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Click chemistry strategies for the accelerated synthesis of functional macromolecules. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Upadhya R, Kosuri S, Tamasi M, Meyer TA, Atta S, Webb MA, Gormley AJ. Automation and data-driven design of polymer therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:1-28. [PMID: 33242537 PMCID: PMC8127395 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are uniquely suited for drug delivery and biomaterial applications due to tunable structural parameters such as length, composition, architecture, and valency. To facilitate designs, researchers may explore combinatorial libraries in a high throughput fashion to correlate structure to function. However, traditional polymerization reactions including controlled living radical polymerization (CLRP) and ring-opening polymerization (ROP) require inert reaction conditions and extensive expertise to implement. With the advent of air-tolerance and automation, several polymerization techniques are now compatible with well plates and can be carried out at the benchtop, making high throughput synthesis and high throughput screening (HTS) possible. To avoid HTS pitfalls often described as "fishing expeditions," it is crucial to employ intelligent and big data approaches to maximize experimental efficiency. This is where the disruptive technologies of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) will likely play a role. In fact, ML and AI are already impacting small molecule drug discovery and showing signs of emerging in drug delivery. In this review, we present state-of-the-art research in drug delivery, gene delivery, antimicrobial polymers, and bioactive polymers alongside data-driven developments in drug design and organic synthesis. From this insight, important lessons are revealed for the polymer therapeutics community including the value of a closed loop design-build-test-learn workflow. This is an exciting time as researchers will gain the ability to fully explore the polymer structural landscape and establish quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs) with biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Supriya Atta
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael A Webb
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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Li K, Fong D, Meichsner E, Adronov A. A Survey of Strain-Promoted Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition in Polymer Chemistry. Chemistry 2021; 27:5057-5073. [PMID: 33017499 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient reactions that enable the assembly of molecules into complex structures have driven extensive progress in synthetic chemistry. In particular, reactions that occur under mild conditions and in benign solvents, while producing no by-products and rapidly reach completion are attracting significant attention. Amongst these, the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition, involving various cyclooctyne derivatives reacting with azide-bearing molecules, has gained extensive popularity in organic synthesis and bioorthogonal chemistry. This reaction has also recently gained momentum in polymer chemistry, where it has been used to decorate, link, crosslink, and even prepare polymer chains. This survey highlights key achievements in the use of this reaction to produce a variety of polymeric constructs for disparate applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Li
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Darryl Fong
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Eric Meichsner
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
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Vasdev R, Luo W, Classen K, Anghel M, Novoa S, Workentin MS, Gilroy JB. Strained alkyne polymers capable of SPAAC via ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01177d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a strategy that combines the attractive traits of chain-growth polymerization and strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition chemistry for the production of functional polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwar Vasdev
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Wilson Luo
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle Classen
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Anghel
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Samantha Novoa
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mark S. Workentin
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Li Z, Kosuri S, Foster H, Cohen J, Jumeaux C, Stevens MM, Chapman R, Gormley AJ. A Dual Wavelength Polymerization and Bioconjugation Strategy for High Throughput Synthesis of Multivalent Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19823-19830. [PMID: 31743014 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Structure-function relationships for multivalent polymer scaffolds are highly complex due to the wide diversity of architectures offered by such macromolecules. Evaluation of this landscape has traditionally been accomplished case-by-case due to the experimental difficulty associated with making these complex conjugates. Here, we introduce a simple dual-wavelength, two-step polymerize and click approach for making combinatorial conjugate libraries. It proceeds by incorporation of a polymerization friendly cyclopropenone-masked dibenzocyclooctyne into the side chain of linear polymers or the α-chain end of star polymers. Polymerizations are performed under visible light using an oxygen tolerant porphyrin-catalyzed photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (PET-RAFT) process, after which the deprotection and click reaction is triggered by UV light. Using this approach, we are able to precisely control the valency and position of ligands on a polymer scaffold in a manner conducive to high throughput synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Li
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and the Australian Centre for Nanotechnology (ACN), School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Sydney 2052 , Australia
| | - Shashank Kosuri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Henry Foster
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and the Australian Centre for Nanotechnology (ACN), School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Sydney 2052 , Australia
| | - Jarrod Cohen
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Coline Jumeaux
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and the Institute for Biomedical Engineering , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Karolinska Institutet , SE-17177 , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and the Institute for Biomedical Engineering , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Karolinska Institutet , SE-17177 , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Robert Chapman
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and the Australian Centre for Nanotechnology (ACN), School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Sydney 2052 , Australia
| | - Adam J Gormley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
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Qu L, Wu Y, Sun P, Zhang K, Liu Z. Cyclopropenone-masked dibenzocyclooctyne end-functionalized polymers from reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Hu J, Sun P, Jiang X, Zhu W, Zhang K. Tadpole-shaped polymers based on UV-induced strain promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. Sci China Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-016-0126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Zhu W, Li Z, Sun P, Ren L, Zhang K. T-shaped and H-shaped polymers constructed from UV-induced strain promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Li Z, Chen Y. Special issue—New application of organic reactions for controlling polymer architectures. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sun P, Tang Q, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Zhang K. Cyclic polymers based on UV-induced strain promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00416k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A unique ring-closure method was developed for the preparation of cyclic polymers based on the combination of atom transfer radical polymerization and UV-induced strain promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Qingquan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Zhenpeng Wang
- National Center for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing
- Institute of Chemistry
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Yuming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
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