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Foley K, Walters KB. Solution and Film Self-Assembly Behavior of a Block Copolymer Composed of a Poly(ionic Liquid) and a Stimuli-Responsive Weak Polyelectrolyte. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:33684-33700. [PMID: 37744857 PMCID: PMC10515397 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Cu(0)-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization was used to synthesize a poly(ionic liquid), poly[4-vinylbenzyl-3-butylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide] (PVBBImTf2N), a stimuli-responsive polyelectrolyte, poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA), and a novel block copolymer formed from these two polymers. The synthesis of the block copolymer, poly[2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate]-block-[poly(4-vinylbenzyl-3-butylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide] (PDMAEMA-b-PVBBImTf2N), was examined to evaluate the control of "livingness" polymerization, as indicated by molecular weight, characterizations of degree of polymerization, and 1HNMR spectroscopy. 2D DOSY NMR measurements revealed the successful formation of block copolymer and the connection between the two polymer blocks. PDMAEMA-b-PVBBImTf2N was further characterized for supramolecular interactions in both the bulk and solution states through FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopies. While the block copolymer demonstrated similar intermolecular behavior to the PIL homopolymer in the bulk state as indicated by FTIR, hydrogen bonding and counterion interactions in solution were observed in polar organic solvent through 1H NMR measurements. The DLS characterization revealed that the PDMAEMA-b-PVBBImTf2N block copolymer forms a network-like aggregated structure due to a combination of hydrogen bonding between the PDMAEMA and PIL group and electrostatic repulsive interactions between PIL blocks. This structure was found to collapse upon the addition of KNO3 while still maintaining hydrogen bonding interactions. AFM-IR analysis demonstrated varied morphologies, with spherical PDMAEMA in PVBBImTf2N matrix morphology exhibited in the region approaching the film center. AFM-IR further revealed signals from silica nano-contaminates, which selectively interacted with the PDMAEMA spheres, demonstrating the potential for the PDMAEMA-b-PVBBImTf2N PIL block copolymer in polymer-inorganic nanoparticle composite applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Foley
- Ralph E. Martin Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Keisha B. Walters
- Ralph E. Martin Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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2
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Zhang ZK, Ding SP, Ye Z, Xia DL, Xu JT. Thermodynamic understanding the phase behavior of fully quaternized poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine) block copolymers. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lingua G, Grysan P, Vlasov PS, Verge P, Shaplov AS, Gerbaldi C. Unique Carbonate-Based Single Ion Conducting Block Copolymers Enabling High-Voltage, All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries. Macromolecules 2021; 54:6911-6924. [PMID: 34475591 PMCID: PMC8397401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Safety and high-voltage operation are key metrics for advanced, solid-state energy storage devices to power low- or zero-emission HEV or EV vehicles. In this study, we propose the modification of single-ion conducting polyelectrolytes by designing novel block copolymers, which combine one block responsible for high ionic conductivity and the second block for improved mechanical properties and outstanding electrochemical stability. To synthesize such block copolymers, the ring opening polymerization (ROP) of trimethylene carbonate (TMC) monomer by the RAFT-agent having a terminal hydroxyl group is used. It allows for the preparation of a poly(carbonate) macro-RAFT precursor that is subsequently applied in RAFT copolymerization of lithium 1-[3-(methacryloyloxy)propylsulfonyl]-1-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate. The resulting single-ion conducting block copolymers show improved viscoelastic properties, good thermal stability (T onset up to 155 °C), sufficient ionic conductivity (up to 3.7 × 10-6 S cm-1 at 70 °C), and high lithium-ion transference number (0.91) to enable high power. Excellent plating/stripping ability with resistance to dendrite growth and outstanding electrochemical stability window (exceeding 4.8 V vs Li+/Li at 70 °C) are also achieved, along with enhanced compatibility with composite cathodes, both LiNiMnCoO2 - NMC and LiFePO4 - LFP, as well as the lithium metal anode. Lab-scale truly solid-state Li/LFP and Li/NMC lithium-metal cells assembled with the single-ion copolymer electrolyte demonstrate reversible and very stable cycling at 70 °C delivering high specific capacity (up to 145 and 118 mAh g-1, respectively, at a C/20 rate) and proper operation even at a higher current regime. Remarkably, the addition of a little amount of propylene carbonate (∼8 wt %) allows for stable, highly reversible cycling at a higher C-rate. These results represent an excellent achievement for a truly single-ion conducting solid-state polymer electrolyte, placing the obtained ionic block copolymers on top of polyelectrolytes with highest electrochemical stability and potentially enabling safe, practical Li-metal cells operating at high-voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Lingua
- GAME
Lab, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
- National
Reference Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage (GISEL) - INSTM, Via G. Giusti 9, Firenze 50121, Italy
| | - Patrick Grysan
- Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Petr S. Vlasov
- Department
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg
State University, Universitetsky pr. 26, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Pierre Verge
- Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Alexander S. Shaplov
- Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Claudio Gerbaldi
- GAME
Lab, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
- National
Reference Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage (GISEL) - INSTM, Via G. Giusti 9, Firenze 50121, Italy
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May AW, Shi Z, Wijayasekara DB, Gin DL, Bailey TS. Self-assembly of highly asymmetric, poly(ionic liquid)-rich diblock copolymers and the effects of simple structural modification on phase behaviour. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01414k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of ATRP-synthesized poly(IL) diblock copolymers exhibit morphological phase behavior with shifted phase boundaries and alkyl substituent dependent segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa W. May
- Department of Chemistry
- Colorado State University
- Fort Collins
- USA
| | - Zhangxing Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Colorado
- Boulder
- USA
| | | | - Douglas L. Gin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Colorado
- Boulder
- USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
| | - Travis S. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry
- Colorado State University
- Fort Collins
- USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
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Huq NA, Bailey TS. Spatial Control of Mechanical Properties and Surface Topography in a Photoreactive Block Copolymer Hydrogel. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabila A. Huq
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - Travis S. Bailey
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
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Huq NA, Ekblad JR, Leonard AT, Scalfani VF, Bailey TS. Phototunable Thermoplastic Elastomer Hydrogel Networks. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabila A. Huq
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - John R. Ekblad
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - Alex T. Leonard
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - Vincent F. Scalfani
- University
Libraries, Rodgers Library for Science and Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Travis S. Bailey
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
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Wijayasekara DB, Cowan MG, Lewis JT, Gin DL, Noble RD, Bailey TS. Elastic free-standing RTIL composite membranes for CO2/N2 separation based on sphere-forming triblock/diblock copolymer blends. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Cowan MG, Gin DL, Noble RD. Poly(ionic liquid)/Ionic Liquid Ion-Gels with High "Free" Ionic Liquid Content: Platform Membrane Materials for CO2/Light Gas Separations. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:724-32. [PMID: 27046045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The recycling or sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the waste gas of fossil-fuel power plants is widely acknowledged as one of the most realistic strategies for delaying or avoiding the severest environmental, economic, political, and social consequences that will result from global climate change and ocean acidification. For context, in 2013 coal and natural gas power plants accounted for roughly 31% of total U.S. CO2 emissions. Recycling or sequestering this CO2 would reduce U.S. emissions by ca. 1800 million metric tons-easily meeting the U.S.'s currently stated CO2 reduction targets of ca. 17% relative to 2005 levels by 2020. This situation is similar for many developed and developing nations, many of which officially target a 20% reduction relative to 1990 baseline levels by 2020. To make CO2 recycling or sequestration processes technologically and economically viable, the CO2 must first be separated from the rest of the waste gas mixture-which is comprised mostly of nitrogen gas and water (ca. 85%). Of the many potential separation technologies available, membrane technology is particularly attractive due to its low energy operating cost, low maintenance, smaller equipment footprint, and relatively facile retrofit integration with existing power plant designs. From a techno-economic standpoint, the separation of CO2 from flue gas requires membranes that can process extremely high amounts of CO2 over a short time period, a property defined as the membrane "permeance". In contrast, the membrane's CO2/N2 selectivity has only a minor effect on the overall cost of some separation processes once a threshold permeability selectivity of ca. 20 is reached. Given the above criteria, the critical properties when developing membrane materials for postcombustion CO2 separation are CO2 permeability (i.e., the rate of CO2 transport normalized to the material thickness), a reasonable CO2/N2 selectivity (≥20), and the ability to be processed into defect-free thin-films (ca. 100-nm-thick active layer). Traditional polymeric membrane materials are limited by a trade-off between permeability and selectivity empirically described by the "Robeson upper bound"-placing the desired membrane properties beyond reach. Therefore, the investigation of advanced and composite materials that can overcome the limitations of traditional polymeric materials is the focus of significant academic and industrial research. In particular, there has been substantial work on ionic-liquid (IL)-based materials due to their gas transport properties. This review provides an overview of our collaborative work on developing poly(ionic liquid)/ionic liquid (PIL/IL) ion-gel membrane technology. We detail developmental work on the preparation of PIL/IL composites and describe how this chemical technology was adapted to allow the roll-to-roll processing and preparation of membranes with defect-free active layers ca. 100 nm thick, CO2 permeances of over 6000 GPU, and CO2/N2 selectivity of ≥20-properties with the potential to reduce the cost of CO2 removal from coal-fired power plant flue gas to ca. $15 per ton of CO2 captured. Additionally, we examine the materials developments that have produced advanced PIL/IL composite membranes. These advancements include cross-linked PIL/IL blends, step-growth PIL/IL networks with facilitated transport groups, and PIL/IL composites with microporous additives for CO2/CH4 separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Cowan
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Douglas L. Gin
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Richard D. Noble
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Steinkoenig J, Bloesser FR, Huber B, Welle A, Trouillet V, Weidner SM, Barner L, Roesky PW, Yuan J, Goldmann AS, Barner-Kowollik C. Controlled radical polymerization and in-depth mass-spectrometric characterization of poly(ionic liquid)s and their photopatterning on surfaces. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01320h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) bearing a polystyrene backbone preparedviaRAFT polymerization and their photolithographic patterning on silicon wafers is reported.
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Rafiee Z. Controlled radical polymerization of an acrylamide containing L-alanine moiety via ATRP. Amino Acids 2015; 48:437-43. [PMID: 26385362 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Homopolymerization of an optically active acrylamide having an amino acid moiety in the side chain, N-acryloyl-L-alanine (AAla) was carried out via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) at room temperature using 2-hydroxyethyl-2'-methyl-2'-bromopropionate (HMB) or sodium-4-(bromomethyl)benzoate (SBB) as initiator in pure water, methanol/water mixture and pure methanol solvents. The polymerization reaction resulted in the optically active biocompatible amino acid-based homopolymer in good yield with narrow molecular weight distribution. The number average molecular weight increased with conversion and polydispersity was low. The structure and molecular weight of synthesized polymer were characterized by (1)H NMR, FT-IR spectroscopic techniques and size-exclusion chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry, Yasouj University, Yasouj, 75918-74831, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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