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Ogawa H, Aoki M, Ono S, Watanabe Y, Yamamoto S, Tanaka K, Takenaka M. Spatial Distribution of the Network Structure in Epoxy Resin via the MAXS-CT Method. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11432-11439. [PMID: 36082480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We have succeeded in visualizing the spatial heterogeneity of the reaction ratio in epoxy resins by combining medium-angle X-ray scattering (MAXS) and computed tomography (CT). The reaction ratio is proportional to the degree of cross-linking between epoxy and amine in epoxy resins. The reaction ratio and its spatial inhomogeneity affect the toughness of epoxy resins. However, there has been no non-destructive method to measure the spatial inhomogeneity of the reaction ratio, although we can measure only the spatially averaged reaction ratio by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). We found that the scattering peak reflected the cross-linking structures in the q region of MAXS and that the peak intensity is proportional to the reaction ratio. By reconstructing CT images from this peak intensity, we visualized the spatial heterogeneity of the reaction ratio. The application of this method may not be limited to epoxy resins but may extend to studying the heterogeneity of cross-linked structures in other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ogawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Riken SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Mika Aoki
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ono
- School of Computing, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuki Watanabe
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Riken SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamamoto
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Riken SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mikihito Takenaka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Riken SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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2
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McIntee OM, Welch BC, Greenberg AR, George SM, Bright VM. Elastic modulus of polyamide thin films formed by molecular layer deposition. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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3
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Shundo A, Yamamoto S, Tanaka K. Network Formation and Physical Properties of Epoxy Resins for Future Practical Applications. JACS AU 2022; 2:1522-1542. [PMID: 35911459 PMCID: PMC9327093 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy resins are used in various fields in a wide range of applications such as coatings, adhesives, modeling compounds, impregnation materials, high-performance composites, insulating materials, and encapsulating and packaging materials for electronic devices. To achieve the desired properties, it is necessary to obtain a better understanding of how the network formation and physical state change involved in the curing reaction affect the resultant network architecture and physical properties. However, this is not necessarily easy because of their infusibility at higher temperatures and insolubility in organic solvents. In this paper, we summarize the knowledge related to these issues which has been gathered using various experimental techniques in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations. This should provide useful ideas for researchers who aim to design and construct various thermosetting polymer systems including currently popular materials such as vitrimers over epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuomi Shundo
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Center for Polymer Interface and
Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamamoto
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Center for Polymer Interface and
Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Center for Polymer Interface and
Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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4
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Trigg EB, Wiegart L, Fluerasu A, Koerner H. Dynamics of Polymerization and Gelation in Epoxy Nanocomposites via X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward B. Trigg
- Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, WPAFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Lutz Wiegart
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 744 Brookhaven Avenue, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Andrei Fluerasu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 744 Brookhaven Avenue, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Hilmar Koerner
- Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, WPAFB, Ohio 45433, United States
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Wang YY, Chen YR, Sarkanen S. Blend configuration in functional polymeric materials with a high lignin content. Faraday Discuss 2019; 202:43-59. [PMID: 28702628 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00083a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Lignins upgrade the lignocellulosic cell-wall domains in all vascular plants; they embody 20-30% of terrestrial organic carbon. For 50 years, mistaken assumptions about the configuration of lignin have hindered the development of useful polymeric materials with a lignin content above 40 wt%. Now, polymeric materials composed only of methylated softwood lignin derivatives can exhibit better tensile behavior than polystyrene. Marked improvements may be achieved with small quantities (5-10 wt%) of miscible blend components as simple as poly(ethylene glycol). These observations contradict commonly held views about crosslinking or hyper-branching in lignin chains. The hydrodynamic compactness of the macromolecular lignin species arises from powerful noncovalent interactions between the lignin substructures. Individual lignin components undergo association to form macromolecular complexes that are preserved in plastics with a very high lignin content. Material continuity results from interpenetration between the peripheral components in adjoining lignin complexes. Through interactions with the peripheral domains, miscible blend components modulate the strength and ductility of these utterly original lignin-based plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yan Wang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108-6130, USA.
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Aoki M, Shundo A, Kuwahara R, Yamamoto S, Tanaka K. Mesoscopic Heterogeneity in the Curing Process of an Epoxy–Amine System. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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7
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Cosas Fernandes J, Mareau V, Gonon L. Co-localized AFM-Raman: A powerful tool to optimize the sol-gel chemistry of hybrid polymer membranes for fuel cell. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Klat D, Kępas-Suwara A, Lacayo-Pineda J, Cook S. MORPHOLOGY AND NANOMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NR/SBR BLENDS. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.5254/rct-18-82612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Tire tread materials are generally blends of two or more rubbers, fillers, and other materials, resulting in a rubber compound with complex multiphase morphology. The bulk properties of these blends are influenced by morphology and microphase characteristics, hence the desire for techniques that can both discriminate between phases in a blend and provide quantitative information about their physical properties. The effect of polymer ratio and microstructure of SBR on blend morphology and nanomechanical mapping of unfilled NR/SBR blends will be discussed. With nanoindentation techniques available through the use of atomic force microscopy, nanomechanical properties are determined and compared with macroscopic values obtained by dynamic mechanical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Klat
- Continental Reifen Deutschland GmbH, Jaedekamp 30, 30419 Hanover, Germany
| | - Anna Kępas-Suwara
- Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre (TARRC), Malaysian Rubber Board, Brickendonbury, Hertford, SG13 8NL, UK
| | | | - Stuart Cook
- Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre (TARRC), Malaysian Rubber Board, Brickendonbury, Hertford, SG13 8NL, UK
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Kroll D, Croll S. Heterogeneity in polymer networks formed by a single copolymerization reaction: II. Post-gelation structure and pendants. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Morsch S, Liu Y, Greensmith P, Lyon SB, Gibbon SR. Molecularly controlled epoxy network nanostructures. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Glebova Y, Reiter-Scherer V, Suvanto S, Korpela T, Pakkanen TT, Severin N, Shershnev V, Rabe JP. Nano-mechanical imaging reveals heterogeneous cross-link distribution in sulfur-vulcanized butadiene-styrene rubber comprising ZnO particles. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Morsch S, Liu Y, Lyon SB, Gibbon SR. Insights into Epoxy Network Nanostructural Heterogeneity Using AFM-IR. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:959-66. [PMID: 26694687 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The first direct observation of a chemically heterogeneous nanostructure within an epoxy resin is reported. Epoxy resins comprise the matrix component of many high performance composites, coatings and adhesives, yet the molecular network structure that underpins the performance of these industrially essential materials is not well understood. Internal nodular morphologies have repeatedly been reported for epoxy resins analyzed using SEM or AFM, yet the origin of these features remains a contentious subject, and epoxies are still commonly assumed to be chemically homogeneous. Uniquely, in this contribution we use the recently developed AFM-IR technique to eliminate previous differences in interpretation, and establish that nodule features correspond to heterogeneous network connectivity within an epoxy phenolic formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Morsch
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester , The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Yanwen Liu
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester , The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart B Lyon
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester , The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R Gibbon
- Research & Development, AkzoNobel Supply Chain , Stoneygate Lane, Felling, Gateshead, Tyne and Wear NE10 0JY, United Kingdom
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Bahrami A, Morelle X, Hông Minh LD, Pardoen T, Bailly C, Nysten B. Curing dependent spatial heterogeneity of mechanical response in epoxy resins revealed by atomic force microscopy. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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