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Tan MY, Safanama D, Goh SS, Lim JYC, Lee CH, Yeo JCC, Thitsartarn W, Srinivasan M, Fam DWH. Concepts and Emerging Trends for Structural Battery Electrolytes. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200784. [PMID: 36136058 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The structural battery is a multifunctional energy storage device that aims to address the weight and volume efficiency issues that conventional batteries face, especially in electric transportation. By combining the functions of mechanical load bearing and energy storage, structural batteries can reduce the reliance on, or even eventually replace the main power source in an electric vehicle or a drone. However, one of the key challenges to be addressed before achieving multifunctionality in structural batteries would be the design of a suitable multifunctional structural battery electrolyte. The structural battery electrolyte is the constituent that provides mechanical integrity under flexural loads or impact and hence determines the electrochemical and much of the mechanical performance of a structural battery device. This concept paper aims to cover the key considerations and challenges facing the design of structural battery electrolytes. In addition, the main approaches to surmount these challenges are highlighted, keeping design aspects like sustainability and recyclability in view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Dorsasadat Safanama
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Shermin S Goh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jason Y C Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Chih-Hung Lee
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jayven Chee Chuan Yeo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Warintorn Thitsartarn
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Madhavi Srinivasan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Derrick Wen Hui Fam
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.,College of Design and Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #07-08, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
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2
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Mapleback B, Dao V, Webb L, Rider A. Composite Structural Supercapacitors: High-Performance Carbon Nanotube Supercapacitors through Ionic Liquid Localisation. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152558. [PMID: 35893526 PMCID: PMC9330893 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Composite structural supercapacitors (SSC) are an attractive technology for aerospace vehicles; however, maintaining strength whilst adding energy storage to composite structures has been difficult. Here, SSCs were manufactured using aerospace-grade composite materials and CNT mat electrodes. A new design methodology was explored where the supercapacitor electrolyte was localised within the composite structure, achieving good electrochemical performance within the active region, whilst maintaining excellent mechanical performance elsewhere. The morphologies of these localised SSC designs were characterised with synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy and synchrotron X-ray micro-computed tomography and could be directly correlated with both electrochemical and mechanical performance. One configuration used an ionogel with an ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte, which assisted localisation and achieved 2640 mW h kg−1 at 8.37 W kg−1 with a corresponding short beam shear (SBS) strength of 71.5 MPa in the active area. A separate configuration with only IL electrolyte achieved 758 mW h kg−1 at 7.87 W kg−1 with SBS strength of 106 MPa in the active area. Both configurations provide a combined energy and strength superior to results previously reported in the literature for composite SSCs.
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3
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Structural Batteries for Aeronautic Applications—State of the Art, Research Gaps and Technology Development Needs. AEROSPACE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/aerospace9010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Radical innovations for all aircraft systems and subsystems are needed for realizing future carbon-neutral aircraft, with hybrid-electric aircraft due to be delivered after 2035, initially in the regional aircraft segment of the industry. Electrical energy storage is one key element here, demanding safe, energy-dense, lightweight technologies. Combining load-bearing with energy storage capabilities to create multifunctional structural batteries is a promising way to minimize the detrimental impact of battery weight on the aircraft. However, despite the various concepts developed in recent years, their viability has been demonstrated mostly at the material or coupon level, leaving many open questions concerning their applicability to structural elements of a relevant size for implementation into the airframe. This review aims at providing an overview of recent approaches for structural batteries, assessing their multifunctional performance, and identifying gaps in technology development toward their introduction for commercial aeronautic applications. The main areas where substantial progress needs to be achieved are materials, for better energy storage capabilities; structural integration and aircraft design, for optimizing the mechanical-electrical performance and lifetime; aeronautically compatible manufacturing techniques; and the testing and monitoring of multifunctional structures. Finally, structural batteries will introduce novel aspects to the certification framework.
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Jadoun S, Rathore DS, Riaz U, Chauhan NPS. Tailoring of conducting polymers via copolymerization – A review. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Danzi F, Salgado RM, Oliveira JE, Arteiro A, Camanho PP, Braga MH. Structural Batteries: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082203. [PMID: 33920481 PMCID: PMC8068925 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural power composites stand out as a possible solution to the demands of the modern transportation system of more efficient and eco-friendly vehicles. Recent studies demonstrated the possibility to realize these components endowing high-performance composites with electrochemical properties. The aim of this paper is to present a systematic review of the recent developments on this more and more sensitive topic. Two main technologies will be covered here: (1) the integration of commercially available lithium-ion batteries in composite structures, and (2) the fabrication of carbon fiber-based multifunctional materials. The latter will be deeply analyzed, describing how the fibers and the polymeric matrices can be synergistically combined with ionic salts and cathodic materials to manufacture monolithic structural batteries. The main challenges faced by these emerging research fields are also addressed. Among them, the maximum allowable curing cycle for the embedded configuration and the realization that highly conductive structural electrolytes for the monolithic solution are noteworthy. This work also shows an overview of the multiphysics material models developed for these studies and provides a clue for a possible alternative configuration based on solid-state electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Danzi
- LAETA, Department of Engineering Physics, Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- INEGI, Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (F.D.); (P.P.C.); (M.H.B.)
| | - Rui Martim Salgado
- DEMec, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Joana Espain Oliveira
- LAETA, Department of Engineering Physics, Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- INEGI, Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Albertino Arteiro
- INEGI, Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- DEMec, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Pedro Ponces Camanho
- INEGI, Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- DEMec, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (F.D.); (P.P.C.); (M.H.B.)
| | - Maria Helena Braga
- LAETA, Department of Engineering Physics, Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- INEGI, Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (F.D.); (P.P.C.); (M.H.B.)
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Patel A, Wilcox K, Li Z, George I, Juneja R, Lollar C, Lazar S, Grunlan J, Tenhaeff WE, Lutkenhaus JL. High Modulus, Thermally Stable, and Self-Extinguishing Aramid Nanofiber Separators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:25756-25766. [PMID: 32369328 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically and thermally robust separators offer an alternative approach for preventing battery failure under extreme conditions such as high loads and temperatures. However, the trade-off between electrochemical performance and mechanical and thermal stability remains an ongoing challenge. Here, we investigate aramid nanofiber (ANF) separators that possess high moduli and self-extinguishing characteristics. The ANF separators are formed from the dissolution of bulk Kevlar fibers and their subsequent vacuum-assisted self-assembly. Thermogravimetric analysis shows a high 5 wt % decomposition temperature of 447 °C, which is over ∼175 °C higher than commercial Celgard separators. The ANF separator also possesses a high Young's modulus of 8.8 GPa, which is ∼1000% higher than commercial separators. Even when dry or when soaked in battery electrolyte, the ANF separators self-extinguish upon exposure to flame, whereas commercial separators melt or drip. We show that these features, although adventitious, present a trade-off with electrochemical performance in which a lithium nickel manganse cobalt (NMC) oxide-based battery possessed a reduced capacity of 123.4 mA h g-1. Considering the separator holistically, we propose that the ANF separator shows an excellent balance of the combined properties of high modulus, flame-resistance, thermal stability, and electrochemical stability and might be suitable for extreme environment applications with further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Patel
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kathryn Wilcox
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Ian George
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Rishabh Juneja
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Christina Lollar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Simone Lazar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jaime Grunlan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Wyatt E Tenhaeff
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Johannisson W, Zenkert D, Lindbergh G. Model of a structural battery and its potential for system level mass savings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ab3bdd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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8
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Grazioli D, Verners O, Zadin V, Brandell D, Simone A. Electrochemical-mechanical modeling of solid polymer electrolytes: Impact of mechanical stresses on Li-ion battery performance. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Kwon SJ, Kim T, Jung BM, Lee SB, Choi UH. Multifunctional Epoxy-Based Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Solid-State Supercapacitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:35108-35117. [PMID: 30230315 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have drawn attention for promising multifunctional electrolytes requiring very good mechanical properties and ionic conductivity. To develop a safe SPE for energy storage applications, mechanically robust cross-linked epoxy matrix is combined with fast ion-diffusing ionic liquid/lithium salt electrolyte (ILE) via a simple one-pot curing process. The epoxy-rich SPEs show higher Young's modulus ( E), with higher glass transition temperature ( Tg) but lower ionic conductivity (σdc) with a higher activation energy, compared to the ILE-rich SPEs. The incorporation of inorganic robust Al2O3 nanowire simultaneously provides excellent mechanical robustness ( E ≈ 1 GPa at 25 °C) and good conductivity (σdc ≈ 2.9 × 10-4 S/cm at 25 °C) to the SPE. This suggests that the SPE has a bicontinuous microphase separation into ILE-rich and epoxy-rich microdomain, where ILE continuous conducting phases are intertwined with a sturdy cross-linked amorphous epoxy framework, supported by the observation of the two Tgs and low tortuosity as well as the microstructural investigation. After assembling the SPE with activated carbon electrodes, we successfully demonstrate the supercapacitor performance, exhibiting high energy and power density (75 W h/kg at 382 W/kg and 9.3 kW/kg at 44 W h/kg). This facile strategy holds tremendous potential to advance multifunctional energy storage technology for next-generation electric vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Jin Kwon
- Functional Composite Department , Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) , Changwon 51508 , Korea
| | - Taehoon Kim
- Functional Composite Department , Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) , Changwon 51508 , Korea
| | - Byung Mun Jung
- Functional Composite Department , Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) , Changwon 51508 , Korea
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Functional Composite Department , Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) , Changwon 51508 , Korea
| | - U Hyeok Choi
- Department of Polymer Engineering , Pukyong National University , Busan 48547 , Korea
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10
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Nirmale TC, Karbhal I, Kalubarme RS, Shelke MV, Varma AJ, Kale BB. Facile Synthesis of Unique Cellulose Triacetate Based Flexible and High Performance Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:34773-34782. [PMID: 28926228 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) with polymer based electrolytes have attracted enormous attention due to the possibility of fabricating intrinsically safer and flexible devices. However, economical and eco-friendly sustainable technology is an oncoming challenge to fulfill the ever increasing demand. To circumvent this issue, we have developed a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) based on renewable polymers like cellulose triacetate and poly(polyethylene glycol methacrylate) p(PEGMA) using a photo polymerization technique. Cellulose triacetate offers good mechanical strength with improved ionic conductivity, owing to its ether and carbonyl functional groups. It is observed that the presence of an open network has a critical impact on lithium ion transport. At room temperature, GPE PC exhibits an optimal ionic conductivity of 1.8 × 10-3 S cm-1 and transference number of 0.7. Interestingly, it affords an excellent electrochemical stability window up to 5.0 V vs Li/Li+. GPE PC shows a discharge capacity of 164 mAhg-1 after the first cycle when evaluated in a Li/GPE/LiFePO4 cell at 0.5 C-rate. Interfacial compatibility of GPE PC with lithium metal improves the overall cycling performance. This system provides a guiding principle toward a future renewable and flexible electrolyte design for flexible LIBs (FLIBs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Trupti C Nirmale
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) , Panchavati, Pune 411008, India
| | - Indrapal Karbhal
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Ramchandra S Kalubarme
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) , Panchavati, Pune 411008, India
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Manjusha V Shelke
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Anjani J Varma
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Haryana , Mahendragarh, Haryana 123031, India
| | - Bharat B Kale
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) , Panchavati, Pune 411008, India
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11
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McLeod KR, Tew GN. Microphase-Separated Thiol–Ene Conetworks from Telechelic Macromonomers with Asymmetric Molecular Weights. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R. McLeod
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Veterinary and Animal
Sciences, and §Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Gregory N. Tew
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Veterinary and Animal
Sciences, and §Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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12
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Mindemark J, Sobkowiak A, Oltean G, Brandell D, Gustafsson T. Mechanical Stabilization of Solid Polymer Electrolytes through Gamma Irradiation. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Ihrner N, Johansson M. Improved performance of solid polymer electrolytes for structural batteries utilizing plasticizing co-solvents. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Ihrner
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Stockholm 100 44 Sweden
| | - Mats Johansson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Stockholm 100 44 Sweden
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15
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Gienger EB, Nguyen PT, Chin W, Behler KD, Snyder JF, Wetzel ED. Microstructure and multifunctional properties of liquid + polymer bicomponent structural electrolytes: Epoxy gels and porous monoliths. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin B. Gienger
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Science Division, Aberdeen Proving GroundMaryland21005
| | - Phuong‐Anh T. Nguyen
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Science Division, Aberdeen Proving GroundMaryland21005
| | - Wai Chin
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Science Division, Aberdeen Proving GroundMaryland21005
| | - Kristopher D. Behler
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Science Division, Aberdeen Proving GroundMaryland21005
| | - James F. Snyder
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Science Division, Aberdeen Proving GroundMaryland21005
| | - Eric D. Wetzel
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Science Division, Aberdeen Proving GroundMaryland21005
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Liu P, Ross R, Newman A. Long-range, low-cost electric vehicles enabled by robust energy storage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1557/mre.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Shirshova N, Qian H, Houllé M, Steinke JHG, Kucernak ARJ, Fontana QPV, Greenhalgh ES, Bismarck A, Shaffer MSP. Multifunctional structural energy storage composite supercapacitors. Faraday Discuss 2014; 172:81-103. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00055b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper addresses the challenge of producing multifunctional composites that can simultaneously carry mechanical loads whilst storing (and delivering) electrical energy. The embodiment is a structural supercapacitor built around laminated structural carbon fibre (CF) fabrics. Each cell consists of two modified structural CF fabric electrodes, separated by a structural glass fibre fabric or polymer membrane, infused with a multifunctional polymeric electrolyte. Rather than using conventional activated carbon fibres, structural carbon fibres were treated to produce a mechanically robust, high surface area material, using a variety of methods, including direct etching, carbon nanotube sizing, and carbon nanotubein situgrowth. One of the most promising approaches is to integrate a porous bicontinuous monolithic carbon aerogel (CAG) throughout the matrix. This nanostructured matrix both provides a dramatic increase in active surface area of the electrodes, and has the potential to address mechanical issues associated with matrix-dominated failures. The effect of the initial reaction mixture composition is assessed for both the CAG modified carbon fibre electrodes and resulting devices. A low temperature CAG modification of carbon fibres was evaluated using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) to enhance the electrochemical performance. For the multifunctional structural electrolyte, simple crosslinked gels have been replaced with bicontinuous structural epoxy–ionic liquid hybrids that offer a much better balance between the conflicting demands of rigidity and molecular motion. The formation of both aerogel precursors and the multifunctional electrolyte are described, including the influence of key components, and the defining characteristics of the products. Working structural supercapacitor composite prototypes have been produced and characterised electrochemically. The effect of introducing the necessary multifunctional resin on the mechanical properties has also been assessed. Larger scale demonstrators have been produced including a full size car boot/trunk lid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Qian
- The Composites Centre
- Imperial College London
- London, UK
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Qian H, Kucernak AR, Greenhalgh ES, Bismarck A, Shaffer MSP. Multifunctional structural supercapacitor composites based on carbon aerogel modified high performance carbon fiber fabric. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:6113-6122. [PMID: 23668320 DOI: 10.1021/am400947j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel multifunctional material has been designed to provide excellent mechanical properties while possessing a high electrochemical surface area suitable for electrochemical energy storage: structural carbon fiber fabrics are embedded in a continuous network of carbon aerogel (CAG) to form a coherent but porous monolith. The CAG-modification process was found to be scalable and to be compatible with a range of carbon fiber fabrics with different surface properties. The incorporation of CAG significantly increased the surface area of carbon fiber fabrics, and hence the electrochemical performance, by around 100-fold, resulting in a CAG-normalized specific electrode capacitance of around 62 F g(-1), determined by cyclic voltammetry in an aqueous electrolyte. Using an ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte, the estimated energy density increased from 0.003 to 1 Wh kg(-1), after introducing the CAG into the carbon fiber fabric. 'Proof-of-concept' multifunctional structural supercapacitor devices were fabricated using an IL-modified solid-state polymer electrolyte as a multifunctional matrix to provide both ionic transport and physical support for the primary fibers. Two CAG-impregnated carbon fabrics were sandwiched around an insulating separator to form a functioning structural electrochemical double layer capacitor composite. The CAG-modification not only improved the electrochemical surface area, but also reinforced the polymer matrix surrounding the primary fibers, leading to dramatic improvements in the matrix-dominated composite properties. Increases in in-plane shear strength and modulus, of up to 4.5-fold, were observed, demonstrating that CAG-modified structural carbon fiber fabrics have promise in both pure structural and multifunctional energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qian
- The Composites Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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20
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Willgert M, Kjell MH, Jacques E, Behm M, Lindbergh G, Johansson M. Photoinduced free radical polymerization of thermoset lithium battery electrolytes. Eur Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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