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Sun S, Wang Z, Wang Y. Progress in Microtopography Optimization of Polymers-Based Pressure/Strain Sensors. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030764. [PMID: 36772064 PMCID: PMC9920621 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the wide application of wearable electronic devices in daily life, research into flexible electronics has become very attractive. Recently, various polymer-based sensors have emerged with great sensing performance and excellent extensibility. It is well known that different structural designs each confer their own unique, great impacts on the properties of materials. For polymer-based pressure/strain sensors, different structural designs determine different response-sensing mechanisms, thus showing their unique advantages and characteristics. This paper mainly focuses on polymer-based pressure-sensing materials applied in different microstructures and reviews their respective advantages. At the same time, polymer-based pressure sensors with different microstructures, including with respect to their working mechanisms, key parameters, and relevant operating ranges, are discussed in detail. According to the summary of its performance and mechanisms, different morphologies of microstructures can be designed for a sensor according to its performance characteristics and application scenario requirements, and the optimal structure can be adjusted by weighing and comparing sensor performances for the future. Finally, a conclusion and future perspectives are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouheng Sun
- School of Economics and Management, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhenqin Wang
- School of Economics and Management, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence:
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2
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Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of confined poly (ethylene oxide) in electrospun nanofibers prepared from polystyrene/ poly (ethylene oxide) blends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-02984-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Tong J, Zhang H, Li W, Chen H, Wang D, Hu M, Wang Z. Simultaneously improving thermal conductivity and dielectric properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/expanded graphite via melt blending with polyamide 6. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tong
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation Foshan University Foshan China
| | - Haichen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy Foshan University Foshan China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Foshan China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation Foshan University Foshan China
| | - Haichu Chen
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation Foshan University Foshan China
| | - Daoyong Wang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation Foshan University Foshan China
| | - Manfeng Hu
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation Foshan University Foshan China
| | - Zhifeng Wang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation Foshan University Foshan China
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4
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Pal S, Srivastava RK, Nandan B. Effect of spinning solvent on crystallization behavior of confined polymers in electrospun nanofibers. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanchayan Pal
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi Delhi India
| | - Rajiv K. Srivastava
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi Delhi India
| | - Bhanu Nandan
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi Delhi India
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5
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Sangroniz L, Wang B, Su Y, Liu G, Cavallo D, Wang D, Müller AJ. Fractionated crystallization in semicrystalline polymers. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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6
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Samanta P, Srivastava R, Nandan B. Block copolymer compatibilization driven frustrated crystallization in electrospun nanofibers of polystyrene/poly(ethylene oxide) blends. RSC Adv 2018; 8:17989-18007. [PMID: 35542103 PMCID: PMC9080552 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02391c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The confined crystallization behaviour of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) has been studied in electrospun nanofibers of the phase-separated blends of polystyrene (PS) and PEO compatibilized with polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) block copolymer. The PS was present as the majority component such that the electrospun nanofibers consisted of PEO domains dispersed in the PS matrix. The phase separation in the blend occurred under the radial constraint of the nanofibers which led to the formation of small-sized fibrillar PEO domains. The use of block copolymer compatibilizer resulted in a noticeable decrease in the PEO domain size in the as-spun nanofibers. Moreover, the decrease in the domain size and domain connectivity was more substantial in the thermally annealed blend nanofibers due to the suppression of the domain coalescence mechanism resulting from the localization of the PS-b-PEO block copolymer at the interface. Consequently, the fraction of PEO domains crystallizing via homogeneous nucleation increased in the compatibilized blend nanofibers due to the presence of higher number of heterogeneity free PEO domains and disruption in their spatial connectivity. Interestingly, in the compatibilized blend nanofibers consisting of low molecular weight PEO, additional crystallization event attributed to surface nucleation was observed. The surface nucleation, plausibly, resulted from the formation of wet-brush structures where the PEO homopolymers homogeneously wet the PEO blocks present at the interface. In such a scenario, the PEO crystallization occurred via surface nucleation at the domain interface. The surface nucleated crystallization was absent in the compatibilized blend nanofibers composed of high molecular weight PEO presumably due to the formation of morphology with dry-brush structures. Confined crystallization behaviour of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was studied in electrospun nanofibers of the phase-separated blends of polystyrene (PS) and PEO compatibilized with polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) block copolymer.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratick Samanta
- Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Rajiv Srivastava
- Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Bhanu Nandan
- Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
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7
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Li S, Wang H, Liu L, Xu H, Shi H. On the crystallization behavior of a poly(stearyl methacrylate) comb-like polymer inside a nanoscale environment. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01378k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A “soft” or “hard” nanoscale template illustrates the confined processes of a poly(stearyl methylacrylate) comb-like polymer, indicating that reduced chain relaxation and mobility influence the crystallization behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387
- China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387
- China
| | - Luntao Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387
- China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387
- China
| | - Haifeng Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387
- China
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Yan W, Pan M, Yuan J, Liu G, Cui L, Zhang G, Zhu L. Raspberry-like patchy particles achieved by decorating carboxylated polystyrene cores with snowman-like poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(4-vinylpyridiene) Janus particles. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Samanta P, V T, Singh S, Srivastava R, Nandan B, Liu CL, Chen HL. Crystallization behaviour of poly(ethylene oxide) under confinement in the electrospun nanofibers of polystyrene/poly(ethylene oxide) blends. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:5110-5120. [PMID: 27184694 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00648e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the confined crystallization behaviour of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in the electrospun nanofibers of the phase-separated blends of polystyrene (PS) and PEO, where PS was present as the major component. The size and shape of PEO domains in the nanofibers were considerably different from those in the cast films, presumably because of the nano-dimensions of the nanofibers and the extensional forces experienced by the polymer solution during electrospinning. The phase-separated morphology in turn influenced the crystallization behaviour of PEO in the blend nanofibers. At a PEO weight fraction of ≥0.3, crystallization occurred through a heterogeneous nucleation mechanism similar to that in cast blend films. However, as the PEO weight fraction in the blend nanofibers was reduced from 0.3 to 0.2, an abrupt transformation of the nucleation mechanism from the heterogeneous to predominantly homogenous type was observed. The change in the nucleation mechanism implied a drastic reduction of the spatial continuity of PEO domains in the nanofibers, which was not encountered in the cast film. The melting temperature and crystallinity of the PEO crystallites developed in the nanofibers were also significantly lower than those in the corresponding cast films. The phenomena observed were reconciled by the morphological observation, which revealed that the phase separation under the radial constraint of the nanofibers led to the formation of small-sized fibrillar PEO domains with limited spatial connectivity. The thermal treatment of the PS/PEO blend nanofibers above the glass transition temperature of PS induced an even stronger confinement effect on PEO crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratick Samanta
- Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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10
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Zhu T, Lv R, Wang B, Na B, Yin M, Zhu Y. Melt rheology and mechanical crystal transformation in an immiscible blend with poly(vinylidene fluoride) matrix. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingmao Zhu
- Fundamental Science on Radioactive Geology and Exploration Technology Laboratory; School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihua Lv
- Fundamental Science on Radioactive Geology and Exploration Technology Laboratory; School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Fundamental Science on Radioactive Geology and Exploration Technology Laboratory; School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Na
- Fundamental Science on Radioactive Geology and Exploration Technology Laboratory; School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yin
- Fundamental Science on Radioactive Geology and Exploration Technology Laboratory; School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Fundamental Science on Radioactive Geology and Exploration Technology Laboratory; School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
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11
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12
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Ye HM, Song YY, Meng X, Zhou Q. Fractionated crystallization, polymorphism and crystal transformation of poly(butylene adipate) confined in electrospun immiscible blend fibers with polystyrene. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09117b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilizing electrospun immiscible blend fibers of poly(butylene adipate) (PBA) and polystyrene (PS) and following coating by the high glass transition temperature poly(4-tert-butylstyrene) (P4tBS), confined PBA specimens in nanometer space were effectively prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Mu Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Failure
- Corrosion and Protection of Oil/Gas Facilities
- China University of Petroleum
- Beijing 102249
| | - Yun-Yang Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Failure
- Corrosion and Protection of Oil/Gas Facilities
- China University of Petroleum
- Beijing 102249
| | - Xiaoyu Meng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Failure
- Corrosion and Protection of Oil/Gas Facilities
- China University of Petroleum
- Beijing 102249
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Failure
- Corrosion and Protection of Oil/Gas Facilities
- China University of Petroleum
- Beijing 102249
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13
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Yang L, Ho J, Allahyarov E, Mu R, Zhu L. Semicrystalline Structure-Dielectric Property Relationship and Electrical Conduction in a Biaxially Oriented Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Film under High Electric Fields and High Temperatures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:19894-19905. [PMID: 26120953 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based homopolymers and copolymers are attractive for a broad range of electroactive applications because of their high dielectric constants. Especially, biaxially oriented PVDF (BOPVDF) films exhibit a DC breakdown strength as high as that for biaxially oriented polypropylene films. In this work, we revealed the molecular origin of the high dielectric constant via study of a commercial BOPVDF film. By determination of the dielectric constant for the amorphous phase in BOPVDF, a high value of ca. 21-22 at 25 °C was obtained, and a three-phase (i.e., lamellar crystal/oriented interphase/amorphous region) semicrystalline model was proposed to explain this result. Meanwhile, electronic conduction mechanisms in BOPVDF under high electric fields and elevated temperatures were investigated by thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) spectroscopy and leakage current studies. Space charge injection from metal electrodes was identified as a major factor for electronic conduction when BOPVDF was poled above 75 °C and 20 MV/m. In addition, when silver or aluminum were used as electrodes, new ions were generated from electrochemical reactions under high fields. Due to the electrochemical reactions between PVDF and the metal electrode, a question is raised for practical electrical applications using PVDF and its copolymers under high-field and high-temperature conditions. A potential method to prevent electrochemical degradation of PVDF is proposed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianyun Yang
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Janet Ho
- Army Research Laboratory , RDRL-SED-C, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
| | - Elshad Allahyarov
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
- Theoretical Department, Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences , Izhorskaya 13/19, 117419 Moscow, Russia
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Richard Mu
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Fisk University , Nashville, Tennessee 37208, United States
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
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14
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Pan M, Yang L, Wang J, Tang S, Zhong G, Su R, Sen MK, Endoh MK, Koga T, Zhu L. Composite Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Polystyrene Latex Particles for Confined Crystallization in 180 nm Nanospheres via Emulsifier-Free Batch Seeded Emulsion Polymerization. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500249p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingwang Pan
- Institute
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Lianyun Yang
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Jianchuan Wang
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
- College
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Saide Tang
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Ganji Zhong
- College
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Run Su
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
- College
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Mani K. Sen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2275, United States
| | - Maya K. Endoh
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2275, United States
| | - Tadanori Koga
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2275, United States
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
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15
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Effects of hard and soft components on the structure formation, crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of electrospun poly(l-lactic acid) nanofibers. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Kratochvíl J, Rotrekl J, Kaprálková L, Hromádková J, Kelnar I. Epoxy/poly(ɛ-caprolactone) nanocomposites: Effect of transformations of structure on crystallization. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Kratochvíl
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Heyrovského nám. 2; 162 06; Praha; Czech Republic
| | | | - Ludmila Kaprálková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Heyrovského nám. 2; 162 06; Praha; Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Hromádková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Heyrovského nám. 2; 162 06; Praha; Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Kelnar
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Heyrovského nám. 2; 162 06; Praha; Czech Republic
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17
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Liu C, Sui A, Wang Q, Tian H, Geng Y, Yan D. Fractionated crystallization of polydisperse polyfluorenes. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Liu S, Liang Y, Quan Y, Dai K, Zheng G, Liu C, Chen J, Shen C. Electrospun isotactic polypropylene fibers: Self-similar morphology and microstructure. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Liu C, Wang Q, Tian H, Liu J, Geng Y, Yan D. Insight into lamellar crystals of monodisperse polyfluorenes – Fractionated crystallization and the crystal's stability. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Ye HJ, Yang L, Shao WZ, Sun SB, Zhen L. Effect of electroactive phase transformation on electron structure and dielectric properties of uniaxial stretching poly(vinylidene fluoride) films. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43966f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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21
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Zhong G, Zhu L, Fong H. Nanodroplet Formations in Electrospun Fibers of Immiscible Polymer Blends and Their Effects on Fractionated Crystallization. LECTURE NOTES IN NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9472-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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