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Spiering GA, Godshall GF, Moore RB. High Modulus, Strut-like poly(ether ether ketone) Aerogels Produced from a Benign Solvent. Gels 2024; 10:283. [PMID: 38667702 PMCID: PMC11049303 DOI: 10.3390/gels10040283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) was found to form gels in the benign solvent 1,3-diphenylacetone (DPA). Gelation of PEEK in DPA was found to form an interconnected, strut-like morphology composed of polymer axialites. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a strut-like morphology for PEEK aerogels. PEEK/DPA gels were prepared by first dissolving PEEK in DPA at 320 °C. Upon cooling to 50 °C, PEEK crystallizes and forms a gel in DPA. The PEEK/DPA phase diagram indicated that phase separation occurs by solid-liquid phase separation, implying that DPA is a good solvent for PEEK. The Flory-Huggins interaction parameter, calculated as χ12 = 0.093 for the PEEK/DPA system, confirmed that DPA is a good solvent for PEEK. PEEK aerogels were prepared by solvent exchanging DPA to water then freeze-drying. PEEK aerogels were found to have densities between 0.09 and 0.25 g/cm3, porosities between 80 and 93%, and surface areas between 200 and 225 m2/g, depending on the initial gel concentration. Using nitrogen adsorption analyses, PEEK aerogels were found to be mesoporous adsorbents, with mesopore sizes of about 8 nm, which formed between stacks of platelike crystalline lamellae. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray scattering were utilized to elucidate the hierarchical structure of the PEEK aerogels. Morphological analysis found that the PEEK/DPA gels were composed of a highly nucleated network of PEEK axialites (i.e., aggregates of stacked crystalline lamellae). The highly connected axialite network imparted robust mechanical properties on PEEK aerogels, which were found to densify less upon freeze-drying than globular PEEK aerogel counterparts gelled from dichloroacetic acid (DCA) or 4-chlorphenol (4CP). PEEK aerogels formed from DPA were also found to have a modulus-density scaling that was far more efficient in supporting loads than the poorly connected aerogels formed from PEEK/DCA or PEEK/4CP solutions. The strut-like morphology in these new PEEK aerogels also significantly improved the modulus to a degree that is comparable to high-performance crosslinked aerogels based on polyimide and polyurea of comparable densities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert B. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (G.A.S.); (G.F.G.)
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2
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Rizzo P, Gallo C, Cozzolino A, Coscia N, Micheletti C, Ventura F, Minei P, Pucci A. Nanoporous-crystalline and amorphous films of PPO including off-on vapochromic fluorescent 7-hydroxy coumarin guests. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Krishnan VG, Joseph AM, Kuzhichalil Peethambharan S, Gowd EB. Nanoporous Crystalline Aerogels of Syndiotactic Polystyrene: Polymorphism, Dielectric, Thermal, and Acoustic Properties. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vipin G. Krishnan
- Materials Science and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Angel Mary Joseph
- Materials Science and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Surendran Kuzhichalil Peethambharan
- Materials Science and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - E. Bhoje Gowd
- Materials Science and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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4
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Absorption and Isomerization of Azobenzene Guest Molecules in Polymeric Nanoporous Crystalline Phases. CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry3030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PPO co-crystalline (CC) films including azobenzene guest molecules have been prepared and characterized by WAXD, FTIR and UV-Visible measurements. Isomerization reactions of azobenzene (photo-induced trans to cis and spontaneous cis to trans) included in α and β nanoporous-crystalline (NC) phases leading to CC phases, or simply absorbed in amorphous phase have been studied on thick and thin films. Spectroscopic analysis shows that photo-isomerization of azobenzene occurs without expulsion of azobenzene guest molecules from crystalline phases. Sorption studies of α and β NC films immersed into photo-isomerized azobenzene solution reveal a higher selectivity of the β NC phase toward cis azobenzene isomer than the α NC phase, inducing us to propose the β NC phase as particularly suitable for absorbing spherically bulky guest molecules.
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5
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Cozzolino A, Rizzo P, Gallo C, Bianchi R, Daniel C, Guerra G. Axially oriented guest induced crystallization in syndiotactic polystyrene unstretched fibers. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Isolated and aggregated carvacrol guest molecules in cocrystalline poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)oxide films. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-021-00511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Noble KF, Troya D, Talley SJ, Ilavsky J, Moore RB. High-Resolution Comonomer Sequencing of Blocky Brominated Syndiotactic Polystyrene Copolymers Using 13C NMR Spectroscopy and Computer Simulations. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen F. Noble
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Diego Troya
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Samantha J. Talley
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jan Ilavsky
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Robert B. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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8
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Itagaki H, Yoshida N, Sano T, Yokoyama M, Iba N, Sugiyama R, Kuroki M. Electrically Conductive Gels Prepared from Syndiotactic Polystyrene and an Ionic Liquid. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:16125-16129. [PMID: 31592126 PMCID: PMC6777124 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Syndiotactic polystyrene (SPS) physical gels containing a large amount of the ionic liquid 1-butylpyridinium bromide ([C4py]Br) were systematically prepared and their physical properties were examined in detail. The gels had stable forms for a long time, having storage elastic modulus values of normal gels. They showed nearly the same values of the electrical conductivity (∼7 mS/cm) as those of the mixed solutions of [C4py]Br, suggesting that the distribution of [C4py]Br was uniform in these gels and that the charge transportation in these SPS gels was not interrupted by a three-dimensional network of SPS fibrils consisting of the SPS δ crystalline phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Itagaki
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Education, Shizuoka
University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Naoto Yoshida
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Education, Shizuoka
University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Takumi Sano
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Mayu Yokoyama
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Education, Shizuoka
University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Nozomi Iba
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Education, Shizuoka
University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Sugiyama
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Education, Shizuoka
University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Kuroki
- R&D
Laboratory, Taica Corporation, 789 Miyakami, Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka 424-0911, Japan
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9
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Talley SJ, Vivod SL, Nguyen BA, Meador MAB, Radulescu A, Moore RB. Hierarchical Morphology of Poly(ether ether ketone) Aerogels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:31508-31519. [PMID: 31379150 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The phase diagram for the thermoreversible gelation of poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) in 4-chlorophenol (4CP) was constructed over broad temperature and concentration ranges, revealing that PEEK is capable of dissolving and forming gels in both 4CP and dichloroacetic acid (DCA) up to a concentration of 25 wt %. Highly porous aerogels of PEEK were prepared through simple solvent exchange followed by one of two drying methods of solvent removal from the wet gel: freeze-drying or supercritical CO2 fluid extraction (SC-drying). The field-emission scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that gelation of PEEK in 4CP, followed by SC-drying, produced aerogels with well-defined lamellar aggregates as compared to less ordered aggregates formed from DCA. Mechanical properties (in compression) were shown to improve with increasing density, resulting in equivalent compressive moduli at comparable density, regardless of the preparation method (gelation solvent selection, concentration variation, or drying method). Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms indicate that PEEK aerogels are comprised of mesopores (2-50 nm diameter pores) formed from stacked crystalline lamella. PEEK aerogels prepared using SC-drying exhibit higher Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas than freeze-dried aerogels of comparable density. The ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering/small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)/wide-angle X-ray scattering analysis revealed a hierarchical morphology of the PEEK aerogels with structural features from PEEK crystallites to agglomerates of stacked lamella that spanned a wide range of length scales. SANS contrast-matching confirmed that the morphological origin of the principle scattering feature in PEEK aerogels is stacked crystalline lamella. Nitrogen sorption measurements of porosity and the specific surface area of the PEEK aerogels were correlated with the SAXS analysis to reveal a remarkably high surface area attributed to the platelet-like, lamellar morphology. Contact angle and contact angle hysteresis (CAH) revealed that low-density PEEK aerogels (ρ < 0.15 g/cm3) have water contact angles above the superhydrophobicity cutoff angle (>150°) and a very low CAH near 1°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Talley
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII) , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
| | - Stephanie L Vivod
- NASA Glenn Research Center , 21000 Brookpark Road , Cleveland , Ohio 44135 , United States
| | - Baochau A Nguyen
- Ohio Aerospace Institute , 22800 Cedar Point Road , Cleveland , Ohio 44142 , United States
| | - Mary Ann B Meador
- NASA Glenn Research Center , 21000 Brookpark Road , Cleveland , Ohio 44135 , United States
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Jülich Center for Neutron Science, JCNS Outstation at MLZ , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Lichtenbergstrasse 1 , Garching 85747 , Germany
| | - Robert B Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII) , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
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10
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Endo F, Kurokawa N, Tanimoto K, Iwase H, Maeda T, Hotta A. SANS study on the nano-crystalline network structure of elastic physical gels made of syndiotactic polypropylene. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:5521-5528. [PMID: 31241635 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00582j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The structure-property relationship of an elastic physical gel, obtained by simply quenching syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP)/decahydronaphthalene solution with liquid nitrogen, was investigated based on small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) analysis. The SANS analysis revealed that sPP nanocrystals with a constant radius of 4-5 nm existed in the sPP gels regardless of the sPP concentration, whereas the correlation length of the nanocrystals drastically decreased from ∼130 to ∼20 nm upon increasing the sPP concentration from 2 to 12 wt%. The volume fraction and the number density of the sPP nanocrystals increased monotonously with the increase in the sPP concentration. The rheological properties and the melting behavior of the quenched sPP gels were highly consistent with the number density of the nanocrystals calculated from the SANS analysis, strongly suggesting that the sPP nanocrystals actually worked as crosslinking points by inducing elasticity in the quenched sPP gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuaki Endo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Naruki Kurokawa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Keishi Tanimoto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Iwase
- Research Center for Neutron Science and Technology, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Tomoki Maeda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Hotta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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11
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12
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Endo F, Okoshi R, Takaesu K, Kurokawa N, Iwase H, Maeda T, Hotta A. Mechanically Tough Syndiotactic Polypropylene (sPP) Gels Realized by Fast Quenching Using Liquid Nitrogen. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuaki Endo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Okoshi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Keita Takaesu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Naruki Kurokawa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iwase
- Research Center for Neutron Science and Technology, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Tomoki Maeda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hotta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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13
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Noble KF, Noble AM, Talley SJ, Moore RB. Blocky bromination of syndiotactic polystyrene via post-polymerization functionalization in the heterogeneous gel state. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01008k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the successful blocky bromination of syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS-co-sPS-Br) copolymers containing 6–30 mol% p-bromostyrene units, using a post-polymerization functionalization method conducted in the heterogeneous gel state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen F. Noble
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Alexandria M. Noble
- Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Samantha J. Talley
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Robert B. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
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14
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Itagaki H, Sano T, Okabe T, Sano S, Ebihara H, Tomono F, Dohra H. Polymerization of Aniline in Tubular Cavities of the Crystalline Phase of Syndiotactic Polystyrene: Proposal of a Preparation Method of Sophisticated Polymer Composites. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:1099-1103. [PMID: 35650949 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Syndiotactic polystyrene (SPS) has a unique crystalline phase, named ε, that has a tubular cavity inside. We connected these cavities by optimizing the solvent used to process the films and to polymerize aniline within these channeling cavities only by immersing the films in degassed hydrochloric acid solutions of ammonium persulfate. We succeeded in fixing pentameric to octameric oligoaniline in the cavities of the SPS ε crystalline phase. This is a new and sophisticated preparation method of polymer composites between SPS and linear oligomers/polymers within its long-connected tubular cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Itagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, ‡Department of Chemistry, School of Education, and §Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Takumi Sano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, School of Education, and §Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Okabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, School of Education, and Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Shota Sano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, School of Education, and Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Hirohide Ebihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, School of Education, and Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Fumika Tomono
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, School of Education, and Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Hideo Dohra
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, School of Education, and Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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15
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Wang L, Zhou H, Wang X, Mi J. Mechanism of bubble nucleation in poly(ε-caprolactone) foaming at low temperature. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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