1
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Mao X, He Y, Li C, Li H, Gou R, Liu H, Zhao Y, Chen W, Yan J, Yuan X, Wu G. Glycine-Ti 3C 2T x Hybrid Material Improves the Electrochemical Corrosion Resistance of a Water-Borne Epoxy Coating. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:11817-11827. [PMID: 38760325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Improving the dispersibility and compatibility of nanomaterials in water-borne epoxy resins is an important means to improve the protection ability and corrosion resistance of coatings. In this study, glycine-functionalized Ti3C2Tx (GT) was used to prepare an epoxy composite coating. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction showed that glycine was successfully modified. The scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy results showed that the aggregation of Ti3C2Tx was alleviated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test results show that, after 60 days of immersion, GT coating still shows the best protection performance, and the composite coating |Z|f = 0.01 Hz is 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of the pure epoxy coating. This is mainly because, after adding glycine, the -COOH group on the surface of glycine binds to the -OH group on the surface of Ti3C2Tx, improving the aggregation of Ti3C2Tx itself. At the same time, the -NH group of glycine can also participate in the curing reaction of epoxy resin to strengthen the bonding strength between the coating and the metal. The good dispersion of GT in epoxy resin makes it fill the pores and holes left by epoxy resin curing and strengthen the corrosion resistance. The easy availability and green properties of glycine provide a simple and environmentally friendly method for the modification of Ti3C2Tx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Mao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
- Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhua Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjie Li
- Research Institute of Natural Gas Technology, Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, China National Petroleum Corporation, 218 Tianyan Road, Tianfu New District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610051, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Gou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Chen
- Research Institute of Natural Gas Technology, Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, China National Petroleum Corporation, 218 Tianyan Road, Tianfu New District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610051, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yan
- Research Institute of Natural Gas Technology, Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, China National Petroleum Corporation, 218 Tianyan Road, Tianfu New District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610051, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Yuan
- Research Institute of Natural Gas Technology, Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, China National Petroleum Corporation, 218 Tianyan Road, Tianfu New District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610051, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyang Wu
- Research Institute of Natural Gas Technology, Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, China National Petroleum Corporation, 218 Tianyan Road, Tianfu New District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610051, People's Republic of China
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Samyn P, Cosemans P. Nanocellulose Grades with Different Morphologies and Surface Modification as Additives for Waterborne Epoxy Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1095. [PMID: 38675014 PMCID: PMC11054773 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
While adding different micro- and nanocellulose types into epoxy coating formulations with waterborne phenalkamine crosslinker, effects on processing conditions and coating performance were systematically investigated. The variations in viscosity, thermal and thermomechanical properties, mechanical behavior, abrasive wear, water contact angles, and coating morphologies were evaluated. The selected additives include microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) at 1 to 10 wt.% and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF), cellulose microfibers (CMF), and hydrophobically modified cellulose microfibers (mCMF) at 0.1 to 1.5 wt.%. The viscosity profiles are determined by the inherent additive characteristics with strong shear thinning effects for epoxy/CNF, while the epoxy/mCMF provides lower viscosity and better matrix compatibility owing to the lubrication of encapsulated wax. The crosslinking of epoxy/CNF is favored and postponed for epoxy/(CNC, CMF, mCMF), as the stronger interactions between epoxy and CNF are confirmed by an increase in the glass transition temperature and reduction in the dampening factor. The mechanical properties indicate the highest hardness and impact strength for epoxy/CNF resulting in the lowest abrasion wear rates, but ductility enhances and wear rates mostly reduce for epoxy/mCMF together with hydrophobic protection. In addition, the mechanical reinforcement owing to the specific organization of a nanocellulose network at percolation threshold concentrations of 0.75 wt.% is confirmed by microscopic analysis: the latter results in a 2.6 °C (CNF) or 1.6 °C (CNC) increase in the glass transition temperature, 50% (CNF) or 20% (CNC) increase in the E modulus, 37% (CNF) or 32% (CNC) increase in hardness, and 58% (CNF) or 33% (CNC) lower abrasive wear compared to neat epoxy, while higher concentrations up to 1.5 wt.% mCMF can be added. This research significantly demonstrates that nanocellulose is directly compatible with a waterborne phenalkamine crosslinker and actively contributes to the crosslinking of waterborne epoxy coatings, changing the intrinsic glass transition temperatures and hardness properties, to which mechanical coating performance directly relates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Samyn
- Department of Innovations in Circular Economy and Renewable Materials, SIRRIS, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
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3
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Wang X, Gao K, Caldona EB, Ali MRR, Zhang X, Zhang Z. Cellulose nanocrystals-reinforced waterborne epoxy coatings with enhanced corrosion resistance for steel. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128755. [PMID: 38092115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The practical applications of waterborne epoxy coatings are limited due to their poor barrier properties caused by the formation of numerous micropores and defects during the curing process. Herein, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)-reinforced waterborne epoxy coatings were fabricated by the direct addition of 0.2-1.0 wt% CNCs to waterborne epoxy emulsion followed by amine curing agent addition and spray coating. The incorporation of 0.2-0.5 wt% CNCs had no discernible impact on the stability of the waterborne epoxy emulsion. This led to the uniform dispersion of CNCs in the cured coating matrix, as evidenced by differential scanning calorimetry analysis. Because of the good compatibility, 0.2-0.5 wt% CNCs-reinforced epoxy coatings exhibited superior corrosion protection performance for steels. The impedance modulus of these coatings remained at 108 Ω cm2 after being immersed in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for 21 d. The hydroxyl groups present on the CNC surface undergo a reaction with the epoxy group, enhancing intermolecular interaction and leading to the formation of a defect-free dense structure that improves coating barrier properties. However, the incorporation of an excessive amount of CNCs (i.e., 0.8 and 1.0 wt%) significantly compromised the corrosion resistance of epoxy coatings due to aggregation-induced coating defects. Overall, this study provides a facile and green strategy for corrosion resistance improvement of waterborne epoxy coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kun Gao
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Eugene B Caldona
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, United States
| | - Mark Rigel R Ali
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, United States
| | | | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, United States.
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Saddique A, Kim JC, Bae J, Cheong IW. Low-temperature, ultra-fast, and recyclable self-healing nanocomposites reinforced with non-solvent silylated modified cellulose nanocrystals. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127984. [PMID: 37951429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing polymeric materials with remarkable mechanical properties and fast self-healing performance even at low temperatures is challenging. Herein, the polymeric nanocomposites containing silane-treated cellulose nanocrystals (SCNC) with ultrafast self-healing and exceptional mechanical characteristics were developed even at low temperatures. First, CNC is modified with a cyclic silane coupling agent using an eco-friendly chemical vapor deposition method. The nanocomposite was then fabricated by blending SCNC with matrix prepolymer, prepared from monomers that possess lower critical solution temperature, followed by the inclusion of dibutyltin dilaurate and hexamethylene diisocyanate. The self-healing capability of the novel SCNC/polymer nanocomposites was enhanced remarkably by increasing the content of SCNC (0-3 wt%) and reaching (≥99 %) at temperatures (5 & 25 °C) within <20 min. Moreover, SCNC-3 showed a toughness of (2498 MJ/m3) and SCNC-5 displayed a robust tensile strength of (22.94 ± 0.4 MPa) whereas SCNC-0 exhibited a lower tensile strength (7.4 ± 03 MPa) and toughness of (958 MJ/m3). Additionally, the nanocomposites retain their original mechanical properties after healing at temperatures (5 & 25 °C) owing to the formation of hydrogen bonds via incorporation of the SCNC. These novel SCNC-based self-healable nanocomposites with tunable mechanical properties offer novel insight into preparing damage and temperature-responsive flexible and wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Saddique
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Chul Kim
- Department of Specialty Chemicals, Division of Specialty and Bio-based Chemicals Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinhye Bae
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - In Woo Cheong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Abalymov A, Pinchasik BE, Akasov RA, Lomova M, Parakhonskiy BV. Strategies for Anisotropic Fibrillar Hydrogels: Design, Cell Alignment, and Applications in Tissue Engineering. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4532-4552. [PMID: 37812143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Efficient cellular alignment in biomaterials presents a considerable challenge, demanding the refinement of appropriate material morphologies, while ensuring effective cell-surface interactions. To address this, biomaterials are continuously researched with diverse coatings, hydrogels, and polymeric surfaces. In this context, we investigate the influence of physicochemical parameters on the architecture of fibrillar hydrogels that significantly orient the topography of flexible hydrogel substrates, thereby fostering cellular adhesion and spatial organization. Our Review comprehensively assesses various techniques for aligning polymer fibrils within hydrogels, specifically interventions applied during and after the cross-linking process. These methodologies include mechanical strains, precise temperature modulation, controlled fluidic dynamics, and chemical modulators, as well as the use of magnetic and electric fields. We highlight the intrinsic appeal of these methodologies in fabricating cell-aligning interfaces and discuss their potential implications within the fields of biomaterials and tissue engineering, particularly concerning the pursuit of optimal cellular alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatolii Abalymov
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Bat-El Pinchasik
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Roman A Akasov
- Sechenov University and Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" of Russian Academy of Sciences, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Lomova
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Bogdan V Parakhonskiy
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Aziz T, Farid A, Haq F, Kiran M, Ullah N, Faisal S, Ali A, Khan FU, You S, Bokhari A, Mubashir M, Chuah LF, Show PL. Role of silica-based porous cellulose nanocrystals in improving water absorption and mechanical properties. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 222:115253. [PMID: 36702191 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy resins are important thermosetting polymers. They are widely used in many applications i.e., adhesives, plastics, coatings and sealers. Epoxy molding compounds have attained dominance among common materials due to their excellent mechanical properties. The sol-gel simple method was applied to distinguish the impact on the colloidal time. The properties were obtained with silica-based fillers to enable their mechanical and thermal improvement. The work which we have done here on epoxy-based nanocomposites was successfully modified. The purpose of this research was to look into the effects of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) on various properties and applications. CNCs have recently attracted a lot of interest in a variety of industries due to their high aspect ratio, and low density which makes them perfect candidates. Adding different amounts of silica-based nanocomposites to the epoxy system. Analyzed with different techniques such as Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscope (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electronic microscopic (SEM) to investigate the morphological properties of modified composites. The various %-age of silica composite was prepared in the epoxy system. The 20% of silica was shown greater enhancement and improvement. They show a better result than D-400 epoxy. Increasing the silica, the transparency of the films decreased, because clustering appears. This shows that the broad use of CNCs in environmental engineering applications is possible, particularly for surface modification, which was evaluated for qualities such as absorption and chemical resistant behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Aziz
- Westlake University. School of Engineering. Hangzhou. Zhejiang Province, 310024, China
| | - Arshad Farid
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, 29050, Pakistan.
| | - Fazal Haq
- Department of Chemistry. Gomal University, D. I. Khan, 29050, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Kiran
- Department of Horticulture. Gomal University, D. I. Khan, 29050, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ullah
- Department of Chemistry. Gomal University, D. I. Khan, 29050, Pakistan
| | - Shah Faisal
- Department of Chemistry. University of Science and Technology Bannu, 28000, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ali
- Institute of Polymer Material. School of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, China
| | - Farman Ullah Khan
- Department of Chemistry. University of Science and Technology Bannu, 28000, Pakistan
| | - Siming You
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Awais Bokhari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan; Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Muhammad Mubashir
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lai Fatt Chuah
- Faculty of Maritime Studies, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Shakhbout Bin Sultan St Zone 1, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai 602105, India; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
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7
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Jung J, Sodano HA. Cellulose nanocrystal functionalized aramid nanofiber reinforced epoxy nanocomposites with high strength and toughness. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:245703. [PMID: 36753754 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acba1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites can be improved by incorporating various types of nanofillers. The hybridization of nanofillers through covalent linkages between nanofillers with different dimensions and morphology can further increase the properties of nanocomposites. In this work, aramid nanofibers (ANFs) are modified using chlorinated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and functionalized with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane to improve the chemical and mechanical interaction in an epoxy matrix. The integration of CNC functionalized ANFs (fACs) in the epoxy matrix simultaneously improves Young's modulus, tensile strength, fracture properties, and viscoelastic properties. The test results show that 1.5 wt% fAC reinforced epoxy nanocomposites improve Young's modulus and tensile strength by 15.1% and 10.1%, respectively, and also exhibit 2.5 times higher fracture toughness compared to the reference epoxy resin. Moreover, the glass transition temperature and storage modulus are found to increase when fACs are incorporated. Thus, this study demonstrates that the enhanced chemical and mechanical interaction by the CNC functionalization on the ANFs can further improve the static and dynamic mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Jung
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
- R&D Center, Hankook tire and technology Co., Ltd, Daejeon 34127, Republic of Korea
| | - Henry A Sodano
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
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Shah M, Ullah A, Azher K, Rehman AU, Juan W, Aktürk N, Tüfekci CS, Salamci MU. Vat photopolymerization-based 3D printing of polymer nanocomposites: current trends and applications. RSC Adv 2023; 13:1456-1496. [PMID: 36686959 PMCID: PMC9817086 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06522c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and manufacturing of polymer nanocomposites have garnered interest in recent research and development because of their superiority compared to traditionally employed industrial materials. Specifically, polymer nanocomposites offer higher strength, stronger resistance to corrosion or erosion, adaptable production techniques, and lower costs. The vat photopolymerization (VPP) process is a group of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques that provide the benefit of relatively low cost, maximum flexibility, high accuracy, and complexity of the printed parts. In the past few years, there has been a rapid increase in the understanding of VPP-based processes, such as high-resolution AM methods to print intricate polymer parts. The synergistic integration of nanocomposites and VPP-based 3D printing processes has opened a gateway to the future and is soon expected to surpass traditional manufacturing techniques. This review aims to provide a theoretical background and the engineering capabilities of VPP with a focus on the polymerization of nanocomposite polymer resins. Specifically, the configuration, classification, and factors affecting VPP are summarized in detail. Furthermore, different challenges in the preparation of polymer nanocomposites are discussed together with their pre- and post-processing, where several constraints and limitations that hinder their printability and photo curability are critically discussed. The main focus is the applications of printed polymer nanocomposites and the enhancement in their properties such as mechanical, biomedical, thermal, electrical, and magnetic properties. Recent literature, mainly in the past three years, is critically discussed and the main contributing results in terms of applications are summarized in the form of tables. The goal of this work is to provide researchers with a comprehensive and updated understanding of the underlying difficulties and potential benefits of VPP-based 3D printing of polymer nanocomposites. It will also help readers to systematically reveal the research problems, gaps, challenges, and promising future directions related to polymer nanocomposites and VPP processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussadiq Shah
- Additive Manufacturing Technologies Application and Research Center-EKTAM Ankara Turkey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University Ankara Turkey
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University P. R. China
| | - Abid Ullah
- Additive Manufacturing Technologies Application and Research Center-EKTAM Ankara Turkey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University Ankara Turkey
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China P. R China
| | - Kashif Azher
- Additive Manufacturing Technologies Application and Research Center-EKTAM Ankara Turkey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University Ankara Turkey
| | - Asif Ur Rehman
- Additive Manufacturing Technologies Application and Research Center-EKTAM Ankara Turkey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University Ankara Turkey
- ERMAKSAN Bursa 16065 Turkey
| | - Wang Juan
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang P. R China
| | - Nizami Aktürk
- Additive Manufacturing Technologies Application and Research Center-EKTAM Ankara Turkey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University Ankara Turkey
| | - Celal Sami Tüfekci
- Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Center of Excellence-URTEMM Ankara Turkey
| | - Metin U Salamci
- Additive Manufacturing Technologies Application and Research Center-EKTAM Ankara Turkey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University Ankara Turkey
- Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Center of Excellence-URTEMM Ankara Turkey
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Li Z, Zhu G, Lin N. Dispersibility Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals in Polymeric-Based Composites. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4439-4468. [PMID: 36195577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are hydrophilic nanoparticles extracted from biomass with properties and functions different from cellulose and are being developed for property-oriented applications such as high stiffness, abundant active groups, and biocompatibility. It has broad application prospects in the field of composite materials, while the dispersibility of the CNC in polymers is the key to its application performance. Many reviews have discussed in-depth the modification strategies to improve the dispersibility of the CNC and summarized all characterization for the CNC, but there are no reviews on the in-depth exploration of dispersion characterization. This review is a comprehensive summary of the characterization of CNC dispersion in the matrix in terms of direct observation, indirect evaluation, and quantified evaluation, summarizing how and why different characterization tools reveal dispersibility. In addition, "decision tree" flowcharts are presented to provide the reader with a reference for selecting the appropriate characterization method for a specific composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikang Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road #122, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
| | - Ge Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road #122, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
| | - Ning Lin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road #122, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
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Dadmohamadi K, Mohammadi Achachluei M, Jafari MT. The Effect of Cellulose Nanofibers on Paper Documents Containing Starch and Gelatine Sizing. RESTAURATOR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE PRESERVATION OF LIBRARY AND ARCHIVAL MATERIAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/res-2022-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate cellulose nanofibers and their effects on starch and gelatine as the most common surface sizing substances used in historical paper documents. In this study, cellulose nanofibers with a concentration of 1% by weight were prepared as a suspension with ethanol and used for the treatment of unsized samples and samples containing starch and gelatine sizing. The results showed that the application of cellulose nanofiber treatment increased the pH of unsized samples and samples containing starch sizing. After aging, there was a slight decrease in the pH of the samples. Cellulose nanofiber treatment increased the tensile strength of the samples. After accelerated aging, the tensile strength of samples containing starch and gelatine sizing and treated samples increased compared to untreated samples. Samples containing gelatine sizing and samples containing treated starch sizing showed the least amount of colour changes (∆E), respectively, and had the best colorimetry results. The results of the contact angle test of the samples before and after aging showed that cellulose nanofiber treatment did not increase the resistance of the paper to wetting and did not prevent the paper surface from getting wet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Dadmohamadi
- Department of Conservation of Cultural and Historical Properties, Faculty of Conservation, Art University of Isfahan , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi Achachluei
- Department of Conservation of Cultural and Historical Properties, Faculty of Conservation, Art University of Isfahan , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Jafari
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology , Isfahan , Iran
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Bangar SP, Harussani M, Ilyas R, Ashogbon AO, Singh A, Trif M, Jafari SM. Surface modifications of cellulose nanocrystals: Processes, properties, and applications. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Khan MN, Clarkson CM, Nuruddin M, Sharif A, Ahmad E, Youngblood JP. Performance of Advanced Waterborne Wood Coatings Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:4179-4190. [PMID: 35993822 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to examine the impact of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) in advanced waterborne wood coatings such as polycarbonate urethane (PCU) and hybrid alkyd varnish (HAV) in terms of coating performance, mechanical properties, optical properties, and water permeation and uptake properties. The influence of CNCs on the overall quality of the various waterborne wood coatings was investigated by incorporating different percentages of CNCs. Varying CNC content in coating formulations showed that CNCs are effective for waterborne wood coatings; CNCs offer both higher scratch and impact resistance as compared to neat coatings and have a significant reduction in water vapor permeation through a film with little increase in water vapor uptake at high concentrations. It was observed that the CNC darkened and reduced gloss in the coatings and viscosified the dispersion. These research findings suggest that CNCs are well-dispersed at lower concentrations, but at high concentrations, agglomeration occurred. Thus, while CNCs can give better mechanical and permeation performances at contents of up to 5 wt %, at 1 wt % CNCs can still provide modest scratch and chip resistance improvement without loss of optical properties (gloss and color) while retaining a similar water uptake. Overall, it can be concluded that CNCs have the potential to be used as a reinforcement filler in high-performance waterborne wood coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naveed Khan
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Punjab, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Upper Dir, 18000 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Caitlyn M Clarkson
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Md Nuruddin
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ahsan Sharif
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ejaz Ahmad
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Ji J, Huang S, Liu S, Yuan Y, Zhao J, Zhang S. A novel biomass-derived Schiff base waterborne epoxy coating for flame retardation and anti-bacteria. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Qin X, Ge W, Mei H, Li L, Zheng S. Toughness improvement of epoxy thermosets with cellulose nanocrystals. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulian Qin
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Wenming Ge
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Honggang Mei
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Sixun Zheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
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16
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Qiu K, Tannenbaum R, Jacob KI. Effect of processing techniques and residual solvent on the thermal/mechanical properties of epoxy‐cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Rina Tannenbaum
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering and the Stony Brook Cancer Center Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York USA
| | - Karl I. Jacob
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
- The G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
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17
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Mat Yazik MH, Sultan MTH, Jawaid M, Abu Talib AR, Mazlan N, Md Shah AU, Safri SNA. Effect of Nanofiller Content on Dynamic Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube and Montmorillonite Nanoclay Filler Hybrid Shape Memory Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:700. [PMID: 33669149 PMCID: PMC7956654 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study has been to evaluate the effect of hybridization of montmorillonite (MMT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) on the thermal and viscoelastic properties of shape memory epoxy polymer (SMEP) nanocomposites. In this study, ultra-sonication was utilized to disperse 1%, 3%, and 5% MMT in combination with 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% MWCNT into the epoxy system. The fabricated SMEP hybrid nanocomposites were characterized via differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. The storage modulus (E'), loss modulus (E"), tan δ, decomposition temperature, and decomposition rate, varied upon the addition of the fillers. Tan δ indicated a reduction of glass transition temperature (Tg) for all the hybrid SMEP nanocomposites. 3% MMT/1% MWCNT displayed best overall performance compared to other hybrid filler concentrations and indicated a better mechanical property compared to neat SMEP. These findings open a way to develop novel high-performance composites for various potential applications, such as morphing structures and actuators, as well as biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Hasfanizam Mat Yazik
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (M.H.M.Y.); (A.R.A.T.); (N.M.); (A.U.M.S.)
| | - Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (M.H.M.Y.); (A.R.A.T.); (N.M.); (A.U.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (M.J.); (S.N.A.S.)
- Aerospace Malaysia Innovation Centre (944751-A), Prime Minister’s Department, MIGHT Partnership Hub, Jalan Impact, Cyberjaya 63000, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (M.J.); (S.N.A.S.)
| | - Abd Rahim Abu Talib
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (M.H.M.Y.); (A.R.A.T.); (N.M.); (A.U.M.S.)
| | - Norkhairunnisa Mazlan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (M.H.M.Y.); (A.R.A.T.); (N.M.); (A.U.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (M.J.); (S.N.A.S.)
- Aerospace Malaysia Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Ain Umaira Md Shah
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (M.H.M.Y.); (A.R.A.T.); (N.M.); (A.U.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (M.J.); (S.N.A.S.)
| | - Syafiqah Nur Azrie Safri
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (M.J.); (S.N.A.S.)
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One-pot synthesis of aminated cellulose nanofibers by "biological grinding" for enhanced thermal conductivity nanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 254:117310. [PMID: 33357874 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aminated cellulose nanofibers (A-CNF) with high thermostability (>350 ℃), high crystallinity (81.25 %), and high dispersion stability were extracted from "biological grinding" biomass through one-pot microwave-hydrothermal synthesis. Worm-eaten wood powder (WWP) as the product of "biological grinding" by borers is a desirable lignocellulose for fabricating A-CNF in a green and cost-effective way since it is a well-milled fine powder with dimension of dozens of microns, which can be used directly, saving energy and labor. Generated A-CNF proved to be an excellent reinforcing and curing agent for constructing high performance epoxy nanocomposites. The nanocomposites exhibited a thermal conductivity enhancement of about 120 %, coefficient of thermal expansion reduction of 78 %, and Young's modulus increase of 108 % at a low A-CNF loading of 1 wt.%, demonstrating their remarkable reinforcing potential and effective stress transfer behavior. The process proposed herein might help to bridge a closed-loop carbon cycle in the whole production-utilization of biomass.
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Micro- and Nanocellulose in Polymer Composite Materials: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020231. [PMID: 33440879 PMCID: PMC7827473 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The high demand for plastic and polymeric materials which keeps rising every year makes them important industries, for which sustainability is a crucial aspect to be taken into account. Therefore, it becomes a requirement to makes it a clean and eco-friendly industry. Cellulose creates an excellent opportunity to minimize the effect of non-degradable materials by using it as a filler for either a synthesis matrix or a natural starch matrix. It is the primary substance in the walls of plant cells, helping plants to remain stiff and upright, and can be found in plant sources, agriculture waste, animals, and bacterial pellicle. In this review, we discussed the recent research development and studies in the field of biocomposites that focused on the techniques of extracting micro- and nanocellulose, treatment and modification of cellulose, classification, and applications of cellulose. In addition, this review paper looked inward on how the reinforcement of micro- and nanocellulose can yield a material with improved performance. This article featured the performances, limitations, and possible areas of improvement to fit into the broader range of engineering applications.
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Nascimento NRD, Pinheiro IF, Alves GF, Mei LHI, Macedo Neto JCD, Morales AR. Role of cellulose nanocrystals in epoxy-based nanocomposites: mechanical properties, morphology and thermal behavior. POLIMEROS 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.20210057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Zhou C, Zhang X. Preparation and Properties of Acetylated Cellulose Nanocrystals/Poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) Composites. J MACROMOL SCI B 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2020.1838414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Qu Z, Schueneman GT, Shofner ML, Meredith JC. Acrylic Functionalization of Cellulose Nanocrystals with 2-Isocyanatoethyl Methacrylate and Formation of Composites with Poly(methyl methacrylate). ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:31092-31099. [PMID: 33324818 PMCID: PMC7726749 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) derived from renewable plant-based materials exhibit strong potential for improving properties of polymers by their dispersal in the polymer matrix as a composite phase. However, the hydrophilicity and low thermal stability of CNCs lead to compromised particle dispersibility in common polymers and limit the processing conditions of polymer-CNC composites, respectively. One route that has been explored is the modification of CNCs to alter surface chemistry. Acrylic materials are used in a broad class of polymers and copolymers with wide commercial applications. Yet, the available methods for adding groups that react with acrylics to enhance dispersion are quite limited. In this work, a versatile chemical modification route is described that introduces acryloyl functional groups on CNCs that can in turn be polymerized in subsequent steps to create acrylic-CNC composites. The hydroxyl group on CNC surfaces was reacted with the isocyanate moiety on 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM), a bifunctional molecule possessing both the isocyanate group and acryloyl group. The resulting modified CNCs (mCNCs) showed enhanced hydrophobicity and dispersibility in organic solvent relative to unmodified CNCs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and elemental analysis verified the surface modification and allowed an estimation of the degree of modification as high as 0.4 (26.7% surface hydroxyl substitution CNC). The modified CNCs were copolymerized with methyl methacrylate, and the composites had improved dispersion relative to composites with unmodified CNCs and enhanced (104%) tensile strength at 2 wt % CNC when compared to the neat poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), indicating a benefit of the reactive acryloyl groups added to the CNC surface. Overall, the modification strategy was successful in functionalizing CNCs, opening possibilities for their use in organic media and matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Qu
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Gregory T. Schueneman
- Forest
Products Laboratory, U.S. Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Meisha L. Shofner
- School
of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - J. Carson Meredith
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable
Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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23
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Orr MP, Sonekan A, Shofner ML. Effect of processing method on cellulose nanocrystal/
polyethylene‐co‐vinyl
alcohol composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Orr
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Amidat Sonekan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Meisha L. Shofner
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
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24
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Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Reinforced Physical Hydrogels for Actuator Application. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10110969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present investigation, we prepared cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-reinforced polyvinyl alcohol-cellulose (PVA-Cell) physical hydrogels using a simple blending method for actuator application. The prepared hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and the surface and cross-section were studied by scanning electron microscopy. CNCs were well dispersed in the PVA-Cell hydrogel. In the preparation process, surface hydroxyl groups of the CNC and PVA-Cell matrix hydroxyl groups were interacted to produce uniform dispersion of CNCs in the hydrogels. Swelling behavior and compression studies revealed that the increase of the CNCs reinforced the crosslinking. The actuation test of the prepared hydrogels showed that the displacement linearly increased with the voltage, and the immense output displacement was observed at low CNC concentration. The prepared hydrogels are applicable for soft robot actuators and active lens.
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25
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Xu L, Chen Z, Huang F, Zuo Y, Shi X, Zhou X. Corrosion Resistance of Waterborne Epoxy Resin Coating Cross-Linked by Modified Tetrabutyl Titanate. SCANNING 2020; 2020:1392385. [PMID: 33093934 PMCID: PMC7557899 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1392385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of waterborne coating is essentially important for environmental protection, and cross-linking agent is of great significance for ensuring corrosion resistance of the coating. In this work, tetrabutyl titanate was modified by ethylene glycol and tris(2-hydroxyethyl) amine and used for the solidification of waterborne acrylic-epoxy resin. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed that the agent reacted with OH groups first to cross-link the resin preliminarily, and then, when the amount of agent was further increased, the amino groups opened epoxide rings resulting in a secondary cross-link. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) observation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test found that, when the cross-linking agent was used at 6%, the coating remains intact and kept an impedance of as high as 108 Ωcm2 even after being immersed in NaCl solution for 30 days. Copper-accelerated acetic acid-salt spray (CASS) test confirmed that the coating containing 6% cross-linking agent provided the best protection for the carbon steel substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China 212003
| | - Zheng Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China 212003
| | - Fei Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China 212003
| | - Yinze Zuo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China 212003
| | - Xingling Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China 212003
- Jiuyang Fishing Tackle Co., Ltd., Yangzhou, China 225008
- Jiangsu Gemei High-Tech Development Co., Ltd., Nantong, China 226009
| | - Xiaowei Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China 212003
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26
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Alam KM, Kumar P, Gusarov S, Kobryn AE, Kalra AP, Zeng S, Goswami A, Thundat T, Shankar K. Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Phthalocyanine-Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) Conjugates: Toward Highly Functional CNCs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:43992-44006. [PMID: 32530267 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report highly fluorescent cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) formed by conjugating a carboxylated zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) to two different types of CNCs. The conjugated nanocrystals (henceforth called ZnPc@CNCs) were bright green in color and exhibited absorption and emission maxima at ∼690 and ∼715 nm, respectively. The esterification protocol employed to covalently bind carboxylated ZnPc to surface hydroxyl group rich CNCs was expected to result in a monolayer of ZnPc on the surface of the CNCs. However, dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies indicated a large increase in the hydrodynamic radius of CNCs following conjugation to ZnPc, which suggests the binding of multiple ZnPc molecular layers on the CNC surface. This binding could be through co-facial π-stacking of ZnPc, where ZnPc metallophthalocyanine rings are horizontal to the CNC surface. The other possible binding mode would give rise to conjugated systems where ZnPc metallophthalocyanine rings are oriented vertically on the CNC surface. Density functional theory based calculations showed stable geometry following the conjugation protocol that involved covalently attached ester bond formation. The conjugates demonstrated superior performance for potential sensing applications through higher photoluminescence quenching capabilities compared to pristine ZnPc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi M Alam
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 St., Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 St., Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Sergey Gusarov
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Alexander E Kobryn
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Aarat P Kalra
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 St., Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Sheng Zeng
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 St., Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Ankur Goswami
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 St., Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 11016, India
| | - Thomas Thundat
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1H9, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Karthik Shankar
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 St., Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
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Zhang F, Liu W, Liang L, Liu C, Wang S, Shi H, Xie Y, Yang M, Pi K. Applications of hydrophobic α,ω-bis(amino)-terminated polydimethylsiloxane-graphene oxide in enhancement of anti-corrosion ability of waterborne polyurethane. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Exploration of the parameters affecting the radioactive europium removal from aqueous solutions by activated carbon-epoxy composite. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 164:109278. [PMID: 32819509 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adsorption of radioactive europium from aqueous solution was achieved using activated carbon - epoxy composite. The preparation of activated carbon - epoxy composite was reported using gamma radiation. The ratio of the activated carbon: epoxy was 50:50 Wt %. Irradiation of the mixture by the dose 20 KGy in gamma cell was performed. The physicochemical properties of the prepared composite were investigated by using different analytical techniques. The obtained results were analyzed using different kinetic models. The sorption kinetic process fitted with the pseudo-second-order model preferably than the pseudo-first-order model. The sorption mechanism was achieved by multi-diffusion steps comprising both film and intra-particle diffusion. The monolayer capacity of the composite was 297.62 mg/g. The thermodynamic parameters were studied. The negative value of ΔG0 and the positive value of ΔH0 revealed the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the sorption process.
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Kushan E, Demir C, Senses E. Surfactant Driven Liquid to Soft Solid Transition of Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspensions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:9551-9561. [PMID: 32701292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have recently attracted wide interest due to their abundance, biocompatibility, and extraordinary physical properties. In particular, easy manipulation of their surface properties, hydrophilicity, and high aspect ratio make them ideal rheology modifiers; yet, the gelation mechanisms and microscopic origin of the complex rheological behavior in the presence of secondary components, such as polymers and surfactants, are far from well understood. In this work, we used light scattering, small-angle neutron scattering, and bulk rheology to study the phase behavior and mechanical behavior of aqueous CNC solutions in the presence of cationic 1-decyl trimethyl imidazolium chloride and 1-decyl trimethyl imidazolium ferric tetrachloride. The micelles of these surfactants form at similar cmc's (about 50 mM) and adopt identical hydrodynamic sizes (on the order of a few nanometers) and prolate-shaped ellipsoids but vary in their intermicelle interactions (charged vs neutral), thus allowing us to clarify the unprecedented effect of the surfactant micelle charge on the gel behavior of the aqueous CNC-surfactant complexes. Our results show that the positively charged micelles greatly strengthen the gel network while excessive free micelles weaken the gels due to repulsive micelle-micelle interaction. In the meantime, analysis of the transition from linear to nonlinear deformation regimes suggests that the gels gradually become more fragile with surfactant concentrations due to electrostatic repulsion of the charged micelles. Such a surfactant concentration-dependent gel fragility was not observed in the presence of the neutral micelles. These results provide a great step further in our understanding of the phase behavior and rheology of complex CNC-surfactant mixtures and obtaining biocompatible hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eren Kushan
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Can Demir
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Erkan Senses
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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30
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Mohit H, Selvan VAM. Effect of a Novel Chemical Treatment on the Physico-Thermal Properties of Sugarcane Nanocellulose Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites. INT POLYM PROC 2020. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the present investigation, a novel chemical treatment was introduced for the extraction of nanocellulose fibers from sugarcane bagasse and applied as reinforcement material to enhance the physical properties and thermal stability of epoxy nanocomposites. Epoxy nanocomposites with different weight fractions were fabricated using a wet layup process followed by furnace heating to remove the residual moisture content. The influence of surface modified sugarcane nanocellulose fiber loading on morphological (transmission electron microscope) properties of epoxy nanocomposites was investigated. The porosity and water absorption increase with the increment in fiber weight fraction for both treated and untreated nanocellulose fiber-epoxy composites. Among the various treatment processes, the alkali-treated fibers reinforced epoxy composites showed better thermal stability and water absorption resistance under 10 wt.% of nanocellulose fiber reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Mohit
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , National Institute of Technology, Tamilnadu , India
| | - V. Arul Mozhi Selvan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , National Institute of Technology, Tamilnadu , India
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31
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Aziz T, Fan H, Zhang X, Haq F, Ullah A, Ullah R, Khan FU, Iqbal M. Advance Study of Cellulose Nanocrystals Properties and Applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 2020; 28:1117-1128. [DOI: 10.1007/s10924-020-01674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
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Frost BA, Sutliff BP, Thayer P, Bortner MJ, Foster EJ. Gradient Poly(ethylene glycol) Diacrylate and Cellulose Nanocrystals Tissue Engineering Composite Scaffolds via Extrusion Bioprinting. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:280. [PMID: 31681754 PMCID: PMC6813186 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioprinting has advanced drastically in the last decade, leading to many new biomedical applications for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, there are still a myriad of challenges to overcome, with vast amounts of research going into bioprinter technology, biomaterials, cell sources, vascularization, innervation, maturation, and complex 4D functionalization. Currently, stereolithographic bioprinting is the primary technique for polymer resin bioinks. However, it lacks the ability to print multiple cell types and multiple materials, control directionality of materials, and place fillers, cells, and other biological components in specific locations among the scaffolds. This study sought to create bioinks from a typical polymer resin, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), for use in extrusion bioprinting to fabricate gradient scaffolds for complex tissue engineering applications. Bioinks were created by adding cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) into the PEGDA resin at ratios from 95/5 to 60/40 w/w PEGDA/CNCs, in order to reach the viscosities needed for extrusion printing. The bioinks were cast, as well as printed into single-material and multiple-material (gradient) scaffolds using a CELLINK BIOX printer, and crosslinked using lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate as the photoinitiator. Thermal and mechanical characterizations were performed on the bioinks and scaffolds using thermogravimetric analysis, rheology, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The 95/5 w/w composition lacked the required viscosity to print, while the 60/40 w/w composition displayed extreme brittleness after crosslinking, making both CNC compositions non-ideal. Therefore, only the bioink compositions of 90/10, 80/20, and 70/30 w/w were used to produce gradient scaffolds. The gradient scaffolds were printed successfully and embodied unique mechanical properties, utilizing the benefits of each composition to increase mechanical properties of the scaffold as a whole. The bioinks and gradient scaffolds successfully demonstrated tunability of their mechanical properties by varying CNC content within the bioink composition and the compositions used in the gradient scaffolds. Although stereolithographic bioprinting currently dominates the printing of PEGDA resins, extrusion bioprinting will allow for controlled directionality, cell placement, and increased complexity of materials and cell types, improving the reliability and functionality of the scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brody A. Frost
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Bradley P. Sutliff
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Patrick Thayer
- CELLINK® LLC., Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Michael J. Bortner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - E. Johan Foster
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Kong L, Xu D, He Z, Wang F, Gui S, Fan J, Pan X, Dai X, Dong X, Liu B, Li Y. Nanocellulose-Reinforced Polyurethane for Waterborne Wood Coating. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173151. [PMID: 31470628 PMCID: PMC6749433 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the enhancement of people’s environmental awareness, waterborne polyurethane (PU) paint—with its advantages of low release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), low temperature flexibility, acid and alkali resistance, excellent solvent resistance and superior weather resistance—has made its application for wood furniture favored by the industry. However, due to its lower solid content and weak intermolecular force, the mechanical properties of waterborne PU paint are normally less than those of the traditional solvent-based polyurethane paint, which has become the key bottleneck restricting its wide applications. To this end, this study explores nanocellulose derived from biomass resources by the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) oxidation method to reinforce and thus improve the mechanical properties of waterborne PU paint. Two methods of adding nanocellulose to waterborne PU—chemical addition and physical blending—are explored. Results show that, compared to the physical blending method, the chemical grafting method at 0.1 wt% nanocellulose addition results in the maximum improvement of the comprehensive properties of the PU coating. With this method, the tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness and abrasion resistance of the waterborne PU paint increase by up to 58.7%, ~55%, 6.9% and 3.45%, respectively, compared to the control PU; while the glossiness and surface drying time were hardly affected. Such exploration provides an effective way for wide applications of water PU in the wood industry and nanocellulose in waterborne wood coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglong Kong
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, China
- Qingdao Institute of Biomass Energy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, China
| | - Zaixin He
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, China
| | - Fengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shihan Gui
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, China
| | - Jilong Fan
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, China
| | - Xiya Pan
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, China
| | - Xiaohan Dai
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, China
| | - Xiaoying Dong
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Baoxuan Liu
- Shandong Laucork Develepment Co. Ltd., Room 401, building A2, High-tech Zone, Jining 272100, China.
| | - Yongfeng Li
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, China.
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Panchal P, Mekonnen TH. Tailored cellulose nanocrystals as a functional ultraviolet absorbing nanofiller of epoxy polymers. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:2612-2623. [PMID: 36132718 PMCID: PMC9418684 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00265k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy is an extensively used polymer in several applications such as coatings, adhesives, structural composites etc. However, it is a poor ultraviolet (UV) absorber and suffers from UV-degradation, which usually leads to discoloration and loss of structural integrity. In this study, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) conjugated with a UV absorbing molecule were investigated as a functional nanomaterial to enhance the UV absorption of epoxy polymers. The grafting of a UV absorbing molecule, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), on the surface of CNCs was confirmed using FTIR, proton NMR, and via elemental analysis. The modified CNCs were then incorporated into an epoxy polymer and their efficacy in mitigating the photo-degradation of epoxy was evaluated. For this, a neat epoxy control, native CNCs and modified CNC based nanocomposite specimens were subjected to controlled UV irradiation and the resulting structure-property changes were assessed. Results of UV absorption and discoloration showed that the neat epoxy was impacted the most as a result of the UV irradiation. While the incorporation of native CNCs displayed some UV absorption and reduction in the UV mediated discoloration of the epoxy polymer, the most pronounced effect was obtained in PABA decorated CNC based epoxy nanocomposites. The use of such tailored CNCs has great potential to mitigate UV induced degradation of a range of polymers that are used especially in outdoor applications where direct exposure to UV is significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachiben Panchal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Tizazu H Mekonnen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
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Mohammad F, Arfin T, Al-Lohedan HA. Biocompatible polylactic acid-reinforced nickel-arsenate composite: Studies of electrochemical conductivity, mechanical stability, and cell viability. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 102:142-149. [PMID: 31146985 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In continuation to our earlier work on nickel (Ni)-arsenate (As) composite, the current work deals with the electrical conductivity and mechanical resistivity of the same composite by means of its further reinforcement with the polylactic acid (PLA) polymer. For the PLA-Ni-As composite, we understand from the electrochemical studies that the conductivity is strongly influenced by the temperature and due to the presence of external electrolyte. The DC electrical conductivity approach used for the temperature dependency provided the information that the conductivity falls in the semiconductor zone ranging at 10-3 S cm-1, thereby indicating that it followed the Arrhenius equation. In addition, we found in terms of the mechanical properties that the PLA-Ni-As composite outperformed the plain, untreated Ni-As composite by reducing the activation energy. For the mechanical resistivity studies we found that the 25% PLA-loaded Ni-As material significantly improved the tensile strength and modulus, elongation at break %, impact properties and also the flexural strength and modulus as against the plain and other combinations due to enhanced interfacial interactions. The cell viability and proliferations studies tested against two different cell lines provided the information that the presence of polymer reduces the toxic response of arsenic material. From the cumulative analysis therefore, we indicate that the PLA-Ni-As composite can be a potential candidate to find its uses in the electrochemical and solar cells, in addition to automotive and aerospace industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruq Mohammad
- Surfactants Research Chair, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tanvir Arfin
- Environmental Materials Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, India
| | - Hamad A Al-Lohedan
- Surfactants Research Chair, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Tang T, Zhu J, Wang W, Ni H. Morphology, thermal, and crystallization properties of poly(butylene succinate)‐grafted Nanocrystalline Cellulose by polymerization
in situ. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials & Remediation TechnologyChongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials & Remediation TechnologyChongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing China
| | - Wentao Wang
- College of Materials and Chemical EngineeringChongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing China
| | - Haitao Ni
- College of Materials and Chemical EngineeringChongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing China
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Kurita H, Xie Y, Katabira K, Honda R, Narita F. The insert effect of cellulose nanofiber layer on glass fiber‐reinforced plastic laminates and their flexural properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/mdp2.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kurita
- Department of Materials Processing, Graduate School of EngineeringTohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Yingmei Xie
- Department of Materials Processing, Graduate School of EngineeringTohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Kenichi Katabira
- Department of Materials Processing, Graduate School of EngineeringTohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Risa Honda
- Department of Materials Processing, Graduate School of EngineeringTohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Fumio Narita
- Department of Materials Processing, Graduate School of EngineeringTohoku University Sendai Japan
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Nair SS, Dartiailh C, Levin DB, Yan N. Highly Toughened and Transparent Biobased Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofibrils. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040612. [PMID: 30960595 PMCID: PMC6523465 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobased nanofillers, such as cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), have been widely used as reinforcing fillers for various polymers due to their high mechanical properties and potential for sustainable production. In this study, CNF-based composites with a commercial biobased epoxy resin were prepared and characterized to determine the morphology, mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties. The addition of 18–23 wt % of CNFs to epoxy significantly increased the modulus, strength and strain of the resulting composites. The addition of fibrils led to an overall increase in strain energy density or modulus of toughness by almost 184 times for the composites compared to the neat epoxy. The addition of CNFs did not affect the high thermal stability of epoxy. The presence of nanofibrils had a strong reinforcing effect in both glassy and glass transition region of the composites. A significant decrease in intensity in tan δ peak for the epoxy matrix occurred with the addition of CNFs, indicating a high interaction between fibrils and epoxy during the phase transition. The presence of highly crystalline and high aspect ratio CNFs (23 wt %) decreased the water vapour permeability of the neat epoxy resin by more than 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep S Nair
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada.
| | - Christopher Dartiailh
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, E2-376 Engineering and Information Technology Complex (EITC), 75 Chancellors Circle, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada.
| | - David B Levin
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, E2-376 Engineering and Information Technology Complex (EITC), 75 Chancellors Circle, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada.
| | - Ning Yan
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada.
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Nie J, Liu D, Li S, Qiu Z, Ma N, Sui G. Improved dispersion of the graphene and corrosion resistance of waterborne epoxy–graphene composites by minor cellulose nanowhiskers. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nie
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230000 China
| | - Dongyan Liu
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230000 China
| | - Songtao Li
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230000 China
| | - Zhangweijia Qiu
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230000 China
| | - Na Ma
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230000 China
| | - Guoxin Sui
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230000 China
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Khan F, Khan A, Tuhin MO, Rabnawaz M, Li Z, Naveed M. A novel dual-layer approach towards omniphobic polyurethane coatings. RSC Adv 2019; 9:26703-26711. [PMID: 35528604 PMCID: PMC9070450 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04923a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Omniphobic surfaces have a plethora of applications ranging from household paints to sensors. The predominant practice of fabricating those materials/surfaces is to use fluorinated materials which are environmentally harmful, and thus have limited practical applications. In this study, we report a novel dual-layer approach of fabrication towards omniphobic surfaces using polyurethane (PU) as a matrix and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a self-cleaning ingredient. This approach was also used to produce omniphobic PU nanocomposites, where nanofillers (e.g., nanoclay, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and graphene oxide (GO)) were incorporated. The resultant coatings were investigated for their performance, such as optical clarity, durability, and self-cleaning properties. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for microstructural analysis of the obtained coatings. The facile nature of fabrication and the use of PDMS, an environmentally benign material relative to fluorinated chemicals, thus offer an eco-friendly sustainable scheme for practical applications aimed at omniphobic purposes. Omniphobic surfaces have a plethora of applications ranging from household paints to sensors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Khan
- School of Packaging
- Michigan State University
- Michigan 48824-1223
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Ajmir Khan
- School of Packaging
- Michigan State University
- Michigan 48824-1223
- USA
| | | | | | - Zhao Li
- School of Packaging
- Michigan State University
- Michigan 48824-1223
- USA
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- School of Packaging
- Michigan State University
- Michigan 48824-1223
- USA
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Abstract
The need to transition to more sustainable and renewable technology has resulted in a focus on cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and nanocrystals (CNCs) as one of the materials of the future with potential for replacing currently used synthetic materials. Its abundance and bio-derived source make it attractive and sought after as well. CNFs and CNCs are naturally hydrophilic due to the abundance of -OH group on their surface which makes them an excellent recipient for applications in the medical industry. However, the hydrophilicity is a deterrent to many other industries, subsequently limiting their application scope. In either light, the increased rate of progress using CNCs in advanced materials applications are well underway and is becoming applicable on an industrial scale. Therefore, this review explores the current modification platforms and processes of nanocellulose directly as functional materials and as carriers/substrates of other functional materials for advanced materials applications. Niche functional attributes such as superhydrophobicity, barrier, electrical, and antimicrobial properties are reviewed due to the focus and significance of such attributes in industrial applications.
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Septevani AA, Evans DAC, Hosseinmardi A, Martin DJ, Simonsen J, Conley JF, Annamalai PK. Atomic Layer Deposition of Metal Oxide on Nanocellulose for Enabling Microscopic Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1803439. [PMID: 30328269 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201803439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) at low volume fractions in polymer nanocomposites through conventional electron microscopy still remains a challenge due to insufficient contrast between CNCs and organic polymer matrices. Herein, a methodology for enhancing the contrast of CNC, through atomic layer deposition (ALD) of alumina (Al2 O3 ) on CNCs is demonstrated. The metal oxide coated CNC allows clear visualization by transmission electron microscopy, when they are dispersed in water and polyol. A coating of about 6 ± 1 nm thick alumina layer on the CNC is achieved after 50 ALD cycles. This also enables the characterization of CNC dispersion/orientation (at 0.2 wt% loading) in an amorphous cellular system rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), using backscattered electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Microscopic analysis of the RPUF with alumina-coated CNC confirms that the predominant alignment of CNC occurs in a direction parallel to the foam rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia A Septevani
- Australian Institute Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Research Center for Chemistry, Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, 15314, Indonesia
| | - David A C Evans
- Australian Institute Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Alireza Hosseinmardi
- Australian Institute Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Darren J Martin
- Australian Institute Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - John Simonsen
- Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - John F Conley
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Pratheep K Annamalai
- Australian Institute Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Dastjerdi Z, Cranston ED, Berry R, Fraschini C, Dubé MA. Polymer Nanocomposites for Emulsion‐Based Coatings and Adhesives. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201800050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Dastjerdi
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringCentre for Catalysis Research and InnovationUniversity of Ottawa 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt. Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Emily D. Cranston
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMcMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton ON L8S 4L7 Canada
| | - Richard Berry
- CelluForce, 625 President Kennedy Ave., Suite 1501 Montreal QC H3A 1K2 Canada
| | - Carole Fraschini
- FPInnovations, 570 St Jean Blvd. Pointe‐Claire QC H9R 3J9 Canada
| | - Marc A. Dubé
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringCentre for Catalysis Research and InnovationUniversity of Ottawa 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt. Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
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44
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Abdul Rashid ES, Muhd Julkapli N, Yehye WA. Nanocellulose reinforced as green agent in polymer matrix composites applications. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Suryani Abdul Rashid
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT); University of Malaya; Block A, Level 3, Institute of Postgraduate Studies Building Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | - Nurhidayatullaili Muhd Julkapli
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT); University of Malaya; Block A, Level 3, Institute of Postgraduate Studies Building Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | - Wageeh A. Yehye
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT); University of Malaya; Block A, Level 3, Institute of Postgraduate Studies Building Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
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45
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Yue L, Maiorana A, Khelifa F, Patel A, Raquez JM, Bonnaud L, Gross R, Dubois P, Manas-Zloczower I. Surface-modified cellulose nanocrystals for biobased epoxy nanocomposites. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Yu HY, Zhang H, Song ML, Zhou Y, Yao J, Ni QQ. From Cellulose Nanospheres, Nanorods to Nanofibers: Various Aspect Ratio Induced Nucleation/Reinforcing Effects on Polylactic Acid for Robust-Barrier Food Packaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:43920-43938. [PMID: 29171751 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The traditional approach toward improving the crystallization rate as well as the mechanical and barrier properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is the incorporation of nanocelluloses (NCs). Unfortunately, little study has been focused on the influence of the differences in NC morphology and dimensions on the PLA property enhancement. Here, by HCOOH/HCl hydrolysis of lyocell fibers, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), and ginger fibers, we unveil the preparation of cellulose nanospheres (CNS), rod-like cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and cellulose nanofibers (CNF) with different aspect ratios, respectively. All the NC surfaces were chemically modified by Fischer esterification with hydrophobic formate groups to improve the NC dispersion in the PLA matrix. This study systematically compared CNS, CNC, and CNF as reinforcing agents to induce different kinds of heterogeneous nucleation and reinforce the effects on the properties of PLA. The incorporation of three NCs can greatly improve the PLA crystallization ability, thermal stability, and mechanical strength of nanocomposites. At the same NC loading level, the PLA/CNS showed the highest crystallinity (19.8 ± 0.4%) with a smaller spherulite size (33 ± 1.5 μm), indicating that CNS, with its high specific surface area, can induce a stronger heterogeneous nucleation effect on the PLA crystallization than CNC or CNF. Instead, compared to PLA, the PLA/CNF nanocomposites gave the largest Young's modulus increase of 350 %, due to the larger aspect ratio/rigidity of CNF and their interlocking or percolation network caused by filler-matrix interfacial bonds. Furthermore, taking these factors of hydrogen bonding interaction, increased crystallinity, and interfacial tortuosity into account, the PLA/CNC nanocomposite films showed the best barrier property against water vapor and lowest migration levels in two liquid food simulates (well below 60 mg kg-1 for required overall migration in packaging) than CNS- and CNF-based films. This comparative study was very beneficial for selecting reasonable nanocelluloses as nucleation/reinforcing agents in robust-barrier packaging biomaterials with outstanding mechanical and thermal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Yong Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Materials and Textile, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Xiasha Higher Education Park 2 Avenue-5, Hangzhou 310018, China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Materials and Textile, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Xiasha Higher Education Park 2 Avenue-5, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Mei-Li Song
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Materials and Textile, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Xiasha Higher Education Park 2 Avenue-5, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Materials and Textile, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Xiasha Higher Education Park 2 Avenue-5, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Juming Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Materials and Textile, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Xiasha Higher Education Park 2 Avenue-5, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qing-Qing Ni
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Materials and Textile, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Xiasha Higher Education Park 2 Avenue-5, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Kargarzadeh H, Mariano M, Huang J, Lin N, Ahmad I, Dufresne A, Thomas S. Recent developments on nanocellulose reinforced polymer nanocomposites: A review. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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48
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Song L, Wang Z, Lamm ME, Yuan L, Tang C. Supramolecular Polymer Nanocomposites Derived from Plant Oils and Cellulose Nanocrystals. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Song
- School
of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Zhongkai Wang
- School
of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Meghan E. Lamm
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Liang Yuan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Chuanbing Tang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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49
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Orr MP, Shofner ML. Processing strategies for cellulose nanocrystal/polyethylene-co-vinyl alcohol composites. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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50
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Saba N, Safwan A, Sanyang M, Mohammad F, Pervaiz M, Jawaid M, Alothman O, Sain M. Thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of cellulose nanofibers reinforced epoxy composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:822-828. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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