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Kong H, Luo K, Yong Z. Methacrylic acid in situ modified steel converter slag/natural rubber composites: Resourceful utilization of steelmaking solid wastes. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 180:36-46. [PMID: 38503032 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
As a by-product of the steelmaking industry, the large-volume production and accumulation of steel converter slag cause environmental issues such as land occupation and dust pollution. Since metal salts of unsaturated carboxylic acid can be used to reinforce rubber, this study explores the innovative application of in-situ modified steel slag, mainly comprising metal oxides, with methacrylic acid (MAA) as a rubber filler partially replacing carbon black. By etching the surface of steel slag particles with MAA, their surface roughness was increased, and the chemical bonding of metal methacrylate salt was introduced to enhance their interaction with the molecular chain of natural rubber (NR). The results showed that using the steel slag filler effectively shortened the vulcanization molding cycle of NR composites. The MAA in-situ modification effectively improved the interaction between steel slag and NR molecular chains. Meanwhile, the physical and mechanical properties, fatigue properties, and dynamic mechanical properties of the experimental group with MAA in-situ modified steel slag (MAA-in-situ-m-SS) were significantly enhanced compared with those of NR composites partially filled with unmodified slag. With the dosage of 7.5 phr or 10 phr, the above properties matched or even exceeded those of NR composites purely filled with carbon black. More importantly, partially replacing carbon black with modified steel slag reduced fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emission from carbon black production. This study pioneered an effective path for the resourceful utilization of steel slag and the green development of the steelmaking and rubber industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Kong
- Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Kangyu Luo
- Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Zhanfu Yong
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China; Qingdao Automotive Research Institute, JiLin University, Qingdao 266042, PR China.
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2
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Yang C, Luo Y, Li Z, Wei C, Liao S. The Role of Lanthanum Stearate on Strain-Induced Crystallization and the Mechanical Properties of Whole Field Latex Rubber. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:276. [PMID: 38276684 PMCID: PMC10819546 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) is extensively utilized in numerous industries, such as aerospace, military, and transportation, because of its exceptional elasticity and all-around mechanical qualities. However, commercial NR made using various techniques typically has distinct mechanical characteristics. For instance, whole field latex rubber (SCR-WF) cured with accelerator 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole exhibits poor mechanical properties. This work attempts to enhance the mechanical property of SCR-WF via the addition of lanthanum stearate (LaSt). The influence of LaSt on strain-induced crystallization (SIC) and the mechanical properties of SCR-WF were investigated. The results of crosslinking density measured by the equilibrium swelling method demonstrate that the presence of LaSt significantly increases the crosslinking density of SCR-WF with lower loading of LaSt. The results of the mechanical properties show that the introduction of LaSt can enhance the tensile strength and fracture toughness of SCR-WF. To reveal the mechanism of LaSt improving the mechanical properties of SCR-WF, synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) experiments were used to investigate the SIC behaviors of SCR-WF. We found that the LaSt leads to higher crystallinity of SIC for the strain higher than 3.5. The tube model indicates the contribution of LaSt in both crosslinking and topological constraints. This work may provide an instruction for developing SCR-WF with superior mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjin Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Yuhang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Zechun Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Chuanyu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Shuangquan Liao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.)
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3
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Hayeemasae N, Soontaranon S, Thainiramit P, Masa A. Structure-Property Relationships of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Vulcanizates. J MACROMOL SCI B 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2023.2199633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Hayeemasae
- Department of Rubber Technology and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani, Thailand
- Research Unit of Advanced Elastomeric Materials and Innovations for BCG Economy (AEMI), Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani, Thailand
| | | | - Panu Thainiramit
- Division of Physical Science (Physics), Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Abdulhakim Masa
- Research Unit of Advanced Elastomeric Materials and Innovations for BCG Economy (AEMI), Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani, Thailand
- Rubber Engineering & Technology Program, International College, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
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4
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Song W, Wang Z, Wang M, Zhang G, Li F, Zhang X, Lu Y, Zhang L. Comparative study of vulcanization system on strain-induced crystallization of epoxidized natural rubber. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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5
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Ren X, Barrera CS, Tardiff JL, Cornish K. Sustainable Epoxidized Guayule Natural Rubber, Blends and Composites with Improved Oil Resistance and Greater Stiffness. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15113946. [PMID: 35683243 PMCID: PMC9182163 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Production of petroleum-based synthetic rubbers (SRs) causes an enormous carbon footprint for the rubber industry. Carbon footprint would be reduced if natural rubber (NR) could take a larger market share and replace significant quantities of SR. However, some SRs have higher oil resistance than NRs, and, in applications where these properties are needed, chemically modified NR will be required. Epoxidation is a chemical modification of NR which partially converts unsaturated bonds on the backbone of NR to epoxy groups. In this research, epoxidized guayule natural rubber (EGNR)/guayule natural rubber (GNR) blends and GNR were used to make carbon black (CB) filled composites. The processability, mechanical properties, swelling behaviors and dynamic mechanical properties were characterized at various epoxide fractions. Composites made with EGNR/GNR had higher oil resistance, wet traction and stiffness than GNR composites, although tensile strength and elongation at break were reduced by epoxidation. EGNR is expected to lead to the development of new NR products with similar properties to SR, eroding SR markets and increasing the sustainability of the rubber industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjie Ren
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
| | - Cindy S. Barrera
- Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, 2101 Village Rd, Dearborn, MI 48124, USA; (C.S.B.); (J.L.T.)
| | - Janice L. Tardiff
- Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, 2101 Village Rd, Dearborn, MI 48124, USA; (C.S.B.); (J.L.T.)
| | - Katrina Cornish
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Williams Hall, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(760)-622-4330
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6
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Correlation between crystallization and mechanical stress revealed by chain scission of segmented amide copolymer. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Guo X, Liu X, Zhou H, Stanislawski R, Królczyk G, Li Z. Belt Tear Detection for Coal Mining Conveyors. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030449. [PMID: 35334743 PMCID: PMC8955949 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The belt conveyor is the most commonly used conveying equipment in the coal mining industry. As the core part of the conveyor, the belt is vulnerable to various failures, such as scratches, cracks, wear and tear. Inspection and defect detection is essential for conveyor belts, both in academic research and industrial applications. In this paper, we discuss existing techniques used in industrial production and state-of-the-art theories for conveyor belt tear detection. First, the basic structure of conveyor belts is discussed and an overview of tear defect detection methods for conveyor belts is studied. Next, the causes of conveyor belt tear are classified, such as belt aging, scratches by sharp objects, abnormal load or a combination of the above reasons. Then, recent mainstream techniques and theories for conveyor belt tear detection are reviewed, and their characteristics, advantages and shortcomings are discussed. Furthermore, image dataset preparation and data imbalance problems are studied for belt defect detection. Moreover, the current challenges and opportunities for conveyor belt defect detection are discussed. Lastly, a case study was carried out to compare the detection performance of popular techniques using industrial image datasets. This paper provides professional guidelines and promising research directions for researchers and engineers based on the leading theories in machine vision and deep learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Guo
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 211006, China; (X.G.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xinhua Liu
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 211006, China; (X.G.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hao Zhou
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 211006, China; (X.G.); (H.Z.)
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Suzhou Chien-Shiung Institute of Technology, Taicang 215400, China
| | - Rafal Stanislawski
- Department of Electrical, Control and Computer Engineering, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Królczyk
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland; (G.K.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhixiong Li
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland; (G.K.); (Z.L.)
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8
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Wang Y, Liu H, Yu H, Zhao P, Wang Q, Liao L, Luo M, Zheng T, Liao S, Peng Z. New insight into naturally occurring network and entanglements induced strain behavior of vulcanized natural rubber. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Selectively Etched Halloysite Nanotubes as Performance Booster of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203536. [PMID: 34685294 PMCID: PMC8537228 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Halloysite Nanotubes (HNT) are chemically similar to clay, which makes them incompatible with non-polar rubbers such as natural rubber (NR). Modification of NR into a polar rubber is of interest. In this work, Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) was prepared in order to obtain a composite that could assure filler-matrix compatibility. However, the performance of this composite was still not satisfactory, so an alternative to the basic HNT filler was pursued. The surface area of HNT was further increased by etching with acid; the specific surface increased with treatment time. The FTIR spectra confirmed selective etching on the Al-OH surface of HNT with reduction in peak intensity in the regions 3750-3600 cm-1 and 825-725 cm-1, indicating decrease in Al-OH structures. The use of acid-treated HNT improved modulus, tensile strength, and tear strength of the filled composites. This was attributed to the filler-matrix interactions of acid-treated HNT with ENR. Further evidence was found from the Payne effect being reduced to 44.2% through acid treatment of the filler. As for the strain-induced crystallization (SIC) in the composites, the stress-strain curves correlated well with the degree of crystallinity observed from synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering.
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10
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Potency of Urea-Treated Halloysite Nanotubes for the Simultaneous Boosting of Mechanical Properties and Crystallization of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183068. [PMID: 34577969 PMCID: PMC8470401 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are naturally occurring tubular clay made of aluminosilicate sheets rolled several times. HNT has been used to reinforce many rubbers. However, the narrow diameter of this configuration causes HNT to have poor interfacial contact with the rubber matrix. Therefore, increasing the distance between layers could improve interfacial contact with the matrix. In this work, Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR)/HNT was the focus. The HNT layer distance was successfully increased by a urea-mechanochemical process. Attachment of urea onto HNT was verified by FTIR, where new peaks appeared around 3505 cm−1 and 3396 cm−1, corresponding to urea’s functionalities. The intercalation of urea to the distance gallery of HNT was revealed by XRD. It was also found that the use of urea-treated HNT improved the modulus, tensile strength, and tear strength of the composites. This was clearly responsible for interactions between ENR and urea-treated HNT. It was further verified by observing the Payne effect. The value of the Payne effect was found to be reduced at 62.38% after using urea for treatment. As for the strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of the composites, the stress–strain curves correlated well with the results from synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering.
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11
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Nagaraj H, Clavier G, Latour B, Dequidt A, Devémy J, Garruchet S, Goujon F, Martzel N, Blaak R, Munch É, Malfreyt P. Strain induced crystallization of polymers at and above the crystallization temperature by coarse-grained simulations. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:234902. [PMID: 34241267 DOI: 10.1063/5.0050562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the behavior of short and long polymers by means of coarse-grained computer simulations of a by-polyvinyl alcohol inspired model. In particular, we focus on the structural changes in the monomer and polymer scales during cooling and the application of uni-axial true strain. The straining of long polymers results in the formation of a semi-crystalline system at temperatures well above the crystallization temperature, which allows for the study of strain induced crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanth Nagaraj
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Germain Clavier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoit Latour
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Dequidt
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Devémy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sébastien Garruchet
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florent Goujon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Martzel
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ronald Blaak
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Étienne Munch
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Patrice Malfreyt
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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12
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Wang J, Chen S, Lin T, Ke J, Chen T, Wu X, Lin C. A catalyst-free and recycle-reinforcing elastomer vitrimer with exchangeable links. RSC Adv 2020; 10:39271-39276. [PMID: 35518413 PMCID: PMC9057420 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07728c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitrimers, as intriguing polymers, possess exchangeable links in the crosslinking networks, endowing them with the abilities of recycling and reprocessing. However, most of vitrimers are generally fabricated via complex synthesis and polymerization processes. Toxic and unstable exogenous catalysts are inevitably applied to activate the exchange reaction to rearrange the crosslinking networks. These drawbacks limit the widespread applications of vitrimers. Moreover, most reported vitrimers could only partially maintain or severely deteriorate their mechanical properties after recycling. Herein, to solve the above-mentioned problems, for the first time, a catalyst-free and recycle-reinforcing elastomer vitrimer is revealed. By the reactive blending of commercially available epoxidized natural rubber and carboxylated nitrile rubber, the elastomer vitrimer associated with exchangeable β-hydroxyl ester bonds was obtained. Strikingly, the vitrimer exhibits an exceptional recycle-reinforcing property. This work provides a feasible method to fabricate elastomer vitrimers, which promotes the recycling of crosslinking commercial available elastomers. A catalyst-free elastomer vitrimer was prepared through reactive blending of commercial available XNBR and ENR with exceptional recycle-reinforcing property.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Shubin Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Tengfei Lin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Jinhuang Ke
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Tianxiang Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Xiao Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Cong Lin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 PR China
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13
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Öter M, Karaağaç B. Epoxidised natural rubber as adhesion promoter in natural rubber based compounds. J RUBBER RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42464-020-00061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Coarse-Grained Lattice Modeling and Monte Carlo Simulations of Stress Relaxation in Strain-Induced Crystallization of Rubbers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061267. [PMID: 32492948 PMCID: PMC7361699 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional triangulated surface models for membranes and their three-dimensional (3D) extensions are proposed and studied to understand the strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of rubbers. It is well known that SIC is an origin of stress relaxation, which appears as a plateau in the intermediate strain region of stress-strain curves. However, this SIC is very hard to implement in models because SIC is directly connected to a solid state, which is mechanically very different from the amorphous state. In this paper, we show that the crystalline state can be quite simply implemented in the Gaussian elastic bond model, which is a straightforward extension of the Gaussian chain model for polymers, by replacing bonds with rigid bodies or eliminating bonds. We find that the results of Monte Carlo simulations for stress-strain curves are in good agreement with the reported experimental data of large strains of up to 1200%. This approach allows us to intuitively understand the stress relaxation caused by SIC.
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Kumar A, Dalmiya MS, Goswami M, Bansal V, Goyal S, Nair S, Hossain SJ, Chattopadhyay S. ENTANGLED NETWORK INFLUENCED BY CARBON BLACK IN SOLUTION SBR VULCANIZATES REVEALED BY THEORY AND EXPERIMENT. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.20.80374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The contribution of carbon black (CB) on changes in cross-link density (n) and physical entanglement has been quantified by swelling and uniaxial stress–strain measurements considering Mooney–Rivlin parameters. Solution SBR (SSBR) vulcanizates with varying content of high abrasion furnace (HAF) CB were studied. Rubber–filler networks increase the n values, which were determined by using Flory–Rehner and modified Guth–Gold equations by equilibrium swelling study. The Mooney–Rivlin parameter C1 was quantified using n, whereas parameter C2, representing physical entanglement, was determined for filled rubber by correlating with tensile results. The parameter C2 is monitored to be decreased with increasing CB (HAF) loading. A simple parabolic trend for physical entanglement parameter with increasing CB loading is proposed, and it shows a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.99595. Atomic force microscopy study confirms the generation of filler networking in the rubber matrix. The current findings elucidate a way for quantifying physical network changes due to fillers in an unfilled rubber system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Kumar
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB, India
| | - Mahawat Singh Dalmiya
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB, India
| | - Mohit Goswami
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB, India
| | | | | | | | - Shaikh Jahangir Hossain
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB, India
| | - Santanu Chattopadhyay
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB, India
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16
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Jinyu Sun, Yuan Y, Tian X. Modification of Natural Rubber with Methyl Methacrylate and Diacetone Acrylamide Polymers by O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s156009042003015x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Monte Carlo Study of Rubber Elasticity on the Basis of Finsler Geometry Modeling. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11091124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Configurations of the polymer state in rubbers, such as so-called isotropic (random) and anisotropic (almost aligned) states, are symmetric/asymmetric under space rotations. In this paper, we present numerical data obtained by Monte Carlo simulations of a model for rubber formulations to compare these predictions with the reported experimental stress–strain curves. The model is defined by extending the two-dimensional surface model of Helfrich–Polyakov based on the Finsler geometry description. In the Finsler geometry model, the directional degree of freedom σ → of the polymers and the polymer position r are assumed to be the dynamical variables, and these two variables play an important role in the modeling of rubber elasticity. We find that the simulated stresses τ sim are in good agreement with the reported experimental stresses τ exp for large strains of up to 1200 % . It should be emphasized that the stress–strain curves are directly calculated from the Finsler geometry model Hamiltonian and its partition function, and this technique is in sharp contrast to the standard technique in which affine deformation is assumed. It is also shown that the obtained results are qualitatively consistent with the experimental data as influenced by strain-induced crystallization and the presence of fillers, though the real strain-induced crystallization is a time-dependent phenomenon in general.
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18
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Zhang X, Niu K, Song W, Yan S, Zhao X, Lu Y, Zhang L. The Effect of Epoxidation on Strain-Induced Crystallization of Epoxidized Natural Rubber. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900042. [PMID: 31021434 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of epoxidation on strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and mechanism are studied with synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction (SR-WAXD) and polarized infrared spectroscopy (P-IR). WAXD results reveal that appropriate epoxidation, for example, ENR-25 epoxidized with ≈25% isoprene units, can unexpectedly enhance the SIC of natural rubber (NR), resulting in the improvement of tear resistance. On the other hand, exorbitant epoxidation, for example, ENR-40 epoxidized with ≈40% isoprene units, depresses the SIC and weakens the mechanical properties of NR remarkably. P-IR studies reveal that epoxidation can promote the orientation of chain segments along the stretching direction, which plays a determining role on SIC of NR. Accordingly, hierarchical multiscale schematic models are proposed. This insight into epoxidation on SIC of ENR strongly suggests that ENR with appropriate epoxidation degree is a promising candidate material for the fabrication of high-performance engineering rubber products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kaijing Niu
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Weixiao Song
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shouke Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiuying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yonglai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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19
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Noguchi F, Zhou Y, Kosugi K, Yamamoto Y, Nghia PT, Fukuda M, Kawahara S. Effect of strain-induced crystallization on the tear strength of natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber blend. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuanbing Zhou
- Nagaoka University of Technology; Nagaoka Niigata Japan
| | | | | | - Phan Trung Nghia
- Hanoi University of Science and Technology; Hai Ba Trung District Hanoi Viet Nam
| | - Masao Fukuda
- Nagaoka University of Technology; Nagaoka Niigata Japan
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20
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Zou G, Wang P, Feng W, Ren Z, Ji J. Poly(decamethylene terephthalamide) copolymerized with long-chain alkyl dodecanedioic acid: Toward bio-based polymer and improved performances. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangji Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road; Haidian District, Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road; Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Pingli Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road; Haidian District, Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Wutong Feng
- National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road; Haidian District, Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road; Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonglai Ren
- National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road; Haidian District, Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Junhui Ji
- National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road; Haidian District, Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
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21
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Tencé-Girault S, Woehling V, Oikonomou EK, Karpati S, Norvez S. About the Art and Science of Visualizing Polymer Morphology using Transmission Electron Microscopy. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Tencé-Girault
- Laboratoire Matière Molle et Chimie; ESPCI Paris; PSL Research University; 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris France
| | - Vincent Woehling
- Laboratoire Matière Molle et Chimie; ESPCI Paris; PSL Research University; 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris France
| | - Evdokia K. Oikonomou
- Laboratoire Matière Molle et Chimie; ESPCI Paris; PSL Research University; 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris France
| | - Szilvia Karpati
- Laboratoire Matière Molle et Chimie; ESPCI Paris; PSL Research University; 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris France
| | - Sophie Norvez
- Laboratoire Matière Molle et Chimie; ESPCI Paris; PSL Research University; 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris France
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22
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Manoharan P, Naskar K. Biologically sustainable rubber resin and rubber-filler promoter: a precursor study. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Partheban Manoharan
- Rubber Technology Centre; Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Kinsuk Naskar
- Rubber Technology Centre; Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur 721302 India
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