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Sheoran N, Boland B, Thornton S, Bochinski JR, Clarke LI. Increasing ionic conductivity within thermoplastics via commercial additives results in a dramatic decrease in fiber diameter from melt electrospinning. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:9264-9279. [PMID: 34553740 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01101d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene melt conductivity was increased by adding a commercial anti-static agent, which resulted in a 20× decrease in electrospun fiber diameter and formation of a significant fraction of sub-micron diameter fibers. Two polyethylene formulations and varying additive concentrations were utilized to span the parameter space of conductivity and viscosity. The key role of conductivity in determining the jet radius (which sets the upper limit on the fiber size) is discussed in the context of fluid mechanics theory and previous simulations. Parameters which affect the conversion of the liquid jet to a solid fiber and the pertinent theory are outlined. An "unconfined" experimental configuration is utilized to both avoid potential needle clogging and enable direct observation of important characteristic length scales related to the interaction of the fluid and the applied electric field. In this approach, the fluid spontaneously forms an array of cone perturbations which act as stationary "nozzles" through which the mobile fluid flows to form the jet. The experimental data and theory considerations allow for a holistic discussion of the interaction between flow rate, viscosity, conductivity, and the resultant jet and fiber size. Information about the fluid viscosity and conductivity gained by observing the electrospinning process is highlighted. Schemes for theoretically predicting the cone-jet density, cone size, and flow rate are compared to experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Sheoran
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8202, USA.
| | - Brent Boland
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8202, USA.
| | - Samuel Thornton
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8202, USA.
| | - Jason R Bochinski
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8202, USA.
| | - Laura I Clarke
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8202, USA.
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Lyu C, Zhao P, Xie J, Dong S, Liu J, Rao C, Fu J. Electrospinning of Nanofibrous Membrane and Its Applications in Air Filtration: A Review. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061501. [PMID: 34204161 PMCID: PMC8228272 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution caused by particulate matter and toxic gases is violating individual’s health and safety. Nanofibrous membrane, being a reliable filter medium for particulate matter, has been extensively studied and applied in the field of air purification. Among the different fabrication approaches of nanofibrous membrane, electrospinning is considered as the most favorable and effective due to its advantages of controllable process, high production efficiency, and low cost. The electrospun membranes, made of different materials and unique structures, exhibit good PM2.5 filtration performance and multi-functions, and are used as masks and filters against PM2.5. This review presents a brief overview of electrospinning techniques, different structures of electrospun nanofibrous membranes, unique characteristics and functions of the fabricated membranes, and summarization of the outdoor and indoor applications in PM filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxin Lyu
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (C.L.); (J.X.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (J.F.)
- Key Lab of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (C.L.); (J.X.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (J.F.)
- Key Lab of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Jun Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (C.L.); (J.X.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (J.F.)
- Key Lab of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shuyuan Dong
- School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Jiawei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (C.L.); (J.X.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (J.F.)
- Key Lab of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chengchen Rao
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (C.L.); (J.X.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (J.F.)
- Key Lab of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianzhong Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (C.L.); (J.X.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (J.F.)
- Key Lab of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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He H, Gao M, Torok D, Molnar K. Self-feeding electrospinning method based on the Weissenberg effect. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zaarour B, Zhu L, Jin X. A Review on the Secondary Surface Morphology of Electrospun Nanofibers: Formation Mechanisms, Characterizations, and Applications. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Zaarour
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of TextilesDonghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road Songjiang, Shanghai 201620 China
- Textile Industries Mechanical Engineering and Techniques DepartmentFaculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Damascus University Damascus Syria
| | - Lei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of TextilesDonghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road Songjiang, Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Xiangyu Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of TextilesDonghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road Songjiang, Shanghai 201620 China
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Toldy A, Szebényi G, Molnár K, Tóth LF, Magyar B, Hliva V, Czigány T, Szolnoki B. The Effect of Multilevel Carbon Reinforcements on the Fire Performance, Conductivity, and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E303. [PMID: 30960287 PMCID: PMC6419153 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the effect of a multilevel presence of carbon-based reinforcements-a combination of conventional load-bearing unidirectional carbon fiber (CF) with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT) and conductive CNT-containing nonwoven carbon nanofabric (CNF(CNT))-on the fire performance, thermal conductivity, and mechanical properties of reference and flame-retarded epoxy resin (EP) composites. The inclusion of carbon fibers and flame retardant reduced the peak heat release rate (pHRR) of the epoxy resins. The extent to which the nanoreinforcements reduced the pHRR depended on their influence on thermal conductivity. Specifically, high thermal conductivity is advantageous at the early stages of degradation, but after ignition it may lead to more intensive degradation and a higher pHRR; especially in the reference samples without flame retardant. The lowest pHRR (130 kW/m²) and self-extinguishing V-0 UL-94 rating was achieved in the flame-retarded composite containing all three levels of carbon reinforcement (EP + CNF(CNT) + CNT + CF FR). The plasticizing effect of the liquid flame retardant impaired both the tensile and flexural properties; however, it significantly enhanced the impact resistance of the epoxy resin and its composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Toldy
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3-9., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Szebényi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3-9., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Kolos Molnár
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3-9., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA⁻BME Research Group for Composite Science and Technology, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Levente Ferenc Tóth
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3-9., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
- Soete Laboratory, Department of Electrical Energy, Metals, Mechanical Constructions and Systems, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903., B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - Balázs Magyar
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3-9., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Viktor Hliva
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3-9., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Tibor Czigány
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3-9., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA⁻BME Research Group for Composite Science and Technology, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Beáta Szolnoki
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
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Nthunya LN, Masheane ML, Malinga SP, Nxumalo EN, Mhlanga SD. Environmentally benign chitosan-based nanofibres for potential use in water treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23312009.2017.1357865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lebea N. Nthunya
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, Florida, 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Monaheng L. Masheane
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, Florida, 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Soraya P. Malinga
- Department of Applied Chemistry and the DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre-Water Research Node, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Edward N. Nxumalo
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, Florida, 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sabelo D. Mhlanga
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, Florida, 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Maity S, Wu WC, Tracy JB, Clarke LI, Bochinski JR. Nanoscale steady-state temperature gradients within polymer nanocomposites undergoing continuous-wave photothermal heating from gold nanorods. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:11605-11618. [PMID: 28770914 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04613h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropically-shaped metal nanoparticles act as nanoscale heaters via excitation of a localized surface plasmon resonance, utilizing a photothermal effect which converts the optical energy into local heat. Steady-state temperatures within a polymer matrix embedded with gold nanorods undergoing photothermal heating using continuous-wave excitation are measured in the immediate spatial vicinity of the nanoparticle (referred to as the local temperature) from observing the rate of physical rotation of the asymmetric nanoparticles within the locally created polymer melt. Average temperatures across the entire (mostly solid) sample (referred to as the global temperature) are simultaneously observed using a fluorescence method from randomly dispersed molecular emitters. Comparing these two independent measurements in films having varying concentrations of nanorods reveals the interplay between the local and global temperatures, clearly demonstrating the capability of these material samples to sustain large steady-state spatial temperature gradients when experiencing continuous-wave excitation photothermal heating. These results are discussed quantitatively. Illustrative imaging studies of nanofibers under photothermal heating also support the presence of a large temperature gradient. Photothermal heating in this manner has potential utility in creating unique thermal processing conditions for outcomes such as driving chemical reactions, inducing crystallinity changes, or enhancing degradation processes in a manner unachievable by conventional heating methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somsubhra Maity
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8202, USA.
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Molnar K, Nagy ZK. Corona-electrospinning: Needleless method for high-throughput continuous nanofiber production. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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