1
|
Kausar A. Cutting-edge Shape Memory Polymer/Fullerene Nanocomposite: Design and Contemporary Status. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2121222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kausar
- Nanosciences Division, National Center for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tasmim S, Yousuf Z, Rahman FS, Seelig E, Clevenger AJ, VandenHeuvel SN, Ambulo CP, Raghavan S, Zimmern PE, Romero-Ortega MI, Ware TH. Liquid crystal elastomer based dynamic device for urethral support: Potential treatment for stress urinary incontinence. Biomaterials 2023; 292:121912. [PMID: 36434829 PMCID: PMC9772118 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is characterized by the involuntary loss of urine due to increased intra-abdominal pressure during coughing, sneezing, or exercising. SUI affects 20-40% of the female population and is exacerbated by aging. Severe SUI is commonly treated with surgical implantation of an autologous or a synthetic sling underneath the urethra for support. These slings, however, are static, and their tension cannot be non-invasively adjusted, if needed, after implantation. This study reports the fabrication of a novel device based on liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) capable of changing shape in response to temperature increase induced by transcutaneous IR light. The shape change of the LCE-based device was characterized in a scar tissue phantom model. An in vitro urinary tract model was designed to study the efficacy of the LCE-based device to support continence and adjust sling tension with IR illumination. Finally, the device was acutely implanted and tested for induced tension changes in female multiparous New Zealand white rabbits. The LCE device achieved 5.6% ± 1.1% actuation when embedded in an agar gel with an elastic modulus of 100 kPa. The corresponding device temperature was 44.9 °C ± 0.4 °C, and the surrounding agar temperature stayed at 42.1 °C ± 0.4 °C. Leaking time in the in vitro urinary tract model significantly decreased (p < 0.0001) when an LCE-based cuff was sutured around the model urethra from 5.2min ± 1min to 2min ±0.5min when the cuff was illuminated with IR light. Normalized leak point force (LPF) increased significantly (p = 0.01) with the implantation of an LCE-CB cuff around the bladder neck of multiparous rabbits. It decreased significantly (p = 0.023) when the device was actuated via IR light illumination. These results demonstrate that LCE material could be used to fabricate a dynamic device for treating SUI in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seelay Tasmim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Zuha Yousuf
- Departments of Bioengineering and Biomedical Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
| | - Farial S Rahman
- Departments of Bioengineering and Biomedical Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
| | - Emily Seelig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Abigail J Clevenger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Sabrina N VandenHeuvel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Cedric P Ambulo
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Shreya Raghavan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Philippe E Zimmern
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Mario I Romero-Ortega
- Departments of Bioengineering and Biomedical Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
| | - Taylor H Ware
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahmadpour-Samani P, Zahedi P. An investigation on nematic-isotropic phase transition, viscosity and diffusion coefficient of liquid crystalline elastomers at different temperatures using molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
4
|
Cazacu M, Dascalu M, Stiubianu GT, Bele A, Tugui C, Racles C. From passive to emerging smart silicones. REV CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2021-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Amassing remarkable properties, silicones are practically indispensable in our everyday life. In most classic applications, they play a passive role in that they cover, seal, insulate, lubricate, water-proof, weather-proof etc. However, silicone science and engineering are highly innovative, seeking to develop new compounds and materials that meet market demands. Thus, the unusual properties of silicones, coupled with chemical group functionalization, has allowed silicones to gradually evolve from passive materials to active ones, meeting the concept of “smart materials”, which are able to respond to external stimuli. In such cases, the intrinsic properties of polysiloxanes are augmented by various chemical modifications aiming to attach reactive or functional groups, and/or by engineering through proper cross-linking pattern or loading with suitable fillers (ceramic, magnetic, highly dielectric or electrically conductive materials, biologically active, etc.), to add new capabilities and develop high value materials. The literature and own data reflecting the state-of-the art in the field of smart silicones, such as thermoplasticity, self-healing ability, surface activity, electromechanical activity and magnetostriction, thermo-, photo-, and piezoresponsivity are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cazacu
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - Mihaela Dascalu
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - George-Theodor Stiubianu
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - Adrian Bele
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - Codrin Tugui
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - Carmen Racles
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Y, Liu T, Ambrogi V, Rios O, Xia M, He W, Yang Z. Liquid Crystalline Elastomers Based on Click Chemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:14842-14858. [PMID: 35319184 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) have emerged as an important class of functional materials that are suitable for a wide range of applications, such as sensors, actuators, and soft robotics. The unique properties of LCEs originate from the combination between liquid crystal and elastomeric network. The control of macroscopic liquid crystalline orientation and network structure is crucial to realizing the useful functionalities of LCEs. A variety of chemistries have been developed to fabricate LCEs, including hydrosilylation, free radical polymerization of acrylate, and polyaddition of epoxy and carboxylic acid. Over the past few years, the use of click chemistry has become a more robust and energy-efficient way to construct LCEs with desired structures. This article provides an overview of emerging LCEs based on click chemistries, including aza-Michael addition between amine and acrylate, radical-mediated thiol-ene and thiol-yne reactions, base-catalyzed thiol-acrylate and thiol-epoxy reactions, copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, and Diels-Alder cycloaddition. The similarities and differences of these reactions are discussed, with particular attention focused on the strengths and limitations of each reaction for the preparation of LCEs with controlled structures and orientations. The compatibility of these reactions with the traditional and emerging processing techniques, such as surface alignment and additive manufacturing, are surveyed. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of using click chemistry for the design of LCEs with advanced functionalities and applications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tuan Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Veronica Ambrogi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli 80125, Italy
| | - Orlando Rios
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Min Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wanli He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Abstract
Graphene is one of most exceptional type of nanocarbon. It is a two-dimensional, one atom thick, nanosheet of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms. Graphene has been employed as nanofiller for shape memory polymeric nanocomposites due to outstanding electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, flexibility, and thermal stability characteristics. Consequently, graphene nanostructures have been reinforced in the polymer matrices to attain superior structural, physical, and shape recovery properties. This review basically addresses the important class of shape memory polymer (SMP)/graphene nanocomposites. This assessment is revolutionary to portray the scientific development and advancement in the field of polymer and graphene-based shape memory nanocomposites. In SMP/graphene nanocomposites, polymer shape has been fixed at above transition temperature and then converted to memorized shape through desired external stimuli. Presence of graphene has caused fast switching of temporary shape to original shape in polymer/graphene nanocomposites. In this regard, better graphene dispersion, interactions between matrix-nanofiller, and well-matched interface formation leading to high performance stimuli-responsive graphene derived nanocomposites, have been described. Incidentally, the fabrication, properties, actuation ways, and relevance of the SMP/graphene nanocomposite have been discussed here. The potential applications of these materials have been perceived for the aerospace/automotive components, self-healing nanocomposites, textiles, civil engineering, and biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kausar
- National Center for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus , Islamabad , Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Low-Temperature Meltable Elastomers Based on Linear Polydimethylsiloxane Chains Alpha, Omega-Terminated with Mesogenic Groups as Physical Crosslinkers: A Passive Smart Material with Potential as Viscoelastic Coupling. Part I: Synthesis and Phase Behavior. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112476. [PMID: 33113875 PMCID: PMC7693640 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Physically crosslinked low-temperature elastomers were prepared based on linear polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastic chains terminated on both ends with mesogenic building blocks (LC) of azobenzene type. They are generally (and also structurally) highly different from the well-studied LC polymer networks (light-sensitive actuators). The LC units also make up only a small volume fraction in our materials and they do not generate elastic energy upon irradiation, but they act as physical crosslinkers with thermotropic properties. Our elastomers lack permanent chemical crosslinks—their structure is fully linear. The aggregation of the relatively rare, small, and spatially separated terminal LC units nevertheless proved to be a considerably strong crosslinking mechanism. The most attractive product displays a rubber plateau extending over 100 °C, melts near 8 °C, and is soluble in organic solvents. The self-assembly (via LC aggregation) of the copolymer molecules leads to a distinctly lamellar structure indicated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). This structure persists also in melt (polarized light microscopy, XRD), where 1–2 thermotropic transitions occur. The interesting effects of the properties of this lamellar structure on viscoelastic and rheological properties in the rubbery and in the melt state are discussed in a follow-up paper (“Part II”). The copolymers might be of interest as passive smart materials, especially as temperature-controlled elastic/viscoelastic mechanical coupling. Our study focuses on the comparison of physical properties and structure–property relationships in three systems with elastic PDMS segments of different length (8.6, 16.3, and 64.4 repeat units).
Collapse
|
8
|
Horodecka S, Strachota A, Mossety-Leszczak B, Šlouf M, Zhigunov A, Vyroubalová M, Kaňková D, Netopilík M. Meltable copolymeric elastomers based on polydimethylsiloxane with multiplets of pendant liquid-crystalline groups as physical crosslinker: A self-healing structural material with a potential for smart applications. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
9
|
Wang Y, McKinstry AH, Burke KA. Main-Chain Liquid Crystalline Hydrogels that Support 3D Stem Cell Culture. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:2365-2375. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Wang
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road Unit 3222, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3222, United States
| | - Amy H. McKinstry
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road Unit 3222, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3222, United States
| | - Kelly A. Burke
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road Unit 3222, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3222, United States
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road Unit 3136, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road Unit 3247, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3247, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Two-Way and Multiple-Way Shape Memory Polymers for Soft Robotics: An Overview. ACTUATORS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/act9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are smart materials capable of changing their shapes in a predefined manner under a proper applied stimulus and have gained considerable interest in several application fields. Particularly, two-way and multiple-way SMPs offer unique opportunities to realize untethered soft robots with programmable morphology and/or properties, repeatable actuation, and advanced multi-functionalities. This review presents the recent progress of soft robots based on two-way and multiple-way thermo-responsive SMPs. All the building blocks important for the design of such robots, i.e., the base materials, manufacturing processes, working mechanisms, and modeling and simulation tools, are covered. Moreover, examples of real-world applications of soft robots and related actuators, challenges, and future directions are discussed.
Collapse
|
11
|
Sun L, Wang TX, Chen HM, Salvekar AV, Naveen BS, Xu Q, Weng Y, Guo X, Chen Y, Huang WM. A Brief Review of the Shape Memory Phenomena in Polymers and Their Typical Sensor Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1049. [PMID: 31208102 PMCID: PMC6631414 DOI: 10.3390/polym11061049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this brief review, an introduction of the underlying mechanisms for the shape memory effect (SME) and various shape memory phenomena in polymers is presented first. After that, a summary of typical applications in sensors based on either heating or wetting activated shape recovery using largely commercial engineering polymers, which are programmed by means of in-plane pre-deformation (load applied in the length/width direction) or out-of-plane pre-deformation (load applied in the thickness direction), is presented. As demonstrated by a number of examples, many low-cost engineering polymers are well suited to, for instance, anti-counterfeit and over-heating/wetting monitoring applications via visual sensation and/or tactual sensation, and many existing technologies and products (e.g., holography, 3D printing, nano-imprinting, electro-spinning, lenticular lens, Fresnel lens, QR/bar code, Moiré pattern, FRID, structural coloring, etc.) can be integrated with the shape memory feature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- School of Civil Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China.
| | - Tao Xi Wang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
- School of Materials Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China.
| | - Hong Mei Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China.
| | - Abhijit Vijay Salvekar
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Balasundaram Selvan Naveen
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Qinwei Xu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Yiwei Weng
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Xinli Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Yahui Chen
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Wei Min Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Y, Burke KA. Phase behavior of main-chain liquid crystalline polymer networks synthesized by alkyne-azide cycloaddition chemistry. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:9885-9900. [PMID: 30511082 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01913d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline polymer networks (LCNs) couple polymer chain organization to molecular ordering, the switching of which has been shown to impart stimuli-responsive properties, including actuation and one-way shape memory, to the networks. While LCNs have long been proposed as artificial muscles, recent reports have also suggested potential as dynamic biomaterial substrates. In contrast to many existing LCNs synthesized using hydrophobic spacers, this work investigates networks synthesized using more hydrophilic spacers to promote interaction with water. A challenge with such materials is liquid crystalline phases could be disrupted in hydrated networks. This work thus investigates the impact of polyether spacers and mesogen composition on the phase behavior of LCNs. Main-chain LCNs were synthesized using alkyne-azide cycloaddition ("click" chemistry), where two different mesogens (5yH and 5yMe) and a non-LC monomer (5yTe) were coupled with one of two different polyether spacers, poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(propylene glycol), and a crosslinker. The chemistry led to high gel fraction materials, the workup of which resulted in networks that displayed no difference in cellular toxicity due to leachable components compared to tissue culture plastic control. Calorimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, and X-ray scattering revealed the LC microstructure and temperature-responsive properties of the networks. The use of low molecular weight polyether spacers was found to prevent their crystallization within the LC network, and adjusting mesogen composition to enhance its LC phase stability allowed the use of spacers with larger molecular weights and pendant groups. Hydrated networks were found to rearrange their structure compared to dry networks, while maintaining their LC phases. Like other crosslinked LC materials, the networks display shape changes (actuation) that are tied to changes in LC ordering. The result is a new synthetic approach for polydomain networks that form stable LC phases that are tailorable using polyether spacers and may enable future application as hydrated, stimuli-responsive materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Wang
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road Unit 3222, Storrs, CT 06269-3222, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kuang W, Mather PT. Tuning of reversible actuation via ROMP-based copolymerization semicrystalline polymers. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
14
|
Buffington SL, Posnick BM, Paul J, Mather PT. Ternary Polymeric Composites Exhibiting Bulk and Surface Quadruple-Shape Memory Properties. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2014-2024. [PMID: 29917305 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report the design and characterization of a multiphase quadruple shape memory composite capable of switching between 4 programmed shapes, three temporary and one permanent. Our approach combined two previously reported fabrication methods by embedding an electrospun mat of PCL in a miscible blend of epoxy monomers and PMMA as a composite matrix. As epoxy polymerization occurred the matrix underwent phase separation between the epoxy and PMMA materials. This created a multiphase composite with PCL fibers and a two-phase matrix composed of phase-separated epoxy and PMMA. The resulting composite demonstrated three separate thermal transitions and amenability to mechanical programming of three separate temporary shapes in addition to one final, equilibrium shape. In addition, quadruple surface shape memory abilities are successfully demonstrated. The versatility of this approach offers a large degree of design flexibility for multi-shape memory materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L Buffington
- Biomedical and Chemical Engineering Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.,Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Benjamin M Posnick
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Justine Paul
- Biomedical and Chemical Engineering Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.,Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Patrick T Mather
- Biomedical and Chemical Engineering Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.,Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.,Chemical Engineering Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Saed MO, Volpe RH, Traugutt NA, Visvanathan R, Clark NA, Yakacki CM. High strain actuation liquid crystal elastomers via modulation of mesophase structure. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:7537-7547. [PMID: 28956577 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01380a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Control of the mesophase in liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) is a critical aspect in harnessing their unique stimuli-responsive properties. Few studies have compared nematic and smectic main-chain LCEs in a direct way. Traditionally, it is believed that the mesogen core and synthetic route determines the phase behavior. In this study, we hypothesized that tuning the LC phases in main-chain LCE systems can be achieved by varying the spacer length while maintaining the same mesogen (RM257). By increasing the length of dithiol alkyl spacers containing two to eleven carbons along the spacer backbone (C2 to C11), we can modulate the mesophase from nematic to smectic, tailor the nematic to isotropic transition temperature between 90 and 140 °C, and increase the average work capacity from 128 to 262 kJ m-3. Phase nano-segregation resulting in the smectic C phase is achieved at room temperature for the C6, C9, and C11 spacers. In a shape switching system, this manifests in impressive actuation stroke of 700%. Upon heating from room temperature, these samples transition into the nematic and later, the isotropic phase. Furthermore, this segregation occurs along with polymer chain crystallinity, which increases the modulus of the networks by an order of magnitude; however, the crystallization rate is highly time dependent on the spacer length and can vary between 5 minutes for the C11 spacer and 24 hours for shorter spacers. This study presents several possibilities of a thiol-acrylate reaction in modulation of the thermomechanical and liquid-crystalline properties of LCEs and discusses their potential use for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohand O Saed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang K, Jia YG, Zhu XX. Two-Way Reversible Shape Memory Polymers Made of Cross-Linked Cocrystallizable Random Copolymers with Tunable Actuation Temperatures. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaojin Wang
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C
3J7, Canada
| | - Yong-Guang Jia
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C
3J7, Canada
| | - X. X. Zhu
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C
3J7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li Y, Zhang Y, Rios O, Keum JK, Kessler MR. Photo-responsive liquid crystalline epoxy networks with exchangeable disulfide bonds. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06343a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide exchange and thiol–disulfide interchange reactions allow for reprocessing and recycling of azobenzene-based liquid crystalline networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhan Li
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
| | - Yuehong Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
| | - Orlando Rios
- Deposition Sciences Group
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Jong K. Keum
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Michael R. Kessler
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Saed MO, Torbati AH, Starr CA, Visvanathan R, Clark NA, Yakacki CM. Thiol-acrylate main-chain liquid-crystalline elastomers with tunable thermomechanical properties and actuation strain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohand O. Saed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Colorado Denver; Denver Colorado 80217
| | - Amir H. Torbati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Colorado Denver; Denver Colorado 80217
| | - Chelsea A. Starr
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Colorado Denver; Denver Colorado 80217
| | - Rayshan Visvanathan
- Department of Physics; Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado Boulder; Boulder Colorado 80309
| | - Noel A. Clark
- Department of Physics; Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado Boulder; Boulder Colorado 80309
| | - Christopher M. Yakacki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Colorado Denver; Denver Colorado 80217
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Enhancement in Mechanical and Shape Memory Properties for Liquid Crystalline Polyurethane Strengthened by Graphene Oxide. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8070236. [PMID: 30974543 PMCID: PMC6432439 DOI: 10.3390/polym8070236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional shape memory polymers suffer the drawbacks of low thermal stability, low strength, and low shape recovery speed. In this study, main-chain liquid crystalline polyurethane (LCPU) that contains polar groups was synthesized. Graphene oxide (GO)/LCPU composite was fabricated using the solution casting method. The tensile strength of GO/LCPU was 1.78 times that of neat LCPU. In addition, shape recovery speed was extensively improved. The average recovery rate of sample with 20 wt % GO loading was 9.2°/s, much faster than that of LCPU of 2.6°/s. The enhancement in mechanical property and shape memory behavior could be attributed to the structure of LCPU and GO, which enhanced the interfacial interactions between GO and LCPU.
Collapse
|
20
|
Su X, Song S, Zhang C, Huang J, Liu Y, Run M, Wu Y. Dynamic mechanical and shape memory properties of polybenzoxazines based on aminopropyl-terminated siloxanes. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Su
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Shuning Song
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Jinbai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Mingtao Run
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Yonggang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abe K, Koga M, Wakabayashi T, Kang S, Sakajiri K, Watanabe J, Tokita M. Thermally Reversible Distortion Observed for Triblock Copolymers Comprising Main-Chain Liquid Crystal Polyesters Attached to Photo-Cross-Linked Cinnamate Segments at Both Ends. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Abe
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama,
Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Maito Koga
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama,
Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Takumi Wakabayashi
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama,
Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Sungmin Kang
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama,
Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Koichi Sakajiri
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama,
Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Junji Watanabe
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama,
Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tokita
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama,
Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
|