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Haissoune H, Chenal JM, Chazeau L, Sebald G, Morfin I, Lebrun L, Dalmas F, Coativy G. Elastocaloric effect: Impact of heat transfer on strain-induced crystallization kinetics of natural rubber. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Chang CT, Huang PT. A Water Balloon as an Innovative Energy Storage Medium. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3396. [PMID: 36015655 PMCID: PMC9414987 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft rubbery materials are capable of withstanding large deformation, and stretched rubber contracts when heated. Additionally, rubber balloons exhibit non-monotonic pressure-volume curves. These unique properties have inspired numerous ingenious inventions based on rubber balloons. To the authors' knowledge, however, it is surprising that these properties have not inspired any study that exploits the elasticity of rubber balloons for energy storage. Motivated by these, this study examines the performance of water balloons as energy storage media. In each experiment, a single water balloon is implemented using a flat membrane, and it is subject to repeated inflation, heating, deflation, and cooling. Inflating the balloon deposits energy into it. The heating simulates the recycling of waste heat. The balloon delivers work during its deflation. Finally, the cooling completes the energy-storage cycle. The performance is evaluated in terms of the balloon's transferred energies, efficiencies, and service life. Simple as it is, a water balloon is actually an impressively efficient energy storage medium. The efficiency is 85-90% when a water balloon stores and releases energy at room temperature. Recycling waste heat can boost a balloon's efficiency beyond 100%, provided that the cost of the heat is negligible so that the heat is not taken as part of the input energy. However, heating shortens the service life of a balloon and reduces the total energy it can accommodate. By running fatigue tests on balloons, this study reveals the trade-off between a water balloon's efficiency and its longevity. These results shall serve as a useful guide for implementing balloon-based mechanical devices not limited to energy-storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ti Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Das S, Raza A, Roy D. Geometric thermodynamics of strain-induced crystallization in polymers. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:015005. [PMID: 35974634 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.015005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Going beyond the classical Gaussian approximation of Einstein's fluctuation theory, Ruppeiner gave it a Riemannian geometric structure with an entropic metric. This yielded a fundamental quantity, the Riemannian curvature, which was used to extract information on the nature of interactions between molecules in fluids, ideal gases, and other open systems. In this article, we examine the implications of this curvature in a nonequilibrium thermodynamic system where relaxation is sufficiently slow so as not to invalidate the local equilibrium hypothesis. The nonequilibrium system comprises a rubbery polymer undergoing strain induced crystallization. The curvature is found to impart information on a spurious isochoric energy arising from the conformational stretching of already crystallized segments. This unphysical component perhaps arises as the crystallized manifold is considered Euclidean with the stretch measures defined via the Euclidean metric. The thermodynamic state associated with curvature is the key to determine the isochoric stretch and hence the spurious energy. We determine this stretch and propose a form for the spurious free energy that must be removed from the total energy in order for the correct stresses to be recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhita Das
- Computational Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Centre of Excellence on Advanced Mechanics of Materials, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Asif Raza
- Computational Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Debasish Roy
- Computational Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Centre of Excellence on Advanced Mechanics of Materials, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Hentschke R, Plagge J. Strain-induced self-assembly of crystallites in elastomers. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:014502. [PMID: 34412356 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.014502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We propose a model of strain-induced crystallization in elastomers, combining Flory's original work with a description of crystallization adopted from the theory of micellar solutions. The experimentally observed hysteresis appears in the model due to a continuous, unidirectional change of the free energy difference between straightened polymer sections which occur isolated and those which are aggregated. The model yields good qualitative and even semiquantitative agreement with measurements of crystallization in natural rubber at variable cross-link density, strain amplitude, and temperature. The attendant description of the stress hysteresis is less good but still qualitatively correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hentschke
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Bergische Universität, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Plagge
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Bergische Universität, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
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Chen L, Wu L, Song L, Xia Z, Lin Y, Chen W, Li L. The recovery of nano-sized carbon black filler structure and its contribution to stress recovery in rubber nanocomposites. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:24527-24542. [PMID: 33320147 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06003h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The hierarchical structural evolution of natural rubber (NR) filled with different contents of nanoscale carbon black (CB) (10 phr-CB10 and 50 phr-CB50) after first loading and recovering for different times was investigated by X-ray nano-CT, wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and solid state NMR techniques. The CB filler structures as captured by X-ray nano-CT recover gradually with increasing recovering time, but the filler network with different CB contents shows dramatically different structure evolution. For CB10, limited by the filling content, CB particles mainly induces a hydrodynamic effect in spite of deformation or recovering. For CB50, the CB filler forms a 3D connected network, partially destructed during deformation, and the destructed part can be partially recovered during recovery. This suggests that the connected CB filler structure mainly acts as a network reinforcement, whereas the destructed part can induce a hydrodynamic effect. The different effects induced by different CB filling contents are also reflected by the NR matrix, which is reflected by the onset strains εc of strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of NR as captured by WAXS. For CB10, εc remains almost constant, i.e. εc = ca. 1.49, while that of NR with CB50 slightly decreases from initial ca. 1.12 to 0.96 with increasing recovering time up to 50 h. Also, the bound rubber fraction and entangled rubber network remain unchanged after deformation and under different recovery time as detected by the magic sandwich echo (MSE) FID and proton multiple quantum (MQ) NMR. These results demonstrate the key role of the CB filler network in determining the stress-softening behavior of reinforced rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China.
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Sotta P, Albouy PA. Strain-Induced Crystallization in Natural Rubber: Flory’s Theory Revisited. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Sotta
- Laboratoire Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, CNRS/Solvay, UMR5268, R&I Centre Lyon, 85 avenue des Fréres Perret, 69192 Saint-Fons Cedex, France
| | - Pierre-Antoine Albouy
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR8502, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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Albouy PA, Sotta P. Draw Ratio at the Onset of Strain-Induced Crystallization in Cross-Linked Natural Rubber. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Antoine Albouy
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR 8502, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Paul Sotta
- Laboratoire Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, UMR 5268, CNRS/Solvay, R&I Centre Lyon, 69192 Saint-Fons, France
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Chen P, Zhao J, Lin Y, Chang J, Meng L, Wang D, Chen W, Chen L, Li L. In situ characterization of strain-induced crystallization of natural rubber by synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction: construction of a crystal network at low temperatures. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:734-743. [PMID: 30633295 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02126k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of natural rubber (NR) at descending temperatures as low as -60 °C is systematically investigated by in situ synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction (SR-WAXD) measurement. The detailed structural evolution of NR during SIC is studied in the strain-temperature space, where up to four regions are defined depending on the SR-WAXD results. In region I, the molecular chains begin to be oriented under tensile loading. The onset of crystallization happens in the very beginning of region II, and the NR crystal acts as a new physical cross-linking point to form a crystal network, namely the series model. The further increment of crystallinity (> ca. 8%) leads to the transition of the crystal network from the series model to the parallel model in region III. The crystal network is finally accomplished in region IV, where the crystallinity remains almost constant. Interestingly, regions III and IV exist only in the intermediate-temperature zone II (-40 °C to -10 °C), which are missing in zones I (-10 °C to 25 °C) and III (-60 °C to -40 °C). This suggests that sufficient crystallinity (χII-III > ca. 8%) is required to form the parallel model. The new crystal network provides a deep understanding of SIC of NR considering the microscopic features, i.e. oriented amorphous component, the onset of crystallization and crystallinity evolution and its correlation with the macroscopic stress-strain curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinzhang Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Jingyun Zhao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Yuanfei Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. and South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiarui Chang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Lingpu Meng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Daoliang Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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Wang J, Zhang K, Hao S, Xia H, Lavorgna M. Simultaneous reduction and surface functionalization of graphene oxide and the application for rubber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Kaiye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Shuai Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Hesheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials; National Research Council; Piazzale Enrico Fermi, 1-80055 Portici Naples Italy
| | - Marino Lavorgna
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials; National Research Council; Piazzale Enrico Fermi, 1-80055 Portici Naples Italy
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Plagge J, Klüppel M. A Theory Relating Crystal Size, Mechanical Response, and Degree of Crystallization in Strained Natural Rubber. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Plagge
- Deutsches Institut für Kautschuktechnologie
e.V., Eupener Str. 33, 30519 Hannover, Germany
| | - M. Klüppel
- Deutsches Institut für Kautschuktechnologie
e.V., Eupener Str. 33, 30519 Hannover, Germany
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Guo Q, Zaïri F, Guo X. Thermodynamics and mechanics of stretch-induced crystallization in rubbers. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:052501. [PMID: 29906989 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.052501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present paper is to provide a quantitative prediction of the stretch-induced crystallization in natural rubber, the exclusive reason for its history-dependent thermomechanical features. A constitutive model based on a micromechanism inspired molecular chain approach is formulated within the context of the thermodynamic framework. The molecular configuration of the partially crystallized single chain is analyzed and calculated by means of some statistical mechanical methods. The random thermal oscillation of the crystal orientation, considered as a continuous random variable, is treated by means of a representative angle. The physical expression of the chain free energy is derived according to a two-step strategy by separating crystallization and stretching. This strategy ensures that the stretch-induced part of the thermodynamic crystallization force is null at the initial instant and allows, without any additional constraint, the formulation of a simple linear relationship for the crystallinity evolution law. The model contains very few physically interpretable material constants to simulate the complex mechanism: two chain-scale constants, one crystallinity kinetics constant, three thermodynamic constants related to the newly formed crystallites, and a function controlling the crystal orientation with respect to the chain. The model is used to discuss some important aspects of the micromechanism and the macroresponse under the equilibrium state and the nonequilibrium state involved during stretching and recovery, and continuous relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- Lille University, Civil Engineering and geo-Environmental Laboratory (EA 4515 LGCgE), 59000 Lille, France
- Dalian University of Technology, Department of Engineering Mechanics, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Fahmi Zaïri
- Lille University, Civil Engineering and geo-Environmental Laboratory (EA 4515 LGCgE), 59000 Lille, France
| | - Xinglin Guo
- Dalian University of Technology, Department of Engineering Mechanics, 116024 Dalian, China
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Strain-induced crystallization in an unfilled polychloroprene rubber: Kinetics and mechanical cycling. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Spratte T, Plagge J, Wunde M, Klüppel M. Investigation of strain-induced crystallization of carbon black and silica filled natural rubber composites based on mechanical and temperature measurements. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Liu J, Tang Z, Huang J, Guo B, Huang G. Promoted strain-induced-crystallization in synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene via constructing sacrificial bonds. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Candau N, Chazeau L, Chenal JM, Gauthier C, Munch E. A comparison of the abilities of natural rubber (NR) and synthetic polyisoprene cis-1,4 rubber (IR) to crystallize under strain at high strain rates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:3472-81. [PMID: 26750589 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06383c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Strain induced crystallization (SIC) of a natural rubber (NR) and a synthetic rubber (IR) with a high amount of cis-1,4 units (98.6%) is studied, thanks to in situ wide angle X-ray (WAXS) experiments at room temperature performed in a large range of strain rates. During stretching at a low strain rate (4.2 × 10(-3) s(-1)), SIC in IR occurs at a larger stretching ratio than in NR. As a result, the crystallinity index at a given stretching ratio is lower in IR than in NR, in spite of the similar crosslink densities of the chains involved in the crystallization in both materials. This lower ability for crystallization in IR is attributed to the presence of branching along its backbone and its lower stereoregularity. Conversely, dynamic experiments performed at high strain rates (10(1)/10(2) s(-1)) show for both materials a similar ability to crystallize. This unexpected result is confirmed by monotonic tensile tests performed in a large range of strain rates. The reason is thermodynamic: the chain extension plays a predominant role compared to the role of the microstructure defects when the strain rate is high, i.e. when the kinetics of the crystallite nucleation forces the crystallization to occur at a large stretching ratio. A thermodynamic model enables qualitative reproduction of the experimental results.
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Albouy PA, Sotta P. Strain-Induced Crystallization in Natural Rubber. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION II 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2015_328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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