self-assembled under confined conditions. Due to the limited space for phase separation, the polymers in the confinement are frustrated, and the resulting morphologies are distinctly different from those formed in free space. We give an overview of experimental and theoretical studies of the frustrated morphologies. We begin by defining confinement with respect to dimensionality and surface properties, and then introduce methods for producing various shapes and sizes of three-dimensional confinement. Finally, we present morphological and application-oriented studies and discuss the prospects for this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yabu
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.
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35
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Kim JH, Kim M, Jinnai H, Shin TJ, Kim H, Park JH, Jo SB, Cho K. Organic solar cells based on three-dimensionally percolated polythiophene nanowires with enhanced charge transport. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:5640-5650. [PMID: 24666036 DOI: 10.1021/am501358k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The influence of micrometer-scale poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) nanowires (NWs) and P3HT nanocrystals (NCs) on the photocurrent generation in photoactive layers having various thickness values was investigated. Self-organizing P3HT NWs were fabricated using a marginal solvent. Transmission electron microtomography was used to characterize the vertical and horizontal crystalline morphologies of the NWs and their intergrain percolation networks in the active layers. The interpenetrating P3HT NWs promoted charge transport, as demonstrated by the enhanced percolation probability and the reduction in bimolecular recombination. The photovoltaic performances were enhanced as the photoactive layer thickness increased because internal quantum efficiencies of the solar devices prepared with active layers having NWs were maintained with varying thicknesses, suggesting that the conversion of absorbed photons into a photocurrent proceeded efficiently. By contrast, the photovoltaic performances of an NC-only photoactive layer were reduced by the increase in thickness due to its poorly developed percolation pathways. The incorporation of P3HT NWs into the P3HT:indene-C60 bisadduct photoactive layers yielded a device power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.42%, and the photocurrent did not decrease significantly up to a thickness of 600 nm, resulting in a PCE of 3.75%, 70% of the maximum PCE of 5.42%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 790-784, Korea
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36
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Dalmas F, Genevaz N, Roth M, Jestin J, Leroy E. 3D Dispersion of Spherical Silica Nanoparticles in Polymer Nanocomposites: A Quantitative Study by Electron Tomography. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500075s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Dalmas
- ICMPE (Institut
de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est), UMR 7182, CNRS/Université Paris-Est Créteil, 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Nicolas Genevaz
- LLB (Laboratoire Léon Brillouin), CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - Matthias Roth
- ICMPE (Institut
de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est), UMR 7182, CNRS/Université Paris-Est Créteil, 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Jacques Jestin
- LLB (Laboratoire Léon Brillouin), CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - Eric Leroy
- ICMPE (Institut
de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est), UMR 7182, CNRS/Université Paris-Est Créteil, 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
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37
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Wolf D, Lubk A, Lichte H. Weighted simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique for single-axis tomography. Ultramicroscopy 2013; 136:15-25. [PMID: 24008024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tomographic techniques play a crucial role in imaging methods such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) due to their unique capabilities to reconstruct three-dimensional object information. However, the accuracy of the two standard tomographic reconstruction techniques, the weighted back-projection (W-BP) and the simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT) is reduced under common experimental restrictions, such as limited tilt range or noise. We demonstrate that the combination of W-BP and SIRT leads to an improved tomographic reconstruction technique: the weighted SIRT. Convergence, resolution and reconstruction error of the W-SIRT are analyzed by a detailed analytical, numerical, and experimental comparison with established methods. Our reconstruction technique is not restricted to TEM tomography but can be applied to all problems sharing single axis imaging geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wolf
- Triebenberg Laboratory, Institute of Structure Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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38
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Yabu H, Kanahara M, Shimomura M, Arita T, Harano K, Nakamura E, Higuchi T, Jinnai H. Polymer Janus particles containing block-copolymer stabilized magnetic nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:3262-3266. [PMID: 23480421 DOI: 10.1021/am4003149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we show a simple route to fabricate Janus particles having magnetic nanoparticles inside them, which can respond and rotate along to magnetic fields. By solvent evaporation from the tetrahydrofran solution of polymer stabilized γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, polystyrene (PS), and polyisoprene containing water, aqueous dispersion of Janus microparticles were successfully prepared, and the γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were selectively introduced into the PS phase. We demonstrate rotation and accumulation of Janus particles by using a neodymium magnet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yabu
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Sendai, Japan.
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39
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Liu P, White KL, Sugiyama H, Xi J, Higuchi T, Hoshino T, Ishige R, Jinnai H, Takahara A, Sue HJ. Influence of Trace Amount of Well-Dispersed Carbon Nanotubes on Structural Development and Tensile Properties of Polypropylene. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Polymer Technology Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kevin L. White
- Polymer Technology Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | | | - Jiang Xi
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry
and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka,
Japan
| | - Takeshi Higuchi
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry
and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka,
Japan
| | - Taiki Hoshino
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry
and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka,
Japan
| | - Ryohei Ishige
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry
and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka,
Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry
and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka,
Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahara
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry
and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka,
Japan
| | - Hung-Jue Sue
- Polymer Technology Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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40
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Allen FI, Ercius P, Modestino MA, Segalman RA, Balsara NP, Minor AM. Deciphering the three-dimensional morphology of free-standing block copolymer thin films by transmission electron microscopy. Micron 2013; 44:442-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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41
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Liu X, Sun Y, Perez LA, Wen W, Toney MF, Heeger AJ, Bazan GC. Narrow-Band-Gap Conjugated Chromophores with Extended Molecular Lengths. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:20609-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ja310483w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael F. Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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42
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Jinnai H, Tsuchiya T, Motoki S, Kaneko T, Higuchi T, Takahara A. Transmission electron microtomography in soft materials. Microscopy (Oxf) 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfs070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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43
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Visualization of nanoscale deformation in polymer composites with zernike-type phase-contrast X-ray microscopy and the finite element method. Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2012.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Schacher FH, Sugimori H, Hong S, Jinnai H, Müller AHE. Tetragonally Perforated Lamellae of Polybutadiene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine)-block-poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) (BVT) Triblock Terpolymers in the Bulk: Preparation, Cross-Linking, and Dissolution. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3012398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix H. Schacher
- Institut für
Organische
Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter
(JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Hidekazu Sugimori
- Department of Macromolecular Science
and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Song Hong
- Japan Science and Technology
Agency (JST), ERATO, Takahara Soft Interfaces Project and Institute
for Materials Chemistry, International Institute for Carbon Neutral
Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER) and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395,
Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Japan Science and Technology
Agency (JST), ERATO, Takahara Soft Interfaces Project and Institute
for Materials Chemistry, International Institute for Carbon Neutral
Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER) and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395,
Japan
| | - Axel H. E. Müller
- Makromolekulare Chemie
II und
Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse
30, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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45
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Lu K, van Duin M, Loos J, de With G. On the volume organisation of thermoplastic vulcanisates (TPVs) as revealed by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) tomography. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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Niikura K, Iyo N, Higuchi T, Nishio T, Jinnai H, Fujitani N, Ijiro K. Gold Nanoparticles Coated with Semi-Fluorinated Oligo(ethylene glycol) Produce Sub-100 nm Nanoparticle Vesicles without Templates. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:7632-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja302122w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Niikura
- Research Institute
for Electronic
Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, Kita
21, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Naoki Iyo
- Graduate School of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takeshi Higuchi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry
and Engineering (IMCE) and Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST),
ERATO, Takahara Soft Interfaces Project, CE 80, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395,
Japan
| | - Takashi Nishio
- Graduate School of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Institute for Materials Chemistry
and Engineering (IMCE) and Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST),
ERATO, Takahara Soft Interfaces Project, CE 80, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395,
Japan
| | - Naoki Fujitani
- Graduate School of
Advanced
Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and
Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo,
Japan
| | - Kuniharu Ijiro
- Research Institute
for Electronic
Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, Kita
21, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Sanban-cho 5, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
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47
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Hong S, Higuchi T, Sugimori H, Kaneko T, Abetz V, Takahara A, Jinnai H. Highly oriented and ordered double-helical morphology in ABC triblock terpolymer films up to micrometer thickness by solvent evaporation. Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2012.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Wang X, Lockwood R, Vick D, Li P, Meldrum A, Malac M. A convenient method for electron tomography sample preparation using a focused ion beam. Microsc Res Tech 2012; 75:1165-9. [PMID: 22461153 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a new sample preparation method for three-dimensional electron tomography. The method uses the standard film deposition and focused ion beam (FIB) methods to significantly reduce the problems arising from the projected sample thickness at high tilt angles. The method can be used to prepare tomography samples that can be imaged up to a ±75° tilt range which is sufficient for many practical applications. The method can minimize the problem of Ga⁺ contamination, as compared to the case of FIB preparation of rod-shaped samples, and provides extended thin regions for standard 2D projection analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongyao Wang
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, Edmonton, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Canada
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49
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Yabu H. Creation of Functional and Structured Polymer Particles by Self-Organized Precipitation (SORP). BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20110197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yabu
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
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50
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Reconstruction and visualization of nanoparticle composites by transmission electron tomography. Ultramicroscopy 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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