1
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Arbe A, Alegría A, Colmenero J, Bhaumik S, Ntetsikas K, Hadjichristidis N. Microscopic Evidence for the Topological Transition in Model Vitrimers. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1595-1601. [PMID: 37947419 PMCID: PMC10666534 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the glass transition, vitrimers undergo a topological transition from viscoelastic liquid to viscoelastic solid behavior when the network rearrangements facilitated by dynamic bond exchange reactions freeze. The microscopic observation of this transition is elusive. Model polyisoprene vitrimers based on imine dynamic covalent bonds were synthesized by reaction of α,ω-dialdehyde-functionalized polyisoprenes and a tris(2-aminoethyl)amine. In these dynamic networks nanophase separation of polymer and reactive groups leads to the emergence of a relevant length scale characteristic for the network structure. We exploited the scattering sensitivity to structural features at different length scales to determine how dynamical and topological arrests affect correlations at segmental and network levels. Chains expand obeying the same expansion coefficient throughout the entire viscoelastic region, i.e., both in the elastomeric regime and in the liquid regime. The onset of liquid-like behavior is only apparent at the mesoscale, where the scattering reveals the reorganization of the network triggered by bond exchange events. The such determined "microscopic" topological transition temperature is compared with the outcome of "conventional" methods, namely viscosimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. We show that using proper thermal (aging-like) protocols, this transition is also nicely revealed by the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantxa Arbe
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC−UPV/EHU) −
Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Angel Alegría
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC−UPV/EHU) −
Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento
de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química
y Tecnología (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Juan Colmenero
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC−UPV/EHU) −
Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento
de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química
y Tecnología (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Saibal Bhaumik
- Polymer
Synthesis Laboratory, Chemistry Program, Physical Science and Engineering
Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Konstantinos Ntetsikas
- Polymer
Synthesis Laboratory, Chemistry Program, Physical Science and Engineering
Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Polymer
Synthesis Laboratory, Chemistry Program, Physical Science and Engineering
Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Miao P, Jiao Z, Liu J, He M, Song G, Wei Z, Leng X, Li Y. Mechanically Robust and Chemically Recyclable Polyhydroxyurethanes from CO 2-Derived Six-Membered Cyclic Carbonates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:2246-2255. [PMID: 36563296 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the current context of sustainable chemistry development and new regulations, aminolysis of cyclic carbonate is one of the most promising routes to nonisocyanate polyurethanes, also called polyhydroxyurethanes (PHU). In this study, a new kind of shape memory PHU vitrimers with outstanding mechanical properties and chemical recyclability is prepared. The monomer employed for aminolysis to form the PHUs is bis(six-membered cyclic carbonate) of 4,4'-biphenol (BCC-BP), which is synthesized by bi(1,3-diol) precursors and CO2. The synthetic strategy, isocyanate-free and employing CO2 as a building block, is environmentally friendly and suits the concept of carbon neutrality. The thermal properties, mechanical properties, and dynamic behaviors of the PHUs are explored. The maximum breaking strength and elongation at break of the resultant PHUs reach 65 MPa and 452%, respectively, exceeding other reported PHU-based materials in combined performance. Such a PHU material can also lift up a load 4700 times heavier than its own weight by a shape recovery process. Finally, the bi(1,3-diol) can be regenerated through the alcoholysis of PHUs to realize chemical recycling. This work provides a feasibility study for a green synthetic approach and for designing a novel PHU material with outstanding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| | - Ziyue Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| | - Maomao He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| | - Guanjun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| | - Zhiyong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| | - Xuefei Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
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3
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Liu Y, Yu Z, Wang B, Xu X, Feng H, Li P, Zhu J, Ma S. High-performance epoxy covalent adaptable networks enabled by alicyclic anhydride monoesters. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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He E, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Wei Y, Ji Y. Reprocessing of Vitrimer. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Zhang C, Lu X, Wang Z, Xia H. Progress in Utilizing Dynamic Bonds to Fabricate Structurally Adaptive Self-Healing, Shape Memory, and Liquid Crystal Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100768. [PMID: 34964192 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive structurally dynamic polymers are capable of mimicking the biological systems to adapt themselves to the surrounding environmental changes and subsequently exhibiting a wide range of responses ranging from self-healing to complex shape-morphing. Dynamic self-healing polymers (SHPs), shape-memory polymers (SMPs) and liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), which are three representative examples of stimuli-responsive structurally dynamic polymers, have been attracting broad and growing interest in recent years because of their potential applications in the fields of electronic skin, sensors, soft robots, artificial muscles, and so on. We review recent advances and challenges in the developments towards dynamic SHPs, SMPs and LCEs, focusing on the chemistry strategies and the dynamic reaction mechanisms that enhance the performances of the materials including self-healing, reprocessing and reprogramming. We compare and discuss the different dynamic chemistries and their mechanisms on the enhanced functions of the materials, where three summary tables are presented: a library of dynamic bonds and the resulting characteristics of the materials. Finally, we provide a critical outline of the unresolved issues and future perspectives on the emerging developments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hesheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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6
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Ricarte RG, Shanbhag S. Unentangled Vitrimer Melts: Interplay between Chain Relaxation and Cross-link Exchange Controls Linear Rheology. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralm G. Ricarte
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Sachin Shanbhag
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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7
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Bhusal S, Oh C, Kang Y, Varshney V, Ren Y, Nepal D, Roy A, Kedziora G. Transesterification in Vitrimer Polymers Using Bifunctional Catalysts: Modeled with Solution-Phase Experimental Rates and Theoretical Analysis of Efficiency and Mechanisms. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:2411-2424. [PMID: 33635079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, thermoset vitrimer polymers have shown significant promise for structural applications because of their ability to be reshaped and remolded due to their covalent adaptive network (CAN). In these vitrimers, the transesterification reaction is responsible for the CAN, where the efficiency of the reaction is controlled either by organic or by organometallic catalysts. Understanding the mechanism of the transesterification reaction in the bulk phase using direct experimental techniques is extremely difficult due to the highly cross-linked complex structure of thermosetting vitrimers. Therefore, we use solution-phase experiments to investigate the catalytic efficiency and to guide density functional theory (DFT) simulations of the transesterification reaction mechanism with catalysts triazabicyclodecene (TBD), zinc acetate (Zn(OAc)2), 1-methylimidazole (1-MI), and dibutyltin oxide (DBTO). The estimated catalytic efficiency from the detailed DFT reaction path calculations follows the order TBD ≳ DBTO ≳ Zn(OAc)2 > 1-MI, which agrees with the experimental results. In addition to reaction path modeling, the mechanism and the relative rates of the transesterification reaction are analyzed with the assistance of Fukui indices as a measure of electrophilicity and nucleophilicity of atomic sites and with partial charges. It was found that the sum of the nucleophilicity index of the base and the electrophilicity index of the acid of the bifunctional catalysts correlates with the SN2 transition state and tetrahedral intermediate energies, which are related to the barrier of the rate-limiting step. This correlation provides a hypothesis for computational prescreening of potentially better catalysts that have an index in a range of values. These results provide a basis for understanding an important part of the mechanism of transesterification in vitrimer systems and may assist with designing new catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusil Bhusal
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States.,Universal Technology Corporation, 1270 N Fairfield Rd., Beavercreek, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Changjun Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Vikas Varshney
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Yixin Ren
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States.,Universal Technology Corporation, 1270 N Fairfield Rd., Beavercreek, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Dhriti Nepal
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Ajit Roy
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Gary Kedziora
- Air Force Institute of Technology, Department of Engineering Physics, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
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8
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Gablier A, Saed MO, Terentjev EM. Transesterification in Epoxy–Thiol Exchangeable Liquid Crystalline Elastomers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gablier
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Mohand O. Saed
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
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9
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Perego A, Khabaz F. Volumetric and Rheological Properties of Vitrimers: A Hybrid Molecular Dynamics and Monte Carlo Simulation Study. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Perego
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, 250 S. Forge Street, Akron, Ohio 44325-0301, United States
| | - Fardin Khabaz
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, 250 S. Forge Street, Akron, Ohio 44325-0301, United States
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, 250 S. Forge Street, Akron, Ohio 44325-0301, United States
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10
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The crucial role of external force in the estimation of the topology freezing transition temperature of vitrimers by elongational creep measurements. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Saed MO, Terentjev EM. Catalytic Control of Plastic Flow in Siloxane-Based Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Networks. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:749-755. [PMID: 35648563 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline elastomer networks cross-linked by dynamic covalent bonds (xLCE) have the ability to be (re)processed during the plastic flow. However, the current bond-exchange strategies that are used to induce plastic flow in xLCE lack the efficient method to control the elastic-plastic transition. Here we describe a straightforward method to manipulate the transition to plastic flow via the choice of catalyst in xLCE cross-linked by siloxane. The nature and the amount of catalyst have a profound effect on the elastic-plastic transition temperature, and the stress relaxation behavior of the network. The temperature of fast plastic flow and the associated bond-exchange activation energy varied from 120 °C and 83 kJ/mol in the "fastest" exchange promoted by triazobicyclodecene (TBD) to 240 °C and 164 kJ/mol in the "slowest" exchange with triphenylphosphine (PPH), with a range of catalysts in between. We have identified the optimum conditions for programming an aligned monodomain xLCE, high programming temperature (230 °C) and low nematic to isotropic transition (60 °C), to achieve thermally and mechanically stable actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohand O. Saed
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene M. Terentjev
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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12
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Giebler M, Sperling C, Kaiser S, Duretek I, Schlögl S. Epoxy-Anhydride Vitrimers from Aminoglycidyl Resins with High Glass Transition Temperature and Efficient Stress Relaxation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1148. [PMID: 32429574 PMCID: PMC7284387 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy-anhydride vitrimers are covalent adaptable networks, which undergo associative bond exchange reactions at elevated temperature. Their service temperature is influenced by the glass transition temperature (Tg) as well as the topology freezing transition temperature (Tv), at which the covalent bond exchange reactions become significantly fast. The present work highlights the design of high-Tg epoxy-anhydride vitrimers that comprise an efficient stress relaxation at elevated temperature. Networks are prepared by thermally curing aminoglycidyl monomers with glutaric anhydride in different stoichiometric ratios. The tertiary amine groups present in the structure of the aminoglycidyl derivatives not only accelerate the curing reaction but also catalyse the transesterification reaction above Tv, as shown in stress relaxation measurements. The topology rearrangements render the networks recyclable, which is demonstrated by reprocessing a grinded powder of the cured materials in a hot press. The epoxy-anhydride vitrimers are characterised by a high Tg (up to 140 °C) and an adequate storage modulus at 25 °C (~2.5 GPa), which makes them interesting candidates for structural applications operating at high service temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Giebler
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.G.); (C.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Clemens Sperling
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.G.); (C.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Simon Kaiser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.G.); (C.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Ivica Duretek
- Chair of Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria;
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.G.); (C.S.); (S.K.)
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13
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Saed MO, Terentjev EM. Siloxane crosslinks with dynamic bond exchange enable shape programming in liquid-crystalline elastomers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6609. [PMID: 32313059 PMCID: PMC7171139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCE) undergo reversible shape changes in response to stimuli, which enables a wide range of smart applications, in soft robotics, adhesive systems or biomedical medical devices. In this study, we introduce a new dynamic covalent chemistry based on siloxane equilibrium exchange into the LCE to enable processing (director alignment, remolding, and welding). Unlike the traditional siloxane based LCE, which were produced by reaction schemes with irreversible bonds (e.g. hydrosilylation), here we use a much more robust reaction (thiol-acrylate/thiol-ene 'double-click' chemistry) to obtain highly uniform dynamically crosslinked networks. Combining the siloxane crosslinker with click chemistry produces exchangeable LCE (xLCE) with tunable properties, low glass transition (-30 °C), controllable nematic to isotropic transition (33 to 70 °C), and a very high vitrification temperature (up to 250 °C). Accordingly, this class of dynamically crosslinked xLCE shows unprecedented thermal stability within the working temperature range (-50 to 140 °C), over many thermal actuation cycles without any creep. Finally, multiple xLCE sharing the same siloxane exchangeable bonds can be welded into single continuous structures to allow for composite materials that sequentially and reversibly undergo multiple phase transformations in different sections of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohand O Saed
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene M Terentjev
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom.
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14
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Ricarte RG, Tournilhac F, Cloître M, Leibler L. Linear Viscoelasticity and Flow of Self-Assembled Vitrimers: The Case of a Polyethylene/Dioxaborolane System. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralm G. Ricarte
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - François Tournilhac
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michel Cloître
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ludwik Leibler
- Gulliver, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
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15
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Peng WL, You Y, Xie P, Rong MZ, Zhang MQ. Adaptable Interlocking Macromolecular Networks with Homogeneous Architecture Made from Immiscible Single Networks. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li Peng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yang You
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Pu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhi Rong
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Ming Qiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
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16
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17
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Yang Y, Terentjev EM, Wei Y, Ji Y. Solvent-assisted programming of flat polymer sheets into reconfigurable and self-healing 3D structures. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1906. [PMID: 29765034 PMCID: PMC5954017 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is extremely challenging, yet critically desirable to convert 2D plastic films into 3D structures without any assisting equipment. Taking the advantage of solvent-induced bond-exchange reaction and elastic-plastic transition, shape programming of flat vitrimer polymer sheets offers a new way to obtain 3D structures or topologies, which are hard for traditional molding to achieve. Here we show that such programming can be achieved with a pipette, a hair dryer, and a bottle of solvent. The polymer used here is very similar to the commercial epoxy, except that a small percentage of a specific catalyst is involved to facilitate the bond-exchange reaction. The programmed 3D structures can later be erased, reprogrammed, welded with others, and healed again and again, using the same solvent-assisted technique. The 3D structures can also be recycled by hot-pressing into new sheets, which can still be repeatedly programmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | | | - Yen Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yan Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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18
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Polymer engineering based on reversible covalent chemistry: A promising innovative pathway towards new materials and new functionalities. Prog Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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White TJ. Photomechanical effects in liquid crystalline polymer networks and elastomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Snyder RL, Fortman DJ, De Hoe GX, Hillmyer MA, Dichtel WR. Reprocessable Acid-Degradable Polycarbonate Vitrimers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Snyder
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - David J. Fortman
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Guilhem X. De Hoe
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Altuna FI, Hoppe CE, Williams RJJ. Epoxy Vitrimers: The Effect of Transesterification Reactions on the Network Structure. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E43. [PMID: 30966078 PMCID: PMC6415031 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitrimers are covalently crosslinked polymers that behave as conventional thermosets below the glass transition temperature (Tg) but can flow above a particular temperature, Tv > Tg, by bond exchange reactions. In epoxy vitrimers, transesterification reactions are responsible for their behavior at T > Tv that enables flow, thermoforming, recycling, self-healing and stress relaxation. A statistical analysis based on the fragment approach was performed to analyze the evolution of the network structure of epoxy vitrimers during transesterification reactions. An analytical solution was obtained for a formulation based on a diepoxide and a dicarboxylic acid. A numerical solution was derived for the reaction of a diepoxide with a tricarboxylic acid, as an example of the way to apply the model to polyfunctional monomers. As transesterification acts as a disproportionation reaction that converts two linear fragments (monoesters) into a terminal fragment (glycol) and a branching fragment (diester), its effect on network structure is to increase the concentration of crosslinks and pendant chains while leaving a sol fraction. Changes in the network structure of the epoxy vitrimer can take place after their synthesis, during their use at high temperatures, a fact that has to be considered in their technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo Ignacio Altuna
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA), University of Mar del Plata and National Research Council (CONICET), Av. J. B. Justo 4302, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - Cristina Elena Hoppe
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA), University of Mar del Plata and National Research Council (CONICET), Av. J. B. Justo 4302, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - Roberto Juan José Williams
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA), University of Mar del Plata and National Research Council (CONICET), Av. J. B. Justo 4302, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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Kowalski BA, Guin TC, Auguste AD, Godman NP, White TJ. Pixelated Polymers: Directed Self Assembly of Liquid Crystalline Polymer Networks. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:436-441. [PMID: 35610852 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric materials are pervasive in modern society, in part attributable to the diverse range of properties that are accessible in these materials. Polymers can be stiff or soft, dissipative or elastic, adhesive or nonstick. Localizing the properties of polymeric materials can be achieved by a number of methods, including self-assembly, lithography, or 3-d printing. Here, we detail recent advances in the preparation of "pixelated" polymers prepared by the directed self-assembly of liquid crystalline monomers to yield cross-linked polymer networks (liquid crystalline polymer networks, LCN, or liquid crystalline elastomers, LCE). Through the local and arbitrary control of the orientation of the liquid crystalline units, monolithic elements can be realized with spatial variation in mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical, or acoustic properties. Stimuli-induced variation of these properties may enable paradigm-shifting end uses in a diverse set of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Kowalski
- Air
Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
- Azimuth Corporation, 4027 Colonel Glenn Highway, Beavercreek, Ohio 45431, United States
| | - Tyler C. Guin
- Air
Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
- Azimuth Corporation, 4027 Colonel Glenn Highway, Beavercreek, Ohio 45431, United States
| | - Anesia D. Auguste
- Air
Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
| | - Nicholas P. Godman
- Air
Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
- Azimuth Corporation, 4027 Colonel Glenn Highway, Beavercreek, Ohio 45431, United States
| | - Timothy J. White
- Air
Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
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Taylor MJ, Tomlins P, Sahota TS. Thermoresponsive Gels. Gels 2017; 3:E4. [PMID: 30920501 PMCID: PMC6318636 DOI: 10.3390/gels3010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermoresponsive gelling materials constructed from natural and synthetic polymers can be used to provide triggered action and therefore customised products such as drug delivery and regenerative medicine types as well as for other industries. Some materials give Arrhenius-type viscosity changes based on coil to globule transitions. Others produce more counterintuitive responses to temperature change because of agglomeration induced by enthalpic or entropic drivers. Extensive covalent crosslinking superimposes complexity of response and the upper and lower critical solution temperatures can translate to critical volume temperatures for these swellable but insoluble gels. Their structure and volume response confer advantages for actuation though they lack robustness. Dynamic covalent bonding has created an intermediate category where shape moulding and self-healing variants are useful for several platforms. Developing synthesis methodology-for example, Reversible Addition Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) and Atomic Transfer Radical Polymerisation (ATRP)-provides an almost infinite range of materials that can be used for many of these gelling systems. For those that self-assemble into micelle systems that can gel, the upper and lower critical solution temperatures (UCST and LCST) are analogous to those for simpler dispersible polymers. However, the tuned hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance plus the introduction of additional pH-sensitivity and, for instance, thermochromic response, open the potential for coupled mechanisms to create complex drug targeting effects at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Joan Taylor
- INsmart group, School of Pharmacy Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
| | - Paul Tomlins
- INsmart group, School of Pharmacy Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
| | - Tarsem S Sahota
- INsmart group, School of Pharmacy Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
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