1
|
Abrishamkar S, Mohammadi A, De La Vega J, Wang DY, Kalali EN. Layer-by-layer assembly of calixarene modified GO and LDH nanostructures on flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and dye adsorption behavior of flexible polyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
2
|
Hejna A. Clays as Inhibitors of Polyurethane Foams' Flammability. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4826. [PMID: 34500914 PMCID: PMC8432671 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethanes are a very important group of polymers with an extensive range of applications in different branches of industry. In the form of foams, they are mainly used in bedding, furniture, building, construction, and automotive sectors. Due to human safety reasons, these applications require an appropriate level of flame retardance, often required by various law regulations. Nevertheless, without the proper modifications, polyurethane foams are easily ignitable, highly flammable, and generate an enormous amount of smoke during combustion. Therefore, proper modifications or additives should be introduced to reduce their flammability. Except for the most popular phosphorus-, halogen-, or nitrogen-containing flame retardants, promising results were noted for the application of clays. Due to their small particle size and flake-like shape, they induce a "labyrinth effect" inside the foam, resulting in the delay of decomposition onset, reduction of smoke generation, and inhibition of heat, gas, and mass transfer. Moreover, clays can be easily modified with different organic compounds or used along with conventional flame retardants. Such an approach may often result in the synergy effect, which provides the exceptional reduction of foams' flammability. This paper summarizes the literature reports related to the applications of clays in the reduction of polyurethane foams' flammability, either by their incorporation as a nanofiller or by preparation of coatings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen MJ, Lazar S, Kolibaba TJ, Shen R, Quan Y, Wang Q, Chiang HC, Palen B, Grunlan JC. Environmentally Benign and Self-Extinguishing Multilayer Nanocoating for Protection of Flammable Foam. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:49130-49137. [PMID: 33064444 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Most current flame-retardant nanocoatings for flexible polyurethane foam (PUF) consist of passive barriers, such as clay, graphene oxide, or metal hydroxide. In an effort to develop a polymeric and environmentally benign nanocoating for PUF, positively charged chitosan (CH) and anionic sodium hexametaphosphate (PSP) were deposited using layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. Only six bilayers of CH/PSP film can withstand flame penetration during exposure to a butane torch (∼1400 °C) for 10 s and stop flame spread on the foam. Additionally, cone calorimetry reveals that the fire growth rate, peak heat release rate, and maximum average rate of heat emission are reduced by 55, 43, and 38%, respectively, compared with uncoated foam. This multilayer thin film quickly dehydrates to form an intumescent charred exoskeleton on the surface of the open-celled structure of polyurethane, inhibiting heat transfer and completely eliminating melt dripping. This entirely polymeric nanocoating provides a safe and effective alternative for reducing the fire hazard of polyurethane foam that is widely used for cushioning and insulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Chen
- School of Science, Xihua University, 9999 Hongguang Road, Chengdu 610039, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Simone Lazar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Thomas J Kolibaba
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ruiqing Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yufeng Quan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Qingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Hsu-Cheng Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Bethany Palen
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jaime C Grunlan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3127 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nabipour H, Wang X, Song L, Hu Y. A fully bio-based coating made from alginate, chitosan and hydroxyapatite for protecting flexible polyurethane foam from fire. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 246:116641. [PMID: 32747276 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports the successful synthesis of the flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) through a fully bio-based coating. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is added to the solutions containing sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan (CH), respectively, to create negative and positive polyelectrolytes for Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembly. The influence of the solution concentrations and bilayers numbers deposited on the flame-retardant and mechanical properties of FPUF samples is investigated systematically. Benefitting from the presence of such a fully bio-based coating, the resultant FPUF affords excellent smoke-suppressant and flame-retardant features. In particular, the FPUF coated by 9 bilayers of HAP-SA/HAP-CH exhibits significantly declined peak heat release rate, total release rate and smoke production release by 77.7 %, 56.5 % and 53.8 %, respectively. The compression test verifies the coated FPUFs exhibit lower recovery properties compared with the uncoated one. These results demonstrate that a green and cost-effective strategy is provided for producing flame-retardant, anti-dripping and smoke-suppressant FPUFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hafezeh Nabipour
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fire Suppression and Thermal Behavior of Biobased Rigid Polyurethane Foam Filled with Biomass Incineration Waste Ash. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030683. [PMID: 32204494 PMCID: PMC7182938 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is great demand to implement circular economy principles and motivate producers of building materials to integrate into a closed loop supply chain system and improve sustainability of their end-product. Therefore, it is of great interest to replace conventional raw materials with inorganic or organic waste-based and filler-type additives to promote sustainability and the close loop chain. This article investigates the possibility of bottom waste incineration ash (WA) particles to be used as a flame retardant replacement to increase fire safety and thermal stability under higher temperatures. From 10 wt.% to 50 wt.% WA particles do not significantly deteriorate performance characteristics, such as compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and water absorption after 28 days of immersion, and at 32 °C WA particles improve the thermal stability of resultant PU foams. Furthermore, 50 wt.% WA particles reduce average heat release by 69% and CO2 and CO yields during fire by 76% and 77%, respectively. Unfortunately, WA particles do not act as a smoke suppressant and do not reduce smoke release rate.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mallakpour S, Hatami M. Green and eco-friendly route for the synthesis of Ag@Vitamin B9-LDH hybrid and its chitosan nanocomposites: Characterization and antibacterial activity. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
Pinto PCDC, Silva VRD, Yoshida MI, Oliveira MALD. Synthesis of flexible polyurethane foams by the partial substitution of polyol by steatite. POLIMEROS 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.10417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
8
|
Pang XY, Chang WS, Chang R, Weng MQ. Influence of Titanium Dioxide Modified Expandable Graphite and Ammonium Polyphosphate on Combustion Behavior and Physicomechanical Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam. INT POLYM PROC 2018. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this research, the individual influence and synergistic behavior between titanium dioxide modified expendable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on combustion behavior and physicomechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) were investigated. Combustion behavior was evaluated by limiting oxygen index, and vertical-combustion tests. Thermal stability was studied via thermogravimetric/differential thermal gravimetric (TG/DTG) analysis. Results showed that the modified expendable graphite presented better thermal stability and flame retardancy for RPUF than the normal expandable graphite. Furthermore, the combination of the modified expendable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate with the mass ratio of 1 : 1 caused the RPUF to exhibit better flame retardancy, compression strength and high temperature thermal stability. Especially, the compression strength of this polymer composite sharply increased by 52.4 % over RPUF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X.-Y. Pang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
- Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center of Hebei Province , Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
| | - W.-S. Chang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
| | - R. Chang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
| | - M.-Q. Weng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pang XY, Chang R, Weng MQ. Halogen-free flame retarded rigid polyurethane foam: The influence of titanium dioxide modified expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on flame retardancy and thermal stability. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yan Pang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
- Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Ran Chang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Meng-Qi Weng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shamim M, Dana K. Dependence of bonding interactions in Layered Double Hydroxides on metal cation chemistry. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
Flame Retardance and Smoke Suppression of CFA/APP/LDHs/EVA Composite. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/app6090255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
12
|
Pan H, Pan Y, Song L, Hu Y. Construction of β-FeOOH nanorod-filled layer-by-layer coating with effective structure to reduce flammability of flexible polyurethane foam. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Pan
- Faculty of Engineering; China University of Geosciences; Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Ying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety; Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China; 166 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pan H, Lu Y, Song L, Zhang X, Hu Y. Fabrication of binary hybrid-filled layer-by-layer coatings on flexible polyurethane foams and studies on their flame-retardant and thermal properties. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03760g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A binary hybrid-filled flame-retardant coating, consisting of graphene oxide (GO) and amino-terminated silica nanospheres (KH-550-SiO2), was fabricated onto a flexible polyurethane (FPU) foam using the layer-by-layer assembly method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Pan
- Faculty of Engineering
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan 430074
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yushi Lu
- Faculty of Engineering
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan 430074
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Faculty of Engineering
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan 430074
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pan H, Yu B, Wang W, Pan Y, Song L, Hu Y. Comparative study of layer by layer assembled multilayer films based on graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide on flexible polyurethane foam: flame retardant and smoke suppression properties. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15522g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame retardant multilayer films based on graphene materials were deposited on the surface of flexible polyurethane (FPU) foam by an advanced layer by layer assembly method (hybrid bilayer approach) in an effort to reduce its flammability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Pan
- Faculty of Engineering
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan 430074
- People's Republic of China
| | - Bihao Yu
- Faculty of Engineering
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan 430074
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Carosio F, Negrell-Guirao C, Alongi J, David G, Camino G. All-polymer Layer by Layer coating as efficient solution to polyurethane foam flame retardancy. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
16
|
Carosio F, Fontaine G, Alongi J, Bourbigot S. Starch-Based Layer by Layer Assembly: Efficient and Sustainable Approach to Cotton Fire Protection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:12158-12167. [PMID: 25978652 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Starch has been employed via layer by layer assembly for building an efficient and sustainable biobased coatings capable of protecting cotton from fire. In order to obtain a better understanding of the coating to substrate relationship, the coating efficiency has been tested on cotton fabrics having different densities (i.e., 100, 200, and 400 g/m(2)). The adopted deposition conditions allow for the buildup of a homogeneous coating even at a low number of deposition steps. The physical and chemical mechanisms are described and related to the achieved results. The coating can greatly enhance the char forming ability of cellulose, nearly doubling the amount of thermally stable organic residue produced by cotton at high temperatures, as assessed by thermogravimetric analyses. After only 2 bilayers deposited, this biobased system is capable of self-extinguishing a flame during flammability tests with less than 5% in weight deposited on cotton. This high efficiency is kept even when the coating is deposited on cotton with the highest density. By cone calorimetry, all treated cottons showed significant reductions (up to 40%) of the total heat released during combustion, thus demonstrating the high efficiency achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Carosio
- †Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria Site, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - G Fontaine
- ‡Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET), CNRS UMR 8207, R2Fire Group, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille CS 90108, F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - J Alongi
- †Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria Site, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - S Bourbigot
- ‡Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET), CNRS UMR 8207, R2Fire Group, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille CS 90108, F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Davis R, Li YC, Gervasio M, Luu J, Kim YS. One-pot, bioinspired coatings to reduce the flammability of flexible polyurethane foams. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:6082-6092. [PMID: 25723711 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, natural materials were combined into a single "pot" to produce flexible, highly fire resistant, and bioinspired coatings on flexible polyurethane foam (PUF). In one step, PUF was coated with a fire protective layer constructed of a polysaccharide binder (starch or agar), a boron fire retardant (boric acid or derivative), and a dirt char former (montmorillonite clay). Nearly all coatings produced a 63% reduction in a critical flammability value, the peak heat release rate (PHRR). One formulation produced a 75% reduction in PHRR. This technology was validated in full-scale furniture fire tests, where a 75% reduction in PHRR was measured. At these PHRR values, this technology could reduce the fire threat of furniture from significant fire damage in and beyond the room of fire origin to being contained to the burning furniture. This flammability reduction was caused by three mechanisms-the gas-phase and condensed-phase processes of the boron fire retardant and the condensed-phase process of the clay. We describe the one-pot coating process and the impact of the coating composition on flammability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rick Davis
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive MS-8665, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8655, United States
| | - Yu-Chin Li
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive MS-8665, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8655, United States
| | - Michelle Gervasio
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive MS-8665, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8655, United States
| | - Jason Luu
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive MS-8665, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8655, United States
| | - Yeon Seok Kim
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive MS-8665, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8655, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dinari M, Asadi P, Khajeh S. In situ thermal synthesis of novel polyimide nanocomposite films containing organo-modified layered double hydroxide: morphological, thermal and mechanical properties. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj01640a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An organic–inorganic hybrid compound comprised of a Zn/Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) intercalated with citric acid (LDH–CA) was dispersed in polyimide (PI) with an N-benzonitrile side group, through in situ polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Dinari
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan
- I. R. Iran
| | - Parvin Asadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
- Isfahan
- I. R. Iran
| | - Solyeman Khajeh
- Department of Chemistry
- Payame Noor University
- Tehran
- I. R. Iran
| |
Collapse
|