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Mai TT, Yasui T, Tanaka R, Masunaga H, Kabe T, Tsunoda K, Sakurai S, Urayama K. Unraveling Non-Uniform Strain-Induced Crystallization Near a Crack Tip in Natural Rubber. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307741. [PMID: 38229202 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Strain-induced crystallization (SIC) in natural rubber (NR) near crack tips significantly enhances crack growth resistance, but understanding the interplay between local strain field and crystallization remains challenging due to confined and heterogeneous characteristics. Using micro-scale digital image correlation (DIC) and scanning wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD, with a narrow 10 µm square beam), this study maps local strain tensor properties and SIC in the vicinity of the crack tip and its peripheral zone (≈3 mm × 1 mm area). The analysis reveals a significant correlation between these properties. In the peripheral zone, there is a noticeable deviation of both the principal strain axis and the crystal orientation from the crack opening direction. These deviations are linearly correlated, which indicates that shear strain plays a significant role in determining the crystal orientation. Crucially, the maximum tensile component in the tensor of local principal strains predominantly dictates local crystallinity. This simplicity is attributed to the limited variation in types of deformation within the SIC region, with corresponding to deformations falling between planar and uniaxial stretching. These findings pave the way for predicting crystallinity distribution using solely strain field data, offering valuable insights into the role of SIC in enhancing the crack growth resistance of NR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Tam Mai
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yasui
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Ruito Tanaka
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Masunaga
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Taizo Kabe
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tsunoda
- Sustainable and Advanced Materials Division, Bridgestone Corporation, Tokyo, 187-8531, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sakurai
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Urayama
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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Hiraiwa S, Mai TT, Tsunoda K, Urayama K. Strain hardening in biaxially stretched elastomers undergoing strain-induced crystallization. RSC Adv 2023; 13:34630-34636. [PMID: 38024973 PMCID: PMC10680358 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07173a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We reveal strain hardening due to strain-induced crystallization (SIC) in both cross-linked natural rubber (NR) and its synthetic analogue (IR) under planar extension, a type of biaxial stretching where the rubber is stretched in one direction while maintaining the dimension in the other direction unchanged. Utilizing a bespoke biaxial tensile tester, planar extension tests were conducted on geometrically designed and optimally shaped sheet specimens to achieve a uniform and highly strained field. Evident strain hardening due to SIC was observed in both stretching (x) and constrained (y) directions when the stretch (λx) exceeded a critical value λx,c. The λx,c value aligned with the onset stretch of SIC in planar extension, as determined by wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements. Interestingly, the nominal stress ratio between the constrained (σy) and stretching (σx) axes as a function of λx exhibited a distinct minimum near λx,c. This minimum signifies that the increment of σx induced by an increase in λx surpasses that of σy before strain hardening (λx < λx,c), while the relationship is reversed in the strain hardening region (λx > λx,c). The λx,c value in planar extension (4.7 for IR and 4.5 for NR) was slightly lower than that in uniaxial extension (5.7 for IR and 5.2 for NR). This difference in λx,c values can be explained by considering a single mechanical work required for strain hardening, owing to the relatively small dissimilarities between the two stretching modes. This investigation contributes significantly to the understanding of SIC phenomena in biaxial stretching, and provides valuable insights for predicting the mechanical response of SIC rubber under various deformation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Hiraiwa
- Department of Material Chemistry, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Thanh-Tam Mai
- Department of Material Chemistry, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tsunoda
- Sustainable and Advanced Materials Division, Bridgestone Corporation Tokyo 187-8531 Japan
| | - Kenji Urayama
- Department of Material Chemistry, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
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Kaur A, Gautrot JE, Akutagawa K, Watson D, Bickley A, Busfield JJC. Thiyl radical induced cis/ trans isomerism in double bond containing elastomers. RSC Adv 2023; 13:23967-23975. [PMID: 37577099 PMCID: PMC10413178 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04157c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This report presents an evaluation of thiyl radical-induced cis/trans isomerism in double bond-containing elastomers, such as natural, polychloroprene, and polybutadiene rubbers. The study aims to extensively investigate structural changes in polymers after functionalisation using thiol-ene chemistry, a useful click reaction for modifying polymers and developing materials with new functionalities. The paper reports on the use of different thiols, and cis/trans isomerism was detected through 1H NMR analysis, even at very low alkene/thiol mole ratios. The study finds that the configurational arrangements between non-functionalised elastomer units and thiolated units followed a trans-functionalised-cis units arrangement up to an alkene/thiol mole feed ratio of 0.3, while from 0.4 onward, a combination of trans-functionalised-cis and cis-functionalised-trans configurations are found. Additionally, it is observed that by increasing the level of functionalisation, the glass transition temperature of the resulting modified elastomer also increases. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the effects of thiol-ene chemistry on the structure and properties of elastomers and could have important implications for the development of new materials with enhanced functionality.
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Sasaki Y, Nishizawa Y, Watanabe T, Kureha T, Uenishi K, Nakazono K, Takata T, Suzuki D. Nanoparticle-Based Tough Polymers with Crack-Propagation Resistance. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37327130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although thin elastomer films of polymer nanoparticles are regarded as environmentally friendly materials, the low mechanical strength of the films limits their use in various applications. In the present study, we investigated the fracture resistance of latex films composed of acrylic nanoparticles where a small quantity of a rotaxane crosslinker was introduced. In contrast to conventional nanoparticle-based elastomers, the latex films composed of the rotaxane-crosslinked nanoparticles exhibited unusual crack propagation behavior; the direction of crack propagation changed from a direction parallel to the crack to one perpendicular to the crack, resulting in an increase in tear resistance. These findings will help to broaden the scope of design of new types of tough polymers composed of environmentally friendly polymer nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Sasaki
- Graduate School of Textile Science & Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nishizawa
- Graduate School of Textile Science & Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Takumi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Textile Science & Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Takuma Kureha
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
| | - Kazuya Uenishi
- Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd., 2-1 Oiwake, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 254-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuko Nakazono
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Takata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Daisuke Suzuki
- Graduate School of Textile Science & Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
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Vahdati M, Hourdet D, Creton C. Soft Underwater Adhesives based on Weak Molecular Interactions. Prog Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2023.101649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Bhattacharyya A, Mishra N, Dolui T, Chanda J, Ghosh P, Mukhopadhyay R. Crack growth rate determination of highly dispersible silica filled
NR
/
SBR
blends along with material parameters around the crack tip. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anandarup Bhattacharyya
- Department of Tyre Mechanics Group Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer and Tyre Research Institute Mysore India
| | - Nitish Mishra
- Department of Tyre Mechanics Group Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer and Tyre Research Institute Mysore India
| | - Tuhin Dolui
- Department of Tyre Mechanics Group Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer and Tyre Research Institute Mysore India
| | - Jagannath Chanda
- Department of Tyre Mechanics Group Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer and Tyre Research Institute Mysore India
| | - Prasenjit Ghosh
- Department of Tyre Mechanics Group Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer and Tyre Research Institute Mysore India
| | - Rabindra Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Tyre Mechanics Group Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer and Tyre Research Institute Mysore India
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Unfilled Natural Rubber Compounds Containing Bio-Oil Cured with Different Curing Systems: A Comparative Study. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122479. [PMID: 35746055 PMCID: PMC9229036 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the properties of unfilled natural rubber compounds containing bio-oils cured with a peroxide curing system and then discusses the comparisons to those cured using the sulfur system from our previous work. Two types of bio-oils, i.e., palm oil and soybean oil, were used, and distillate aromatic extract (DAE)-based petroleum oil was employed as a reference. The bio-oils caused no significant change in the vulcanization of rubber compounds cured using peroxide. However, the compounds containing bio-oils and cured with sulfur showed a faster vulcanization than the ones with DAE. The bio-oils strongly affected the crosslink density of rubber compounds in both curing systems. The use of bio-oils caused a low crosslink density due to the possible implication of curing agents to bio-oil molecules. The properties of rubber compounds dependent on the different levels of crosslink density were also investigated. The results revealed that when the crosslink density increased, the modulus, tensile strength, and hardness of the rubber compounds increased and the elongation at break and compression set decreased. The use of bio-oils in the rubber compounds cured with different curing systems gave low modulus at 300% strain, tensile strength, and hardness but high elongation at break and compression set when compared to the ones with DAE. However, no significant change was observed for the compression set of the rubber compounds cured using sulfur. With the presence of bio-oils, the properties of rubber compounds cured with sulfur system deteriorated less than those of the ones cured with peroxide.
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Osumi R, Yasui T, Tanaka R, Mai TT, Takagi H, Shimizu N, Tsunoda K, Sakurai S, Urayama K. Impact of Strain-Induced Crystallization on Fast Crack Growth in Stretched cis-1,4-Polyisoprene Rubber. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:747-752. [PMID: 35608107 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
cis-1,4-Polyisoprene (IR) elastomers harden via strain-induced crystallization (SIC) when the imposed stretch (λ) exceeds the onset value of SIC (λ*). We investigate the Mode-I fast crack growth in the IR sheets as a function of λ in a pure shear geometry. The steady-state crack velocity (V) increases with increasing λ, and V exceeds the shear wave speed of sound at λ > λs. Further stretch beyond λ* (>λs) causes SIC-driven hardening, resulting in a pronounced increase in V. The characteristics of the crack-tip strain field are also significantly influenced by the SIC-driven hardening: The crack-tip opening displacement increases with increasing λ at λ < λ* but exhibits an abrupt reduction beyond λ*. The crack-tip singularity and the area of strain increment caused by the crack growth change discontinuously around λ*. The abrupt variations in these crack-tip characteristics result from the considerable differences in the mechanical properties prior to the crack growth between the entirely amorphous state at λ < λ* and the partially crystallized state at λ > λ*.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Osumi
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yasui
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Ruito Tanaka
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Thanh-Tam Mai
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takagi
- Photon Factory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shimizu
- Photon Factory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tsunoda
- Advanced Materials Division, Bridgestone Corporation, Tokyo 187-8531, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sakurai
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Urayama
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Department of Material Chemistry, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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9
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Gac PYL, Albouy PA, Fayolle B, Verdu J. Relationship between macromolecular network and fatigue properties of unfilled polychloroprene rubber. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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The Orientation of Strain-Induced Crystallites in Uniaxially-Strained, Thin and Wide Bands Made from Natural Rubber. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst9060294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vulcanized natural rubber (unfilled and filled with 20 phr carbon black) is strained. We suppress the macroscopic formation of fiber symmetry by choosing strip-shaped samples ("pure-shear geometry") and investigate the orientation of the resulting crystallites by two-dimensional wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), additionally rotating the sample tape about the straining direction. Indications of a directed reinforcing effect of the strain-induced crystallization (SIC) in the thin strip are found. In the filled material fewer crystallites are oriented and the orientation distribution of the oriented crystallites is less perfect. The results confirm, that it is important for the evaluation of crystallinity under deformation to check, whether fiber symmetry can be assumed. This has consequences in particular on the quantitative interpretation of space-resolved scanning experiments in the vicinity of crack tips. Furthermore it raises the question, whether there is an asymmetric reinforcing effect of the SIC in the vicinity of crack tips inside natural rubber.
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12
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Blending In Situ Polyurethane-Urea with Different Kinds of Rubber: Performance and Compatibility Aspects. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11112175. [PMID: 30400253 PMCID: PMC6266675 DOI: 10.3390/ma11112175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Specific physical and reactive compatibilization strategies are applied to enhance the interfacial adhesion and mechanical properties of heterogeneous polymer blends. Another pertinent challenge is the need of energy-intensive blending methods to blend high-tech polymers such as the blending of a pre-made hard polyurethane (-urea) with rubbers. We developed and investigated a reactive blending method to prepare the outstanding blends based on polyurethane-urea and rubbers at a low blending temperature and without any interfacial compatibilizing agent. In this study, the polyurethane-urea (PUU) was synthesized via the methylene diphenyl diisocyanate end-capped prepolymer and m-phenylene diamine based precursor route during blending at 100 °C with polar (carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) and chloroprene rubber (CR)) and non-polar (natural rubber (NR), styrene butadiene rubber (sSBR), and ethylene propylene butadiene rubber (EPDM)) rubbers. We found that the in situ PUU reinforces the tensile response at low strain region and the dynamic-mechanical response up to 150 °C in the case of all used rubbers. Scanning electron microscopy reveals a stronger rubber/PUU interface, which promotes an effective stress transfer between the blend phases. Furthermore, energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) based elemental carbon map identifies an interphase region along the interface between the nitrile rubber and in situ PUU phases of this exemplary blend type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Creton
- Laboratoire
de Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, CNRS,
ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire
Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne-Universités, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
- Global
Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research
and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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14
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Features of strain-induced crystallization of natural rubber revealed by experiments and simulations. Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2016.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Morozov IA. Structural–Mechanical AFM Study of Surface Defects in Natural Rubber Vulcanizates. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya A. Morozov
- Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics UB RAS, Academika Koroleva
st. 1, 614013, Perm, Russia
- Perm State University, Bukireva
st. 15, 614990, Perm, Russia
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16
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Dong B, Liu C, Lu Y, Zhang L, Wu Y. Effects of hybrid filler networks of carbon nanotubes and carbon black on fracture resistance of styrene-butadiene rubber composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yonglai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Youping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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Creton C, Ciccotti M. Fracture and adhesion of soft materials: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2016; 79:046601. [PMID: 27007412 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/4/046601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Soft materials are materials with a low shear modulus relative to their bulk modulus and where elastic restoring forces are mainly of entropic origin. A sparse population of strong bonds connects molecules together and prevents macroscopic flow. In this review we discuss the current state of the art on how these soft materials break and detach from solid surfaces. We focus on how stresses and strains are localized near the fracture plane and how elastic energy can flow from the bulk of the material to the crack tip. Adhesion of pressure-sensitive-adhesives, fracture of gels and rubbers are specifically addressed and the key concepts are pointed out. We define the important length scales in the problem and in particular the elasto-adhesive length Γ/E where Γ is the fracture energy and E is the elastic modulus, and how the ratio between sample size and Γ/E controls the fracture mechanisms. Theoretical concepts bridging solid mechanics and polymer physics are rationalized and illustrated by micromechanical experiments and mechanisms of fracture are described in detail. Open questions and emerging concepts are discussed at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Creton
- Sciences et lngénierie de la Matière Molle, CNRS UMR 7615, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI), ParisTech, PSL Research Univeristy, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris cedex 05, France. SIMM, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne-Universités, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris cedex 05, France
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18
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Brüning K, Schneider K, Roth SV, Heinrich G. Kinetics of strain-induced crystallization in natural rubber: A diffusion-controlled rate law. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Insight into unique deformation behavior of oriented isotactic polypropylene with branched shish-kebabs. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Santoro G, Ochando IM, Ellis G. Advanced Vibrational Microspectroscopic Study of Conformational Changes within a Craze in Poly(ethylene terephthalate). Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502193t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Santoro
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología
de Polímeros, CSIC, c/Juan de
la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel M. Ochando
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología
de Polímeros, CSIC, c/Juan de
la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gary Ellis
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología
de Polímeros, CSIC, c/Juan de
la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Fatigue behavior of natural rubber in marine environment: Comparison between air and sea water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Zhang H, Scholz AK, de Crevoisier J, Berghezan D, Narayanan T, Kramer EJ, Creton C. Nanocavitation around a crack tip in a soft nanocomposite: A scanning microbeam small angle X-ray scattering study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Laboratoire de Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle; ESPCI Paristech-CNRS-UPMC; 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris France
| | - Arthur K. Scholz
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California Santa Barbara; California 93106
- Department of Materials; University of California Santa Barbara; California 93106
| | - Jordan de Crevoisier
- Laboratoire de Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle; ESPCI Paristech-CNRS-UPMC; 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris France
| | | | | | - Edward J. Kramer
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California Santa Barbara; California 93106
- Department of Materials; University of California Santa Barbara; California 93106
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of California Santa Barbara; California 83106
| | - Costantino Creton
- Laboratoire de Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle; ESPCI Paristech-CNRS-UPMC; 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris France
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Samaca Martinez J, Balandraud X, Toussaint E, Le Cam JB, Berghezan D. Thermomechanical analysis of the crack tip zone in stretched crystallizable natural rubber by using infrared thermography and digital image correlation. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Candau N, Laghmach R, Chazeau L, Chenal JM, Gauthier C, Biben T, Munch E. Strain-Induced Crystallization of Natural Rubber and Cross-Link Densities Heterogeneities. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5006843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Candau
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, F-69621, Lyon, France
- MATEIS, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5510, F-69621, Lyon, France
| | - Rabia Laghmach
- MATEIS, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5510, F-69621, Lyon, France
- Institut
Lumière Matière, UMR5306 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Chazeau
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, F-69621, Lyon, France
- MATEIS, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5510, F-69621, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Marc Chenal
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, F-69621, Lyon, France
- MATEIS, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5510, F-69621, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Gauthier
- Centre
de technologies, Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 63040 Clermont Ferrand Cedex 9, France
| | - Thierry Biben
- Institut
Lumière Matière, UMR5306 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Etienne Munch
- Centre
de technologies, Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 63040 Clermont Ferrand Cedex 9, France
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