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Wekre ME, Hellesen Brunvoll S, Jordheim M. Advancing quantification methods for polyphenols in brown seaweeds-applying a selective qNMR method compared with the TPC assay. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2022; 33:1099-1110. [PMID: 35796295 PMCID: PMC9796469 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brown seaweeds are a sustainable biomass with a potential for various industrial applications. Polyphenols are an important contributor to this potential. OBJECTIVE The aim was total quantification of polyphenols in brown seaweeds from different tidal zones, using a selective 1 H quantitative NMR (qNMR) method, comparing the results with the colorimetric Folin-Ciocalteu total phenolic content (TPC) assay. METHOD qNMR was performed with integration of selected peaks in the aromatic region (7-5.5 ppm). Deselection of non-polyphenolic 1 H signals was based on information from 2D (1 H-13 C, 1 H-15 N) NMR spectra. 13 C NMR phlorotannin characterisation facilitated the average number of protons expected to be found per aromatic ring used for the 1 H quantification. RESULTS Selective qNMR and the TPC assay showed similar results for the three sublittoral growing species from the Laminariaceae; lower amounts for Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria digitata (qNMR: 0.4%-0.6%; TPC: 0.6%-0.8%, phloroglucinol equivalents (PGE), dry weight (DW)) and higher amounts for Saccharina latissima (qNMR: 1.2%; TPC: 1.5%, PGE, DW). For the eulittoral Fucaceae, Fucus vesiculosus (qNMR: 1.1%; TPC: 4.1%; PGE, DW) and Ascophyllum nodosum (qNMR: 0.9%; TPC: 2.0%; PGE, DW), the TPC results were found to be up to three times higher than the qNMR results. The 13 C NMR characterisation showed the highest phlorotannin polymerisation degree for F. vesiculosus. CONCLUSION The TPC assay provided similar polyphenolic amounts to the selective qNMR method for sublittoral species. For eulittoral growing species, the TPC method showed amounts up to three times higher than the qNMR method-most likely illustrating the lack of selectivity in the TPC assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Emilie Wekre
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Alginor ASAHaugesundNorway
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Meng J, Luo N, Zhang G, Shao X, Liu Z, Zhang D. N-Aryl diketopyrrolopyrrole derivatives towards organic optical and electronic materials. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yue H, Kong L, Wang B, Yuan Q, Zhang Y, Du H, Dong Y, Zhao J. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel D-A Type Neutral Blue Electrochromic Polymers Containing Pyrrole[3-c]Pyrrole-1,4-Diketone as the Acceptor Units and the Aromatics Donor Units with Different Planar Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E2023. [PMID: 31817708 PMCID: PMC6960932 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three soluble conjugated polymers, named BEDPP, FLDPP, and CADPP, were prepared through the Suzuki polymerized reaction, and employed benzene (BE), fluorene (FL), and carbazole (CA) as the donor units, respectively. The electron-deficient molecule 2,5-bis-(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-bis-(5-bromo-thiophene)-pyrrole[3-c]pyrrole-1,4-diketone(DPP)was introduced and used as the acceptor unit. The properties of these three copolymers were studied by a series of detailed characterization analysis, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), colorimetry, electrochemical measurements, spectroelectrochemistry, kinetics, quantitative calculation, and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, etc. The results revealed that BEDPP displayed a blue color in the neutral state and a light brown color in the oxidized state, FLDPP exhibited a cyan color in the neutral state and a gray color in the oxidized state, while CADPP displayed pure blue color in the neutral state and a light gray color in the oxidized state. All these polymers possess narrow optical band gaps lower than 1.80 eV and satisfactory thermal stability. The kinetic characterization showed that the optical contrasts (ΔT%) in the near-infrared region were superior to the visible region. The optical contrasts of BEDPP, FLDPP, and CADPP are 41.32%, 42.39%, and 45.95% in the near-infrared region, respectively, which made them a good application prospect in the near-infrared region. Amid the three polymers, CADPP has the highest coloration efficiency (around about 288 cm2·C-1) and fast switching times (0.77 s in the coloring process and 0.52 s in the bleaching process) in the visible region, and the comprehensive performance of CADPP can be comparable to that of the reported D-A (Donor-Acceptor) type blue color polymers. In general, based on the good performances and the stable neutral blue color, the three polymers had profound theoretical significance for the development of electrochromic material and the completion of the RGB (Red, Green, Blue) color space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoguo Yue
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Lingqian Kong
- Department of chemistry, Dongchang College, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Hongmei Du
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Yunyun Dong
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Jinsheng Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
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Gutkowski K, Azarias C, Banasiewicz M, Kozankiewicz B, Jacquemin D, Gryko DT. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of N
-Arylated Diketopyrrolopyrroles. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Gutkowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Science; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Cloé Azarias
- CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230; Université de Nantes; 2 rue de la Houssinière 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | - Marzena Banasiewicz
- Institute of Physics; Polish Academy of Science; Al. Lotników 32/46 02-668 Warsaw Poland
| | - Bolesław Kozankiewicz
- Institute of Physics; Polish Academy of Science; Al. Lotników 32/46 02-668 Warsaw Poland
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230; Université de Nantes; 2 rue de la Houssinière 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Science; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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Shi J, Murtaza I, Shao S, Zhu X, Zhao Y, Zhu M, Goto O, Meng H. Tetra-EDOT substituted 3D electrochromic polymers with lower band gaps. Sci China Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-016-0303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kanibolotsky AL, Findlay NJ, Skabara PJ. Polythiophene and oligothiophene systems modified by TTF electroactive units for organic electronics. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1749-66. [PMID: 26664595 PMCID: PMC4660975 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to give an update on current progress in the synthesis, properties and applications of thiophene-based conjugated systems bearing tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) units. We focus mostly on the synthesis of poly- and oligothiophenes with TTF moieties fused to the thiophene units of the conjugated backbone either directly or via a dithiin ring. The electrochemical behaviour of these materials and structure-property relationships are discussed. The study is directed towards the development of a new type of organic semiconductors based on these hybrid materials for application in organic field effect transistors and solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Kanibolotsky
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, United Kingdom ; Institute of Physical-Organic Chemistry and Coal Chemistry, 02160 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Neil J Findlay
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Skabara
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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Low JZ, Neo WT, Ye Q, Ong WJ, Wong IHK, Lin TT, Xu J. Low band-gap diketopyrrolopyrrole-containing polymers for near infrared electrochromic and photovoltaic applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Zhaozhi Low
- lnstitute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR; 3 Research Link Singapore 117602 Singapore
| | - Wei Teng Neo
- lnstitute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR; 3 Research Link Singapore 117602 Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering; National University of Singapore; 28 Medical Drive Singapore 117456 Singapore
| | - Qun Ye
- lnstitute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR; 3 Research Link Singapore 117602 Singapore
| | - Wen Jie Ong
- lnstitute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR; 3 Research Link Singapore 117602 Singapore
| | - Ivy Hoi Ka Wong
- lnstitute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR; 3 Research Link Singapore 117602 Singapore
| | - Ting Ting Lin
- lnstitute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR; 3 Research Link Singapore 117602 Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- lnstitute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR; 3 Research Link Singapore 117602 Singapore
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
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Arumugam S, Brown RE, Orofino-Pena C, Findlay NJ, Inigo AR, Kanibolotsky AL, Skabara PJ. Field-Effect Mobility, Morphology and Electroluminescence of a Semiconductor Based on a DPPQuaterfluorene Quadrupolar Linear Conjugated System. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Highly efficient and diastereoselective synthesis of new pyrazolylpyrrolizine and pyrazolylpyrrolidine derivates by a three-component domino process. Molecules 2014; 19:4284-300. [PMID: 24714191 PMCID: PMC6270732 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19044284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diastereoselective reactions between 4-formylpyrazoles, N-substituted maleimides and glycine derivates led to new series of pyrazolyldipyrrolo [3,4-a:3',4'-f]pyrrolizines and pyrazolylpyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrroles in good yields. The reactions proceeded by a domino process through azomethine ylides formed in situ via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction.
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Lu B, Zhang S, Qin L, Chen S, Zhen S, Xu J. Electrosynthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedithiathiophene) in an ionic liquid and its electrochemistry and electrochromic properties. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Quiroga J, Gálvez J, Cobo J, Glidewell C. Two methyl 3-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1-carboxylates form different hydrogen-bonded sheets. Acta Crystallogr C 2013; 69:915-9. [PMID: 23907889 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270113017563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the molecules of both methyl (1RS,3SR,3aRS,6aSR)-1-methyl-3-(3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4,6-dioxo-5-phenyloctahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1-carboxylate, C₂₅H₂₄N₄O₄, (I), and methyl (1RS,3SR,3aRS,6aSR)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-3-(3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4,6-dioxooctahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1-carboxylate, C₂₅H₂₃ClN₄O₄, (II), the two rings of the pyrrolopyrrole fragment are both nonplanar, with conformations close to half-chair forms. The overall conformations of the molecules of (I) and (II) are very similar, apart from the orientation of the ester function. The molecules of (I) are linked into sheets by a combination of an N-H∙∙∙π(pyrrole) hydrogen bond and three independent C-H∙∙∙O hydrogen bonds. The molecules of (II) are also linked into sheets, which are generated by a combination of an N-H∙∙∙N hydrogen bond and two independent C-H∙∙∙O hydrogen bonds, weakly augmented by a C-H∙∙∙π(arene) hydrogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Quiroga
- Grupo de Investigación de Compuestos Heterocíclicos, Departamento de Química, Universidad de Valle, AA 25360 Cali, Colombia
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Urakami H, Zhang K, Vilela F. Modification of conjugated microporous poly-benzothiadiazole for photosensitized singlet oxygen generation in water. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2353-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc38956a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Chen S, Lu B, Xu J, Qin L, Wang Z, Duan X. Preparation and characterization of aqueous dispersions of poly(3,4-ethylenedithiathiophene-co-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/ poly(styrene sulfonate) and their conducting films. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zhang K, Kopetzki D, Seeberger PH, Antonietti M, Vilela F. Surface Area Control and Photocatalytic Activity of Conjugated Microporous Poly(benzothiadiazole) Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zhang K, Kopetzki D, Seeberger PH, Antonietti M, Vilela F. Surface Area Control and Photocatalytic Activity of Conjugated Microporous Poly(benzothiadiazole) Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:1432-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chen S, Lu B, Duan X, Xu J. Systematic study on chemical oxidative and solid-state polymerization of poly(3,4-ethylenedithiathiophene). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.25971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Liu H, Jia H, Wang L, Wu Y, Zhan C, Fu H, Yao J. Intermolecular electron transfer promoted by directional donor–acceptor attractions in self-assembled diketopyrrolopyrrole-thiophene films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:14262-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41288h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Lukoyanova O, Lepeltier M, Laferrière M, Perepichka DF. Donor–Acceptor Intermediates and Low-Bandgap Polymers by Electropolymerization of Thienoazaborines. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200503f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olena Lukoyanova
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2K6
| | - Marc Lepeltier
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2K6
| | - Marie Laferrière
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2K6
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