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Schlappa S, Bressel L, Reich O, Münzberg M. Advanced Particle Size Analysis in High-Solid-Content Polymer Dispersions Using Photon Density Wave Spectroscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3181. [PMID: 37571075 PMCID: PMC10421201 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High-solid-content polystyrene and polyvinyl acetate dispersions of polymer particles with a 50 nm to 500 nm mean particle diameter and 12-55% (w/w) solid content have been produced via emulsion polymerization and characterized regarding their optical and physical properties. Both systems have been analyzed with common particle-size-measuring techniques like dynamic light scattering (DLS) and static light scattering (SLS) and compared to inline particle size distribution (PSD) measurements via photon density wave (PDW) spectroscopy in undiluted samples. It is shown that particle size measurements of undiluted polystyrene dispersions are in good agreement between analysis methods. However, for polyvinyl acetate particles, size determination is challenging due to bound water in the produced polymer. For the first time, water-swelling factors were determined via an iterative approach of PDW spectroscopy error (Χ2) minimization. It is shown that water-swollen particles can be analyzed in high-solid-content solutions and their physical properties can be assumed to determine the refractive index, density, and volume fraction in dispersion. It was found that assumed water swelling improved the reduced scattering coefficient fit by PDW spectroscopy by up to ten times and particle size determination was refined and enabled. Particle size analysis of the water-swollen particles agreed well with offline-based state-of-the-art techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Schlappa
- Department of Physical Chemistry, innoFSPEC, University of Potsdam, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (M.M.)
| | - Lena Bressel
- Department of Physical Chemistry, innoFSPEC, University of Potsdam, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (M.M.)
| | - Oliver Reich
- Knowledge and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Science, University of Potsdam, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
| | - Marvin Münzberg
- Department of Physical Chemistry, innoFSPEC, University of Potsdam, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (M.M.)
- Knowledge and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Science, University of Potsdam, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
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2
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Neves JS, Assis PHC, Machado F, D'Agosto F, Lansalot M, McKenna TFL. Bimodal high solids content latices using
RAFT
‐mediated polymerization‐induced self‐assembly and semi‐batch emulsion polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliete S. Neves
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos (LDPQ), Instituto de Química Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro Brasília CEP 70910‐900 Brazil
- Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), UMR 5128 Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918 Villeurbanne F‐69612 France
| | - Paulo H. C. Assis
- Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), UMR 5128 Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918 Villeurbanne F‐69612 France
| | - Fabricio Machado
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos (LDPQ), Instituto de Química Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro Brasília CEP 70910‐900 Brazil
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), UMR 5128 Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918 Villeurbanne F‐69612 France
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), UMR 5128 Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918 Villeurbanne F‐69612 France
| | - Timothy F. L. McKenna
- Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), UMR 5128 Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918 Villeurbanne F‐69612 France
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3
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Cationic CO2-based Waterborne Polyurethane with High Solid Content and Excellent Ageing Resistance. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Zhang W, Wang D, Wang JX, Pu Y, Chen JF. High-gravity-assisted emulsification for continuous preparation of waterborne polyurethane nanodispersion with high solids content. Front Chem Sci Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-019-1895-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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Zhu Z, Zhang C, Gong S. Preparation and Properties of Polyester Modified Waterborne High Hydroxyl Content and High Solid Content Polyacrylate Emulsion. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040636. [PMID: 30965647 PMCID: PMC6523652 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A high hydroxyl content waterborne polyester-acrylate emulsion was successfully synthesized in two steps. Firstly, the carboxyl terminated unsaturated polyester was synthesized, then it was reacted as a monomer with acrylate monomer by emulsion polymerization using the semi-continuous seeded method. The effects of the amount of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), the ratio of polyester/acrylic, the ratio of soft/hard monomer, and the content of chain transfer agent to the properties of the composite emulsion were investigated. Through a variety of tests, both the emulsion and film properties of the composite emulsion were better than polyacrylate emulsion. The introduction of polyester improved the flexibility and impact resistance of hydroxyl acrylate film, and made the modified resin have advantages of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhewen Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.
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6
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Zhang C, Guo M, Fang W, Xu L. Kinetic and particle size studies of emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene with using polyamidoamine dendrimer as seed. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2018.1432288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changhua Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, China
| | - Ming Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, China
| | - Wensheng Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- Ahut Chemical Science & Technology Co., Ltd, Ma'anshan, China
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hexian Development Institute of Chemical Industry, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, China
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7
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Li M, Liu F, Li Y, Qiang X. Synthesis of stable cationic waterborne polyurethane with a high solid content: insight from simulation to experiment. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00647k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We combined micro-simulation and macro-experiments to explore the structure–morphological–property relations of cationic waterborne polyurethanes with a high solid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xihuai Qiang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi'an 710021
- People's Republic of China
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8
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Bao L, Fan H, Chen Y, Yan J, Zhang J, Guo Y. Synthesis of 1,4-Butanediol di(3-Diethylamino-2-Hydroxylpropyl Alcohol) Ether and Cationic Waterborne Polyurethane with High Solids Content. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University); Ministry of Education; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Haojun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University); Ministry of Education; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University); Ministry of Education; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Jun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University); Ministry of Education; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Jiafa Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University); Ministry of Education; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Yuliang Guo
- Guangdong Dymatic Chemicals Incorporated; Shunde 528305 China
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Liang R, Zhang P, Wei C, Li H, Wang Z, Chen X. A novel polymerization method based on pressure drop for monomodal high solid content low viscosity latexes of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate). RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03896d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary nucleation followed by limited flocculation of particles could be caused by pressure drop, further, PSD of latex was optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
- P. R. China
| | - Pengpeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
- P. R. China
| | - Caiqin Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
- P. R. China
| | - Hongsheng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
- P. R. China
| | - Zepeng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for the Petrochemical Resources Processing and Process Intensification Technology of Guangxi
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Ballard N, Urrutia J, Eizagirre S, Schäfer T, Diaconu G, de la Cal JC, Asua JM. Surfactant kinetics and their importance in nucleation events in (mini)emulsion polymerization revealed by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:9053-9062. [PMID: 25033420 DOI: 10.1021/la501028f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are vital components of almost all heterogeneous polymerizations for maintaining colloidal stability, but they also play an important role in the kinetics and mechanism of particle nucleation. Despite many decades of research, the knowledge of adsorption-desorption surfactant kinetics and their application in (mini)emulsion polymerization is largely based on qualitative arguments. In this paper we show that the use of a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring can provide quantitative information on both the adsorption equilibrium of ionic and nonionic surfactants, and also the kinetics of adsorption/desorption, that can be applied to the understanding of nucleation processes in (mini)emulsion polymerization. We show that surfactant dynamics and nucleation phenomena in (mini)emulsion polymerization are not dominated by diffusion phenomena linked to molecular size of surfactant as previously thought but rather are driven by the large differences in the rate of surfactant adsorption and desorption at the polymer-water interface. Finally, we show the application of this knowledge to explain the differences between nucleation processes for ionic and nonionic surfactants in emulsion polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ballard
- POLYMAT and Grupo de Ingeniería Química, Dpto. de Química Aplicada, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Etorbidea 72, 20018, Donostia/San Sebastían, Spain
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12
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Peng S, Jin Y, Sun T, Qi R, Fan B, Cheng X. Synthesis of high solid content waterborne polyurethanes with controllable bimodal particle size distribution. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- ShaoJun Peng
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Physics; Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Science, Center of Polymer Science and Technology; Chengdu 610041 People's Republic of China
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Physics; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University); Ministry of Education; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Tongbing Sun
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Physics; Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Science, Center of Polymer Science and Technology; Chengdu 610041 People's Republic of China
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Physics; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Qi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Physics; Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Science, Center of Polymer Science and Technology; Chengdu 610041 People's Republic of China
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Physics; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - BaoZhu Fan
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Physics; Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Science, Center of Polymer Science and Technology; Chengdu 610041 People's Republic of China
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Physics; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - XinFeng Cheng
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Physics; Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Science, Center of Polymer Science and Technology; Chengdu 610041 People's Republic of China
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Physics; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
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13
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Moraes RP, Hutchinson RA, McKenna TFL. Small-Particle High-Solid-Content Bimodal Latexes: Highly Crosslinked Small Particles as Pseudo-Inert Nanofillers. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201200048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Mariz IDFA, de la Cal JC, Leiza JR. Unimodal Particle Size Distribution Latexes: Effect of Reaction Conditions on Viscosity and Stability at High Solids Content. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Villanova JCO, Ayres E, Reis MO, Oréfice RL. Acrylic polymers derived from high solid emulsions as excipients to pharmaceutical applications: synthesis and characterization. Polym Bull (Berl) 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-011-0583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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