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Iturbe-Ek J, Sustaita AO, Aguilar-Viches D, Mata-Padilla JM, Ávila-Orta CA, Elizalde LE, Elías-Zúñiga A, Lozano LM. Insights on the Molecular Behavior of Polypropylene in the Process of Ultrasonic Injection Molding. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13224010. [PMID: 34833309 PMCID: PMC8625091 DOI: 10.3390/polym13224010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Product miniaturization is a constant trend in industries that demand ever-smaller products that can be mass produced while maintaining high precision dimensions in the final pieces. Ultrasonic micro injection molding (UMIM) technology has emerged as a polymer processing technique capable of achieving the mass production of polymeric parts with micro-features, while still assuring replicability, repeatability, and high precision, contrary to the capabilities of conventional processing technologies of polymers. In this study, it is shown that the variation of parameters during the UMIM process, such as the amplitude of the ultrasound waves and the processing time, lead to significant modification on the molecular structure of the polymer. The variation of both the amplitude and processing time contribute to chain scission; however, the processing time is a more relevant factor for this effect as it is capable of achieving a greater chain scission in different areas of the same specimen. Further, the presence of polymorphism within the samples produced by UMIM is demonstrated. Similarly to conventional processes, the UMIM technique leads to some degree of chain orientation, despite the fact that it is carried out in a relatively small time and space. The results presented here aim to contribute to the optimization of the use of the UMIM process for the manufacture of polymeric micro parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackeline Iturbe-Ek
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (J.I.-E.); (D.A.-V.); (A.E.-Z.)
| | - Alan O. Sustaita
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (J.I.-E.); (D.A.-V.); (A.E.-Z.)
- Correspondence: (A.O.S.); (L.M.L.)
| | - Diego Aguilar-Viches
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (J.I.-E.); (D.A.-V.); (A.E.-Z.)
| | - José Manuel Mata-Padilla
- CONACyT–Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna 140, Saltillo 25294, Mexico;
| | - Carlos A. Ávila-Orta
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna 140, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (C.A.Á.-O.); (L.E.E.)
| | - Luis E. Elizalde
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna 140, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (C.A.Á.-O.); (L.E.E.)
| | - Alex Elías-Zúñiga
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (J.I.-E.); (D.A.-V.); (A.E.-Z.)
| | - Luis Marcelo Lozano
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (J.I.-E.); (D.A.-V.); (A.E.-Z.)
- Correspondence: (A.O.S.); (L.M.L.)
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Yang F, Yang F, Xiang M, Wu T. Preparation of highly oriented β polypropylene and its pore formation mechanism during stretching. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Ming Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
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Structural Evolution of LLDPE-LMW/HMW Blend during Uniaxial Deformation as Revealed by In Situ Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Scattering. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2458-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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4
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Janani H, Alamo RG. Effect of melt miscibility, polymorphism, and crystal morphology on tensile deformation of blends of isotactic polypropylene and propylene‐1‐hexene random copolymers. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Janani
- Chemical Engineering Department Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran
| | - Rufina G. Alamo
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering FAMU‐FSU College of Engineering Tallahassee Florida USA
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Kim DW, Kim YS, Jung YC, Kim SY, Song JM, Kim M, Kim J. Development of a continuous manufacturing process for self-reinforced composites using multi-step highly drawn polypropylene tapes. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Luo DJ, Shao HJ, Wei FJ, Zhang KZ, Cui ZY, Yu J, Qin SH. Morphology and Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Polypropylene/Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) Blends. INT POLYM PROC 2019. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP)/poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) blends were prepared by melt blending using PP-g-MAH as a compatabilizer. The microstructure and rheological behavior of PP/EVOH blends were studied. The results showed the that EVOH particles were uniformly dispersed in the PP matrix and inhibited the mobility of PP chains. The isothermal crystallization kinetics and morphology development of PP/EVOH blends were compared with that of pure PP. It was found that the EVOH essentially acted as an effective nucleating agent for PP, which could significantly increase the nucleation rate because the EVOH molecules in PP/EVOH blends aggregated together to form interface. Therefore, the introduction of EVOH increased the overall rate of isothermal crystallization compared with pure PP, although the PP molecular chains would be hindered seriously if excessive amounts of EVOH were added. X-ray diffraction showed that pure PP and PP/EVOH blends exhibited an identical crystal structure, and the crystallinity of the PP phase in the blends was not significantly different from that of pure PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.-J. Luo
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering , College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang , PRC
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials , Guiyang , PRC
| | - H.-J. Shao
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials , Guiyang , PRC
| | - F.-J. Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials , Guiyang , PRC
| | - K.-Z. Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials , Guiyang , PRC
| | - Z.-Y. Cui
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials , Guiyang , PRC
| | - J. Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials , Guiyang , PRC
| | - S.-H. Qin
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials , Guiyang , PRC
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Yue Y, Feng J. Structure evolution upon heating and cooling and its effects on nucleation performance: A review on aromatic amide β‐nucleating agents for isotactic polypropylene. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yue
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular ScienceFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular ScienceFudan University Shanghai China
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Speranza V, Liparoti S, Pantani R, Titomanlio G. Hierarchical Structure of iPP During Injection Molding Process with Fast Mold Temperature Evolution. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E424. [PMID: 30704102 PMCID: PMC6384804 DOI: 10.3390/ma12030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mold surface temperature strongly influences the molecular orientation and morphology developed in injection molded samples. In this work, an isotactic polypropylene was injected into a rectangular mold, in which the cavity surface temperature was properly modulated during the process by an electrical heating device. The induced thermo-mechanical histories strongly influenced the morphology developed in the injection molded parts. Polarized optical microscope and atomic force microscope were adopted for morphological investigations. The combination of flow field and cooling rate experienced by the polymer determined the hierarchical structure. Under strong flow fields and high temperatures, a tightly packed structure, called shish-kebab, aligned along the flow direction, was observed. Under weak flow fields, the formation of β-phase, as cylindrites form, was observed. The formation of each morphological structure was analyzed and discussed on the bases of the flow and temperature fields, experienced by the polymer during each stage of the injection molding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Speranza
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno⁻via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Sara Liparoti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno⁻via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Roberto Pantani
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno⁻via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Titomanlio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno⁻via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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Kurihara H, Kitade S, Ichino K, Akiba I, Sakurai K. Elongation induced β- to α-crystalline transformation and microvoid formation in isotactic polypropylene as revealed by time-resolved WAXS/SAXS. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Chang B, Schneider K, Vogel R, Heinrich G. Influence of nucleating agent self-assembly on structural evolution of isotactic polypropylene during uniaxial stretching. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang L, Hikima Y, Ohshima M, Sekiguchi T, Yano H. Evolution of cellular morphologies and crystalline structures in high-expansion isotactic polypropylene/cellulose nanofiber nanocomposite foams. RSC Adv 2018; 8:15405-15416. [PMID: 35539453 PMCID: PMC9079998 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01833b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of cell morphology and crystalline microstructure of high expansion injection-molded isotactic polypropylene/cellulose nanofiber (PP/CNF) nanocomposite foams was understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Yuta Hikima
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohshima
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Yano
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humano-sphere
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
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12
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Temperature-dependent β-crystal growth in isotactic polypropylene with β-nucleating agent after shear flow. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-017-1990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Zhang B, Wang B, Chen J, Shen C, Reiter R, Chen J, Reiter G. Flow-Induced Dendritic β-Form Isotactic Polypropylene Crystals in Thin Films. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Binghua Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - JiaJia Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changyu Shen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Renate Reiter
- Institute
of Physics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jingbo Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Günter Reiter
- Institute
of Physics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Zhou M, Li XP, Jin M, Xia C, Shen KZ, Zhang J. Simultaneously improving the tensile and impact properties of isotactic polypropylene with the cooperation of co-PP and β-nucleating agent through pressure vibration injection molding. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-016-1814-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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