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Yan X, Du M, Li J, Xue Y, Wu Y, Zhang H, Wang X, Xu D. A theoretical study of the mechanism of cationic polymerization of isobutylene catalysed by EtAlCl 2/ t-BuCl with bis(2-chloroethyl)ether in hexanes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6763-6773. [PMID: 38323624 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05337g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism of cationic polymerization of isobutylene catalyzed by t-BuCl/ethylaluminum dichloride (EADC) combined with bis(2-chloroethyl)ether (CEE) in n-hexane solvent has been investigated using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) and metadynamics (MTD) simulations. The results indicated that the polyisobutylene (PIB) initiation stage involves a clear two-step mechanism. Calculation of the free energy landscapes of the other two ether reactions reveals that the energy barriers of diisopropyl ether (i-Pr2O) and 2-chloroethyl ethyl ether (CEEE) are much higher than those of CEE, which is consistent with the experimental results. During the chain propagation phase, the required free energy barrier gradually decreases and tends to reach equilibrium as the chain length increases. Finally, the oxonium mechanism during the chain initiation stage was investigated by calculating the 1H NMR spectra and MTD simulation. Our calculations can confirm that the existence of tert-butyloxonium ions during the reaction is possible. Their contribution to the whole reaction is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Yan
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Meng Du
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Jiwei Li
- Chengdu Migersi Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610219, P. R. China
| | - Ying Xue
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Yibo Wu
- The College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Lab of Special Elastomer Composite Materials, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Chengdu Migersi Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610219, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Dingguo Xu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China.
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2
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Nifant’ev IE, Korchagina SA, Chinova MS, Tavtorkin AN. Polyisobutylenes with Controlled Molecular Weight and Chain-End Structure: Synthesis and Actual Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3415. [PMID: 37631472 PMCID: PMC10460079 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymerization of isobutylene allows us to obtain a wide spectrum of polyisobutylenes (PIBs) which differ in their molecular weight characteristics and the chemical structure of chain-end groups. The bulk of the PIBs manufactured worldwide are highly reactive polyisobutylenes (HRPIBs) with -C(Me)=CH2 end-groups and low-molecular weights (Mn < 5 kDa). HRPIBs are feedstocks that are in high demand in the manufacturing of additives for fuels and oils, adhesives, detergents, and other fine chemicals. In addition, HRPIBs and CMe2Cl-terminated PIBs are intensively studied with the aim of finding biomedical applications and for the purpose of developing new materials. Both chain control (molecular weight and dispersity) and chemoselectivity (formation of exo-olefinic or -CMe2Cl groups) should be achieved during polymerization. This review highlights the fundamental issues in the mechanisms of isobutylene polymerization and PIB analysis, examines actual catalytic approaches to PIBs, and describes recent studies on the functionalization and applications of HRPIBs and halogen-terminated PIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E. Nifant’ev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.K.); (M.S.C.); (A.N.T.)
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3
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Lewis SP, Damodaran K. Highly
exo
‐olefinic polyisobutene synthesized using a recyclable acid. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stewart P. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry Pyramid Polymers LLC Zanesville Ohio USA
| | - Krishnan Damodaran
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
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4
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Yousefi S, Bahri-Laleh N, Nekoomanesh M, Emami M, Sadjadi S, Amin Mirmohammadi S, Tomasini M, Bardají E, Poater A. An efficient initiator system containing AlCl3 and supported ionic-liquid for the synthesis of conventional grade polyisobutylene in mild conditions. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Cai L, Wang QY, Liu XL, Cui DM. Phenols/Al(C6F5)3 Initiation Systems for Cationic Polymerizations of Isobutylene. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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Synthesis of high molecular weight polyisobutylene with Al(C6F5)3-based initiating systems under mild conditions. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Abstract
Polyisobutylenes (PIB) constitute a versatile family of polymer materials that have been used mainly as fuel and lubricant additives. Particularly, the current commercial demand for highly reactive polyisobutylene (HR-PIB) products motivates the development of new processes and procedures to produce PIBs with high polymer yields, narrow molar mass distributions and high vinyl contents. For this reason, a bibliometric survey is presented here to map and discuss important technical aspects and technological trends in the field of solution cationic polymerization of isobutylenes. It is shown that investigations in this field are concentrated mainly on developed countries and that industrial initiatives indicate high commercial interest and significant investments in the field. It is also shown that use of catalyst systems based on AlCl3 and ether cocatalysts can be very beneficial for PIB and HR-PIB manufacture. Finally, it is shown that investigations search for cheaper and environmentally friendly catalysts and solvents that can be employed at moderate temperatures, particularly for the production of HR-PIB.
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8
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Vasilenko IV, Kostjuk SV. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for the synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene: discovery, development and perspectives. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2021.1956332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Vasilenko
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sergei V. Kostjuk
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Yang K, Liu Q, Wen S, Zhuang T. Synthesis of branched polyisobutylenes via cationic copolymerization of
p
‐chloromethylstyrene
and isobutylene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics of Ministry of Education Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics of Ministry of Education Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Shuai Wen
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics of Ministry of Education Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Tao Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics of Ministry of Education Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
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10
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Berezianko IA, Nikishau PA, Vasilenko IV, Kostjuk SV. Liquid coordination complexes as a new class of catalysts for the synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Rajasekhar T, Singh G, Kapur GS, Ramakumar SSV. Recent advances in catalytic chain transfer polymerization of isobutylene: a review. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18180-18191. [PMID: 35517218 PMCID: PMC9053765 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01945c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents the development of highly reactive polyisobutylene (HRPIB), a major commercial intermediate toward fuel and lubricant additives. Recent years have witnessed very substantial advances in the catalytic chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) of isobutylene/industrial Raffinate-1 (C4 Raffinate) to produce HRPIB, particularly in nonpolar solvents at elevated temperatures. The main subjects of this review are cationic polymerization of isobutylene, progress in HRPIB research and existing challenges, and recent advances of CCTP. New initiating/catalyst systems based on ionic liquids with Lewis acids are detailed, and this approach may open new views in the synthesis of HRPIB. Some current developments in CCTP of industrial Raffinate-1 and mechanistic studies are also described. This review strongly supports that the hydrocarbon soluble Lewis acid·ether (LA·ether) complex catalyzed CCTP will become the most popular technique for preparing HRPIB and could replace the traditional BF3 catalyzed industrial method. This review presents the development of highly reactive polyisobutylene (HRPIB), a major commercial intermediate toward fuel and lubricant additives.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tota Rajasekhar
- R&D Center, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Sector-13 Faridabad-121007 Haryana India
| | - Gurmeet Singh
- R&D Center, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Sector-13 Faridabad-121007 Haryana India
| | - Gurpreet Singh Kapur
- R&D Center, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Sector-13 Faridabad-121007 Haryana India
| | - S S V Ramakumar
- R&D Center, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Sector-13 Faridabad-121007 Haryana India
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12
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Method for initiating cationic polymerization of isobutylene by AlCl3. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-2024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Xie D, Zhu S, Lu Y. Tailoring the AlCl 3/iPr 2O/Et 2O initiation system for highly reactive polyisobutylene synthesis in pure n-hexane. RSC Adv 2020; 10:5183-5190. [PMID: 35498282 PMCID: PMC9049001 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra11003h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the flow synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylenes (HRPIBs) in pure n-hexane using properly prepared AlCl3·Et2O crystals in conjunction with AlCl3·iPr2O solution as coinitiators. By preparing AlCl3·iPr2O solution and AlCl3·Et2O crystals separately, the cationic polymerization of isobutylene proceeded smoothly under a wide range of monomer concentrations (0.33-1.30 M) in the presence of H2O as an initiator, affording a high yield (∼89%) and a moderate exo-olefin terminal group content (60-75%) in 10 min. The various functions of iPr2O and Et2O in the initiator solution were comprehensively revealed from the polymerization results, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared and 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, and density functional theory simulations. AlCl3·iPr2O was confirmed to be the key component that stabilized carbenium ions. The AlCl3·Et2O complex was the key component to promote proton elimination. Free Et2O should be removed to inhibit its negative effect on isomerization. This new strategy may lead to high commercial interest in HRPIB synthesis in pure green solvent and could potentially be extended to other initiation systems containing solid Lewis acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China +86 10 62773017 +86 10 62773017
| | - Shan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China +86 10 62773017 +86 10 62773017
| | - Yangcheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China +86 10 62773017 +86 10 62773017
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14
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Watanabe H, Yamamoto T, Kanazawa A, Aoshima S. Stereoselective cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers by easily and finely tunable titanium complexes prepared from tartrate-derived diols: isospecific polymerization and recognition of chiral side chains. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00343c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Isotactic poly(vinyl ether)s were generated by titanium TADDOLates, which can be prepared from naturally abundant tartaric acid in a facile and economical manner with well-defined structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Watanabe
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Arihiro Kanazawa
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Sadahito Aoshima
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
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15
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Jin Y, Chen L, Guo X, Xu L, Zhu Z, Liu Z, Cheng R, Liu B. A Complexed Initiating System AlCl3·Phenetole/TiCl4·H2O with Dominant Synergistic Effect for Efficient Synthesis of High Molecular Weight Polyisobutylene. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122121. [PMID: 31861159 PMCID: PMC6960821 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A complexed initiating system AlCl3·phenetole/TiCl4·H2O was prepared by simply compounding AlCl3/phenetole and TiCl4/H2O and used for cationic polymerization of isobutylene. It was found AlCl3·phenetole/TiCl4·H2O exhibited activities 1.2–3 times higher than those of AlCl3/phenetole, and more than an order of magnitude higher than those of TiCl4/H2O, which indicated a notable synergistic effect produced in the complexed system. In addition, due to the higher activity of AlCl3·phenetole/TiCl4·H2O, lower coinitiator concentration and polymerization temperature, as well as higher monomer concentration were more favored for this complexed initiating system to produce polyisobutylene (PIB) with reasonable molecular weight (Mw) and molecular weight distribution (MWD). Furthermore, high molecular weight polyisobutylene (HPIB) with Mw = 1–3 × 105 g·mol−1 could be successfully produced by the complexed catalyst system at Tp = −60 to −40 °C. As a whole, the high activity as well as the simple preparation procedures of the complexed initiating system offer us a unique approach for the production of HPIB with improved efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Jin
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Guangzhou 510630, China;
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China; (L.C.); (X.G.); (L.X.); (Z.Z.); (Z.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Xing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China; (L.C.); (X.G.); (L.X.); (Z.Z.); (Z.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Linfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China; (L.C.); (X.G.); (L.X.); (Z.Z.); (Z.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Zhihua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China; (L.C.); (X.G.); (L.X.); (Z.Z.); (Z.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China; (L.C.); (X.G.); (L.X.); (Z.Z.); (Z.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Ruihua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China; (L.C.); (X.G.); (L.X.); (Z.Z.); (Z.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Boping Liu
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Guangzhou 510630, China;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Cationic polymerization of isobutylene co-initiated by chloroferrate imidazole-based ionic liquid: The advantageous effect of initiator and aromatic compounds. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Synthesis and Properties of Hydroxytelechelic Polyisobutylenes by End Capping with tert-Butyl-dimethyl-(4-methyl-pent-4-enyloxy)-silane. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-019-2327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Gao YZ, Chang TX, Wu YX. In-situ synthesis of acylated sodium alginate-g-(tetrahydrofuran5-b-polyisobutylene) terpolymer/Ag-NPs nanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 219:201-209. [PMID: 31151517 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhuang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North 3th-Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
| | - Tian-Xiao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North 3th-Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
| | - Yi-Xian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North 3th-Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
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19
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Cationic Polymerization of Isobutylene and C4 Mixed Feed Using Complexes of Lewis Acids with Ethers: A Comparative Study. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-019-2290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Li X, Wu Y, Zhang J, Li S, Zhang M, Yang D, Wang H, Shang Y, Guo W, Yan P. Synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylenes viacationic polymerization in ionic liquids: characteristics and mechanism. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01141a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cationic polymerization of isobutylene (IB) was systematically studied in a 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim][PF6]) ionic liquid at −10 °C.
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21
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Berezianko IA, Vasilenko IV, Kostjuk SV. Acidic imidazole-based ionic liquids in the presence of diisopropyl ether as catalysts for the synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene: Effect of ionic liquid nature, catalyst aging, and sonication. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Rajasekhar T, Emert J, Wolf LM, Faust R. Controlled Catalytic Chain Transfer Polymerization of Isobutylene in the Presence of tert-Butanol as Exo-Enhancer. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack Emert
- Infineum USA, 1900 E. Linden Avenue, Linden, New Jersey 07036, United States
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Zhu S, Wang K, Lu Y. Effects of Ether on the Cationic Polymerization of Isobutylene Catalyzed by AlCl 3. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:2033-2039. [PMID: 31458512 PMCID: PMC6641355 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b02076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we prepared different initiator solutions containing ether and AlCl3 by changing the addition sequence of ingredients, studied the interactions between ether and AlCl3 from the evolution of the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra by comparison, and investigated the catalytic performances of AlCl3 affected by ether for isobutylene polymerization. We observed that different preparation methods of initiator solutions could lead to two kinds of interactions between ether and H2O/AlCl3 in hexane. The strong interaction could stabilize carbenium ions and seriously decrease the catalytic performance, whereas the weak interaction could promote isomerization and proton elimination. Moreover, we found that the preparation method of initiator solutions was not a critical factor in CH2Cl2. Finally, a universal mechanism based on the AlCl3-involved interactions in different solvents was proposed to understand the effects of ether on the cationic polymerization catalyzed by AlCl3 thoroughly.
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Rajasekhar T, Haldar U, De P, Emert J, Faust R. Cationic Copolymerization and Multicomponent Polymerization of Isobutylene with C4 Olefins. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tota Rajasekhar
- Polymer
Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Ujjal Haldar
- Polymer
Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer
Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Jack Emert
- Infineum USA, 1900 E. Linden Avenue, Linden, New Jersey 07036, United States
| | - Rudolf Faust
- Polymer
Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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25
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Zhu S, Lu Y, Faust R. Micromixing enhanced synthesis of HRPIBs catalyzed by EADC/bis(2-chloroethyl)ether complex. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Better mixing could produce more active centers to accelerate the polymerization by promoting the consumption of carbonium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yangcheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Rudolf Faust
- Polymer Science Program
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts Lowell
- Lowell
- USA
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26
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Rajasekhar T, Emert J, Faust R. Synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene by catalytic chain transfer in hexanes at elevated temperatures; determination of the kinetic parameters. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00415j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rate constants of activation/deactivation for dormant oxonium/active carbenium ions have been measured and related to the increasing polymerization rate with increasing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tota Rajasekhar
- Polymer Science Program
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts Lowell
- Lowell
- USA
| | | | - Rudolf Faust
- Polymer Science Program
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts Lowell
- Lowell
- USA
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27
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Campbell CG, Ummadisetty S, Storey RF. Decoupling and Functionalization of Coupled Polyisobutylene via Alkoxybenzene Quenching. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Garrett Campbell
- School
of Polymers and High
Performance Materials, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr. #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Subramanyam Ummadisetty
- School
of Polymers and High
Performance Materials, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr. #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Robson F. Storey
- School
of Polymers and High
Performance Materials, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr. #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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28
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Shiman DI, Vasilenko IV, Kostjuk SV. Cationic polymerization of isobutylene catalyzed by iBuAlCl2 in the presence of ethers: Effect of catalyst pre-activation and mixture of two ethers. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Zhu S, Lu Y, Wang K, Luo G. Flow synthesis of medium molecular weight polyisobutylene coinitiated by AlCl 3. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Alexander KA, Paulhus EA, Lazarus GM, Leadbeater NE. Exploring the reactivity of a ruthenium complex in the metathesis of biorenewable feedstocks to generate value-added chemicals. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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31
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Zhu S, Lu Y, Wang K, Luo G. Cationic polymerization of isobutylene catalysed by AlCl3 with multiple nucleophilic reagents. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21983g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adding the multiple nucleophilic reagents, iPr2O and EB, in the initiation system is an effective way to attain the controlled polymerization of isobutylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yangcheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Guangsheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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32
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Zhu S, Lu YC, Wang K, Luo GS. Fast flow synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene co-initiated by an AlCl3/isopropyl ether complex. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26553c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, with AlCl3 addition in the range from 4 to 10 mmol L−1 and enough isopropyl ether (iPr2O) addition, we successfully synthesized highly reactive polyisobutylene (HRPIB) using a microflow system within 12 s or less.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Y. C. Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - K. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - G. S. Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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33
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Vasilenko IV, Berezianko IA, Shiman DI, Kostjuk SV. New catalysts for the synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene: chloroaluminate imidazole-based ionic liquids in the presence of diisopropyl ether. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01325b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of [emim]Cl–AlCl3 in combination with iPr2O allowed the synthesis of HR PIB with high exo-olefin end group content (≥90%) and a relatively narrow MWD (Mw/Mn ≤ 2.0) at a high reaction temperature (>0 °C) and monomer concentration (5.2 M–7.8 M).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Vasilenko
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University
- 220006 Minsk
- Belarus
| | - Ivan A. Berezianko
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University
- 220006 Minsk
- Belarus
| | - Dmitriy I. Shiman
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University
- 220006 Minsk
- Belarus
| | - Sergei V. Kostjuk
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University
- 220006 Minsk
- Belarus
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34
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Banerjee S, Jha BN, De P, Emert J, Faust R. Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies of the Polymerization of Isobutylene Catalyzed by EtAlCl2/Bis(2-chloroethyl) Ether Complex in Hexanes. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Banerjee
- Polymer
Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Badri Nath Jha
- Polymer
Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer
Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Jack Emert
- Infineum USA, 1900 E. Linden Avenue, Linden, New Jersey 07036, United States
| | - Rudolf Faust
- Polymer
Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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35
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Yang XJ, Guo AR, Xu HC, Wu YX. Direct synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylenes via cationic polymerization of isobutylene co-initiated with TiCl 4in nonpolar hydrocarbon media. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - An-ru Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Hui-chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yi-xian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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36
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Kostjuk SV. Recent progress in the Lewis acid co-initiated cationic polymerization of isobutylene and 1,3-dienes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15313h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews recent approaches towards the synthesis of exo-olefin terminated polyisobutylenes and well-defined poly(1,3-diene)s based on their scientific and industrial relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V. Kostjuk
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University
- 220030 Minsk
- Belarus
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37
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Banerjee S, Emert J, Wright P, Skourlis T, Severt R, Faust R. Polymerization of isobutylene catalyzed by EtAlCl2/bis(2-chloroethyl) ether complex in steel vessels. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00624d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stainless steel reactors are unsuitable for polymerizations catalyzed by EtAlCl2 due to a side reaction between Cr2O3 in stainless steel and EtAlCl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts Lowell
- Lowell
- USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Rudolf Faust
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts Lowell
- Lowell
- USA
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38
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Kumar R, De P, Zheng B, Huang KW, Emert J, Faust R. Synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene with FeCl3/ether complexes in hexane; kinetic and mechanistic studies. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01039f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the kinetics and mechanism of the polymerization of isobutylene catalyzed by FeCl3·ether complexes in hexane at 0 °C were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kumar
- Polymer Science Program
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts Lowell
- Lowell
- USA
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer Research Centre
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Nadia
- India
| | - Bin Zheng
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 2355-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 2355-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Rudolf Faust
- Polymer Science Program
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts Lowell
- Lowell
- USA
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39
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Lichtenthaler MR, Maurer S, Mangan RJ, Stahl F, Mönkemeyer F, Hamann J, Krossing I. Univalent Gallium Complexes of Simple andansa-Arene Ligands: Effects on the Polymerization of Isobutylene. Chemistry 2014; 21:157-65. [PMID: 25382015 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Lichtenthaler
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg (Germany)
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40
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Lichtenthaler MR, Maurer S, Mangan RJ, Stahl F, Mönkemeyer F, Hamann J, Krossing I. Univalent Gallium Complexes of Simple and ansa-Arene Ligands: Effects on the Polymerization of Isobutylene. Chemistry 2014:n/a-n/a. [PMID: 25376094 DOI: 10.1002/chem.404833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Using [Ga(C6 H5 F)2 ]+ [Al(ORF )4 ]- (1) (RF =C(CF3 )3 ) as starting material, we isolated bis- and tris-η6 -coordinated gallium(I) arene complex salts of p-xylene (1,4-Me2 C6 H4 ), hexamethylbenzene (C6 Me6 ), diphenylethane (PhC2 H4 Ph), and m-terphenyl (1,3-Ph2 C6 H4 ): [Ga(1,4-Me2 C6 H4 )2.5 ]+ (2+ ), [Ga(C6 Me6 )2 ]+ (3+ ), [Ga(PhC2 H4 Ph)]+ (4+ ) and [(C6 H5 F)Ga(μ-1,3-Ph2 C6 H4 )2 Ga(C6 H5 F)]2+ (52+ ). 4+ is the first structurally characterized ansa-like bent sandwich chelate of univalent gallium and 52+ the first binuclear gallium(I) complex without a GaGa bond. Beyond confirming the structural findings by multinuclear NMR spectroscopic investigations and density functional calculations (RI-BP86/SV(P) level), [Ga(PhC2 H4 Ph)]+ [Al(ORF )4 ]- (4) and [(C6 H5 F)Ga(μ-1,3-Ph2 C6 H4 )2 Ga(C6 H5 F)]2+ {[Al(ORF )4 ] - }2 (5), featuring ansa-arene ligands, were tested as catalysts for the synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene (HR-PIB). In comparison to the recently published 1 and the [Ga(1,3,5-Me3 C6 H3 )2 ]+ [Al(ORF )4 ]- salt (6) (1,3,5-Me3 C6 H3 =mesitylene), 4 and 5 gave slightly reduced reactivities. This allowed for favorably increased polymerization temperatures of up to +15 °C, while yielding HR-PIB with high contents of terminal olefinic double bonds (α-contents=84-93 %), low molecular weights (Mn =1000-3000 g mol-1 ) and good monomer conversions (up to 83 % in two hours). While the chelate complexes delivered more favorable results than 1 and 6, the reaction kinetics resembled and thus concurred with the recently proposed coordinative polymerization mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Lichtenthaler
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg (Germany)
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41
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The polymerization of isobutylene catalyzed by FeCl3·i-Pr2O complex prepared in non-halogenated solvents. Polym Bull (Berl) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-014-1258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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42
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Shiman DI, Vasilenko IV, Kostjuk SV. Cationic polymerization of isobutylene by complexes of alkylaluminum dichlorides with diisopropyl ether: An activating effect of water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy I. Shiman
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems; Belarusian State University; 14 Leningradskaya St. 220030 Minsk Belarus
| | - Irina V. Vasilenko
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems; Belarusian State University; 14 Leningradskaya St. 220030 Minsk Belarus
| | - Sergei V. Kostjuk
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems; Belarusian State University; 14 Leningradskaya St. 220030 Minsk Belarus
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43
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Perfetto A, Costabile C, Longo P, Grisi F. Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts with Frozen NHC Ligand Conformations. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om5001452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Perfetto
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni
Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Chiara Costabile
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni
Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Pasquale Longo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni
Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Fabia Grisi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni
Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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44
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Kumar R, Zheng B, Huang KW, Emert J, Faust R. Synthesis of Highly Reactive Polyisobutylene Catalyzed by EtAlCl2/Bis(2-chloroethyl) Ether Soluble Complex in Hexanes. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500042f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kumar
- Polymer Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Bin Zheng
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of
Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 2355-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of
Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 2355-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jack Emert
- Infineum USA, 1900 E. Linden Avenue, Linden, New Jersey 07036, United States
| | - Rudolf Faust
- Polymer Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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45
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Hand N, Mathers RT, Damodaran K, Lewis SP. Bulk and Solution Polymerization of Isobutene Using Tris(pentafluorophenyl)gallium and Tris(pentafluorophenyl)aluminum. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie4038483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Hand
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, New Kensington, Pennsylvania 15068, United States
| | - Robert T. Mathers
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, New Kensington, Pennsylvania 15068, United States
| | - Krishnan Damodaran
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Stewart P. Lewis
- Innovative Science Corporation, Roanoke, Virginia 24019, United States
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46
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Vasilenko IV, Shiman DI, Kostjuk SV. Alkylaluminum dichloride–ether complexes which are fully soluble in hydrocarbons as catalysts for the synthesis of exo-olefin terminated polyisobutylene at room temperature. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00069b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly reactive polyisobutylenes with a desirable low Mn were obtained with RAlCl2 × OiPr2 initiating systems with high monomer concentrations at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Vasilenko
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University
- 220030 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Dmitriy I. Shiman
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University
- 220030 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sergei V. Kostjuk
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University
- 220030 Minsk, Belarus
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47
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Cationic polymerization of isobutylene by FeCl3/ether complexes in hexanes: An investigation of the steric and electronic effects of ethers. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Guo AR, Yang XJ, Yan PF, Wu YX. Synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylenes with exo-olefin terminals via controlled cationic polymerization with H2
O/FeCl3
/i
PrOH initiating system in nonpolar hydrocarbon media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- An-Ru Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Ministry of Education); Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiao-Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Ministry of Education); Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Peng-Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Ministry of Education); Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yi-Xian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Ministry of Education); Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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49
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Cationic polymerization of isobutylene by AlCl3/ether complexes in non-polar solvents: Effect of ether structure on the selectivity of β-H elimination. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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50
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Ummadisetty S, Storey RF. Quantitative Synthesis of exo-Olefin-Terminated Polyisobutylene: Ether Quenching and Evaluation of Various Quenching Methods. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subramanyam Ummadisetty
- School of
Polymers and High Performance Materials, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406,
United States
| | - Robson F. Storey
- School of
Polymers and High Performance Materials, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406,
United States
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