1
|
Choi C, Yun E, Cha C. Emerging Technology of Nanofiber-Composite Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300222. [PMID: 37530431 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels and nanofibers have been firmly established as go-to materials for various biomedical applications. They have been mostly utilized separately, rarely together, because of their distinctive attributes and shortcomings. However, the potential benefits of integrating nanofibers with hydrogels to synergistically combine their functionalities while attenuating their drawbacks are increasingly recognized. Compared to other nanocomposite materials, incorporating nanofibers into hydrogel has the distinct advantage of emulating the hierarchical structure of natural extracellular environment needed for cell and tissue culture. The most important technological aspect of developing "nanofiber-composite hydrogel" is generating nanofibers made of various polymers that are cross-linked and short enough to maintain stable dispersion in hydrated environment. In this review, recent research efforts to develop nanofiber-composite hydrogels are presented, with added emphasis on nanofiber processing techniques. Several notable examples of implementing nanofiber-composite hydrogels for biomedical applications are also introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cholong Choi
- Center for Programmable Matter, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Yun
- Center for Programmable Matter, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaenyung Cha
- Center for Programmable Matter, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kougkolos G, Golzio M, Laudebat L, Valdez-Nava Z, Flahaut E. Hydrogels with electrically conductive nanomaterials for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:2036-2062. [PMID: 36789648 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02019j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels, soft 3D materials of cross-linked hydrophilic polymer chains with a high water content, have found numerous applications in biomedicine because of their similarity to native tissue, biocompatibility and tuneable properties. In general, hydrogels are poor conductors of electric current, due to the insulating nature of commonly-used hydrophilic polymer chains. A number of biomedical applications require or benefit from an increased electrical conductivity. These include hydrogels used as scaffolds for tissue engineering of electroactive cells, as strain-sensitive sensors and as platforms for controlled drug delivery. The incorporation of conductive nanomaterials in hydrogels results in nanocomposite materials which combine electrical conductivity with the soft nature, flexibility and high water content of hydrogels. Here, we review the state of the art of such materials, describing the theories of current conduction in nanocomposite hydrogels, outlining their limitations and highlighting methods for improving their electrical conductivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kougkolos
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France. .,LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Muriel Golzio
- IPBS, Université de Toulouse, NRS UMR, UPS, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
| | - Lionel Laudebat
- LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France. .,INU Champollion, Université de Toulouse, 81012 Albi, France
| | - Zarel Valdez-Nava
- LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu D, Zhou H, Zhao Y, Huyan C, Wang Z, Torun H, Guo Z, Dai S, Xu BB, Chen F. A Strand Entangled Supramolecular PANI/PAA Hydrogel Enabled Ultra-Stretchable Strain Sensor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203258. [PMID: 36216591 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel electronics have attracted growing interest for emerging applications in personal healthcare management, human-machine interaction, etc. Herein, a "doping then gelling" strategy to synthesize supramolecular PANI/PAA hydrogel with a specific strand entangled network is proposed, by doping the PANI with acrylic acid (AA) monomers to avoid PANI aggregation. The high-density electrostatic interaction between PAA and PANI chains serves as a dynamic bond to initiate the strand entanglement, enabling PAA/PANI hydrogel with ultra-stretchability (2830%), high breaking strength (120 kPa), and rapid self-healing properties. Moreover, the PAA/PANI hydrogel-based sensor with a high strain sensitivity (gauge factor = 12.63), a rapid responding time (222 ms), and a robust conductivity-based sensing behavior under cyclic stretching is developed. A set of strain sensing applications to precisely monitor human movements is also demonstrated, indicating a promising application prospect as wearable devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Honghao Zhou
- Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- The 41 st Institute of the Forth Academy, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, Xi'an, 710025, P. R. China
| | - Chenxi Huyan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zibi Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Zhanhu Guo
- Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Sheng Dai
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ben Bin Xu
- Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Fei Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Farzaneh S, Hosseinzadeh S, Samanipour R, Hatamie S, Ranjbari J, Khojasteh A. Fabrication and characterization of cobalt ferrite magnetic hydrogel combined with static magnetic field as a potential bio-composite for bone tissue engineering. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
5
|
Abstract
Flexible bioelectronics have promising applications in electronic skin, wearable devices, biomedical electronics, etc. Hydrogels have unique advantages for bioelectronics due to their tissue-like mechanical properties and excellent biocompatibility. Particularly, conductive and tissue adhesive hydrogels can self-adhere to bio-tissues and have great potential in implantable wearable bioelectronics. This review focuses on the recent progress in tissue adhesive hydrogel bioelectronics, including the mechanism and preparation of tissue adhesive hydrogels, the fabrication strategies of conductive hydrogels, and tissue adhesive hydrogel bioelectronics and applications. Some perspectives on tissue adhesive hydrogel bioelectronics are provided at the end of the review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Functional Biomaterials Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Yang Cong
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Jun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Functional Biomaterials Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Daliri K, Pfannkuche K, Garipcan B. Effects of physicochemical properties of polyacrylamide (PAA) and (polydimethylsiloxane) PDMS on cardiac cell behavior. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:1156-1172. [PMID: 33427281 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01986k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cell culture is commonly applied in laboratories around the world. Cultured cells are either of primary origin or established cell lines. Such transformed cell lines are increasingly replaced by pluripotent stem cell derived organotypic cells with more physiological properties. The quality of the culture conditions and matrix environment is of considerable importance in this regard. In fact, mechanical cues of the extracellular matrix have substantial effects on the cellular physiology. This is especially true if contractile cells such as cardiomyocytes are cultured. Therefore, elastic biomaterials have been introduced as scaffolds in 2D and 3D culture models for different cell types, cardiac cells among them. In this review, key aspects of cell-matrix interaction are highlighted with focus on cardiomyocytes and chemical properties as well as strengths and potential pitfalls in using two commonly applied polymers for soft matrix engineering, polyacrylamide (PAA) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Daliri
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Robert Koch Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Kurt Pfannkuche
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Robert Koch Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany. and Department for Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany and Marga-and-Walter-Boll Laboratory for Cardiac Tissue Engineering, University of Cologne, Germany and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Bora Garipcan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Cengelkoy, 34684, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Golchin A, Farzaneh S, Porjabbar B, Sadegian F, Estaji M, Ranjbarvan P, Kanafimahbob M, Ranjbari J, Salehi-Nik N, Hosseinzadeh S. Regenerative Medicine Under the Control of 3D Scaffolds: Current State and Progress of Tissue Scaffolds. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 16:209-229. [DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200720115519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, combining stem cells (SCs) with biomaterial scaffolds provides a promising strategy
for the future of biomedicine and regenerative medicine (RG). The cells need similar substrates of
the extracellular matrix (ECM) for normal tissue development, which signifies the importance of
three dimensional (3D) scaffolds to determine cell fate. Herein, the importance and positive contributions
of corresponding 3D scaffolds on cell functions, including cell interactions, cell migrations,
and nutrient delivery, are presented. Furthermore, the synthesis techniques which are recruited to
fabricate the 3D scaffolds are discussed, and the related studies of 3D scaffold for different tissues
are also reported in this paper. This review focuses on 3D scaffolds that have been used for tissue
engineering purposes and directing stem cell fate as a means of producing replacements for biomedical
applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Golchin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Science, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sina Farzaneh
- Department of Tissue engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Porjabbar
- Department of Tissue engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadegian
- Department of Tissue engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Estaji
- Department of Tissue engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Ranjbarvan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Science, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kanafimahbob
- Department of Tissue engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Ranjbari
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Salehi-Nik
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Simzar Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Tissue engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hydrogel Properties and Their Impact on Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245795. [PMID: 33302592 PMCID: PMC7764781 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels (HGs), as three-dimensional structures, are widely used in modern medicine, including regenerative medicine. The use of HGs in wound treatment and tissue engineering is a rapidly developing sector of medicine. The unique properties of HGs allow researchers to easily modify them to maximize their potential. Herein, we describe the physicochemical properties of HGs, which determine their subsequent applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Examples of chemical modifications of HGs and their applications are described based on the latest scientific reports.
Collapse
|
9
|
Naureen B, Haseeb ASMA, Basirun WJ, Muhamad F. Recent advances in tissue engineering scaffolds based on polyurethane and modified polyurethane. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 118:111228. [PMID: 33254956 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Organ repair, regeneration, and transplantation are constantly in demand due to various acute, chronic, congenital, and infectious diseases. Apart from traditional remedies, tissue engineering (TE) is among the most effective methods for the repair of damaged tissues via merging the cells, growth factors, and scaffolds. With regards to TE scaffold fabrication technology, polyurethane (PU), a high-performance medical grade synthetic polymer and bioactive material has gained significant attention. PU possesses exclusive biocompatibility, biodegradability, and modifiable chemical, mechanical and thermal properties, owing to its unique structure-properties relationship. During the past few decades, PU TE scaffold bioactive properties have been incorporated or enhanced with biodegradable, electroactive, surface-functionalised, ayurvedic products, ceramics, glass, growth factors, metals, and natural polymers, resulting in the formation of modified polyurethanes (MPUs). This review focuses on the recent advances of PU/MPU scaffolds, especially on the biomedical applications in soft and hard tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The scientific issues with regards to the PU/MPU scaffolds, such as biodegradation, electroactivity, surface functionalisation, and incorporation of active moieties are also highlighted along with some suggestions for future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Naureen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A S M A Haseeb
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - W J Basirun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Institute of Nanotechnology and catalyst (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Farina Muhamad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nazari H, Heirani‐Tabasi A, Hajiabbas M, Khalili M, Shahsavari Alavijeh M, Hatamie S, Mahdavi Gorabi A, Esmaeili E, Ahmadi Tafti SH. Incorporation of two‐dimensional nanomaterials into silk fibroin nanofibers for cardiac tissue engineering. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hojjatollah Nazari
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart CenterTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Cell Therapy and Hematology, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Asieh Heirani‐Tabasi
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart CenterTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Cell Therapy and Hematology, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Hajiabbas
- Department of Cell Therapy and Hematology, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Masoud Khalili
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart CenterTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Cell Therapy and Hematology, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | | | - Shadie Hatamie
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center Tehran Iran
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystemsNational Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Armita Mahdavi Gorabi
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart CenterTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Elaheh Esmaeili
- Department of Cell Therapy and Hematology, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Ahmadi Tafti
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart CenterTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cardiac cell differentiation of muscle satellite cells on aligned composite electrospun polyurethane with reduced graphene oxide. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1936-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
12
|
Almasi N, Hosseinzadeh S, Hatamie S, Taheri Sangsari G. Stable conductive and biocompatible scaffold development using graphene oxide (GO) doped polyaniline (PANi). INT J POLYM MATER PO 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2019.1628028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Almasi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simzar Hosseinzadeh
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Tissue engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadie Hatamie
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Gholamreza Taheri Sangsari
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Piran M, Shiri M, Soufi Zomorrod M, Esmaeili E, Soufi Zomorrod M, Vazifeh Shiran N, Mahboudi H, Daneshpazhouh H, Dehghani N, Hosseinzadeh S. Electrospun triple-layered PLLA/gelatin. PRGF/PLLA scaffold induces fibroblast migration. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11441-11453. [PMID: 30746766 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The function of fibroblast cells in wounded areas results in reconstruction of the extra cellular matrix and consequently resolution of granulation tissue. It is suggested that the use of platelet-rich plasma can accelerate the healing process in nonhealing or slow-healing wounds. In this study, a simple and novel method has been used to fabricate an electrospun three-layered scaffold containing plasma rich in growth factor with the aim of increasing the proliferation and migration of fibroblast cells in vitro. First, plasma rich in growth factor was derived from platelet rich plasma, and then a three-layered scaffold was fabricated using PLLA nanofibers as the outer layers and plasma rich in growth factor-containing gelatin fibers as the internal layer. The growth morphology of cells seeded on this scaffold was compared to those seeded on one layered PLLA scaffold. The study of the cell growth rate on different substrates and the migration of cells in response to the drug release of multilayered scaffold was investigated by the cell quantification assay and a modified under agarose assay. Scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence images showed that cells seeded on multilayered scaffold were completely oriented 72 hours after seeding compared to those seeded on PLLA scaffold. The cell quantification assay also indicated significant increase in proliferation rate of cells seeded on three-layered scaffold compared to those seeded on PLLA scaffold and finally, monitoring cell migration proved that cells migrate significantly toward the three-layered scaffold up to 48 to 72 hours and afterwards start to show a diminished migration rate toward this scaffold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Piran
- Department of Biology, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Nanotechnology, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Shiri
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical sciences research center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Soufi Zomorrod
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Nanotechnology, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Esmaeili
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Nanotechnology, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Soufi Zomorrod
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Vazifeh Shiran
- Department of Hematology and blood banking, Paramedical Faculty, Shahid Beheshti university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mahboudi
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | | | | | - Simzar Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Tissue engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lu H, Zhang N, Ma M. Electroconductive hydrogels for biomedical applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 11:e1568. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Biology and Environmental Engineering Hefei University Hefei China
| | - Mingming Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nazari H, Azadi S, Hatamie S, Zomorrod MS, Ashtari K, Soleimani M, Hosseinzadeh S. Fabrication of graphene‐silver/polyurethane nanofibrous scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hojjatollah Nazari
- Department of Nanotechnology and Tissue EngineeringStem Cell Technology Center Tehran Iran
- Department of Cell Therapy and Hematology, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Shohreh Azadi
- Faculty of Biomedical EngineeringAmirKabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
- Faculty of biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Technology Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Shadie Hatamie
- Department of Nanotechnology and Tissue EngineeringStem Cell Technology Center Tehran Iran
| | - Mahsa Soufi Zomorrod
- Department of Nanotechnology and Tissue EngineeringStem Cell Technology Center Tehran Iran
| | - Khadijeh Ashtari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineIran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Cell Therapy and Hematology, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Simzar Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ashtari K, Nazari H, Ko H, Tebon P, Akhshik M, Akbari M, Alhosseini SN, Mozafari M, Mehravi B, Soleimani M, Ardehali R, Ebrahimi Warkiani M, Ahadian S, Khademhosseini A. Electrically conductive nanomaterials for cardiac tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 144:162-179. [PMID: 31176755 PMCID: PMC6784829 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Patient deaths resulting from cardiovascular diseases are increasing across the globe, posing the greatest risk to patients in developed countries. Myocardial infarction, as a result of inadequate blood flow to the myocardium, results in irreversible loss of cardiomyocytes which can lead to heart failure. A sequela of myocardial infarction is scar formation that can alter the normal myocardial architecture and result in arrhythmias. Over the past decade, a myriad of tissue engineering approaches has been developed to fabricate engineered scaffolds for repairing cardiac tissue. This paper highlights the recent application of electrically conductive nanomaterials (carbon and gold-based nanomaterials, and electroactive polymers) to the development of scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. Moreover, this work summarizes the effects of these nanomaterials on cardiac cell behavior such as proliferation and migration, as well as cardiomyogenic differentiation in stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Ashtari
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Nazari
- Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hyojin Ko
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Peyton Tebon
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Masoud Akhshik
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Center for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing (CBBP), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Shahdad Ronak Commercialization Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada; Center for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada; Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Sanaz Naghavi Alhosseini
- Biomaterials Group, Department of Biomaterial Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bita Mehravi
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ardehali
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, USA
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Natural compounds containing polysaccharide ingredients have been employed as candidates for treatment of skin tissue. Herein, for the first time, electrospinning setup was proposed to fabricate an efficient composite nanofibrous structure of Beta vulgaris (obtained from Beet [Chenopodiaceae or Amaranthaceae]) belonged to polysaccharides and an elastic polymer named nylon 66 for skin tissue engineering. Both prepared scaffolds including noncomposite and composite types were studied by Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, mechanical assay, and contact angle. Scanning electron microscope examinations have approved the uniform and homogeneous structure of composite nanofibers containing nylon polymer and B. vulgaris extract. FTIR spectroscopy was endorsed the presence of B. vulgaris extract within the interwoven mat of nanofibers. Also, measurement of mechanical property with cell-laden composite scaffolds approved the desirable similarity between corresponding scaffold and native skin tissue. To our surprise, it was found that compared with nylon nanofibrous scaffold, composite sample containing B. vulgaris extract has lower contact angle indicating a higher hydrophilic surface. After cell seeding process of keratinocyte cells on composite and noncomposite scaffolds, SEM and 3[4,5-dimethylthiazoyl-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays approved higher number of attached cells onto the corresponding composite electrospun membrane. Epidermal gene expression such as involucrin, cytokeratin 10, and cytokeratin 14 was observed through real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Furthermore, immunocytochemistry results (cytokeratin 10 and loricrin) approved that the original property of keratinocytes was strongly preserved using composite scaffold. The corresponding study tries to introduce a new type of natural-based scaffolds for dermal tissue engineering that exhibits an elastic behavior similar to native skin tissue.
Collapse
|
18
|
Hosseinzadeh S, Nazari H, Sadegzadeh N, Babaie A, Kabiri M, Tasharrofi N, Soufi Zomorrod M, Soleimani M. Polyethylenimine: A new differentiation factor to endothelial/cardiac tissue. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:1511-1521. [PMID: 30171705 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Among different tissues, endothelial/cardiac types require specific factors to promote myocardial regeneration after occurred injuries. Herein, cardiac stem cells (CSCs) as the major cell population that involved in cardiovascular repair were selected to study the role of polyethyleneimine (PEI) agent on endothelial differentiation. After preparation of electrospun network of PEI with polyacrylonitrile, the related characterizations were carried out including scanning electron microscope (SEM), field-emission SEM, water contact angle, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and mechanical properties. Also, the release kinetic of the corresponding agent was studied up to 7 days. The cell differentiation studies were done in the following with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, Real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining method. The whole obtained results approved the higher differentiation of CSCs into endothelial/cardiac cells. Finally, it is recommended that the PEI delivering increases the healing potency of CSCs and accordingly the regeneration speed of damaged cardiovascular tissue would be improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simzar Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Nazari
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Babaie
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Kabiri
- Department of Biotechnology, College of science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noshin Tasharrofi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lorestan University of Medical Science, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Esmaeili E, Soleimani M, Ghiass MA, Hatamie S, Vakilian S, Zomorrod MS, Sadeghzadeh N, Vossoughi M, Hosseinzadeh S. Magnetoelectric nanocomposite scaffold for high yield differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to neural-like cells. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:13617-13628. [PMID: 30613971 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While the differentiation factors have been widely used to differentiate mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into various cell types, they can cause harm at the same time. Therefore, it is beneficial to propose methods to differentiate MSCs without factors. Herein, magnetoelectric (ME) nanofibers were synthesized as the scaffold for the growth of MSCs and their differentiation into neural cells without factors. This nanocomposite takes the advantage of the synergies of the magnetostrictive filler, CoFe2 O 4 nanoparticles (CFO), and piezoelectric polymer, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF). Graphene oxide nanosheets were decorated with CFO nanoparticles for a proper dispersion in the polymer through a hydrothermal process. After that, the piezoelectric PVDF polymer, which contained the magnetic nanoparticles, underwent the electrospun process to form ME nanofibers, the ME property of which has the potential to be used in areas such as tissue engineering, biosensors, and actuators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Esmaeili
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Adel Ghiass
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Manouchehr Vossoughi
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simzar Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Min JH, Patel M, Koh WG. Incorporation of Conductive Materials into Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1078. [PMID: 30961003 PMCID: PMC6404001 DOI: 10.3390/polym10101078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of tissue engineering, conductive hydrogels have been the most effective biomaterials to mimic the biological and electrical properties of tissues in the human body. The main advantages of conductive hydrogels include not only their physical properties but also their adequate electrical properties, which provide electrical signals to cells efficiently. However, when introducing a conductive material into a non-conductive hydrogel, a conflicting relationship between the electrical and mechanical properties may develop. This review examines the strengths and weaknesses of the generation of conductive hydrogels using various conductive materials such as metal nanoparticles, carbons, and conductive polymers. The fabrication method of blending, coating, and in situ polymerization is also added. Furthermore, the applications of conductive hydrogel in cardiac tissue engineering, nerve tissue engineering, and bone tissue engineering and skin regeneration are discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hong Min
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
- Active Polymer Center for Pattern Integration (APCPI), Yonsei-ro 50, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Madhumita Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hosseinzadeh S, Rezayat SM, Giaseddin A, Aliyan A, Soleimani M. Microfluidic system for synthesis of nanofibrous conductive hydrogel and muscle differentiation. J Biomater Appl 2017; 32:853-861. [PMID: 29187019 DOI: 10.1177/0885328217744377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Microscale hydrogels can be synthesized within microfluidic systems and subsequently assembled to make tissues composed of units such as myofibers in muscle tissue. Importantly, the nanofibrous surface of hydrogels is essential for tissue engineering aims due to inducing beneficial cell-surface interactions. In this study, a new microfluidic platform, embedded with a hydrogel, was introduced that allowed for performing multiple non-parallel steps for the synthetic approaches. Satellite cells, isolated from skeletal tissues of 10-day Naval Medical Research Institute-murine were cultured on the prepared hydrogel within the microfluidic system. The normal proliferation of satellite cells occurred after the employment of continuous perfusion cell culture. Interestingly, the positive results of the immuno-staining assay along with the cellular bridge formation between hydrogel fragments confirmed the muscle differentiation of seeded satellite cells. Further on, COMSOl simulations anticipated that the thermodynamic conditions of the microfluidic system during hydrogel synthesis had to be kept steady while a shear stress value of 15 × 10-6 Pa was calculated, exhibiting a cell culture condition free of environmental stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simzar Hosseinzadeh
- 1 Department of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,2 Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Mahdi Rezayat
- 3 Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Giaseddin
- 4 Biomedical Engineering Group, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Aliyan
- 5 Hematology Department, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- 5 Hematology Department, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
The role of nanomaterials in cell delivery systems. Med Mol Morphol 2017; 51:1-12. [PMID: 29170827 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-017-0173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In more than one decade, cell transplantation has created an important strategy to treat a wide variety of diseases characterized by tissue and cell dysfunctions. In this course of action, cell delivery to target site has been always one of the most important constraints and complications, as only a small proportion of the cells are housed in the target sites. Nanotechnology and nanoscale biomaterials have been helpful for cell transplantation in various fields of regenerative medicine including diagnosis, delivery systems for the cell, drug or gene, and cells protection system. In this study, the basic concepts and recently studied aspects of cell delivery systems based on nanoscale biomaterials for transplantation and clinical applications are highlighted. Nanomaterials may be used in combination with cell therapy to control the release of drugs or special factors of engineered cells after transplantation.
Collapse
|
24
|
Gao X, Huang Y, Liu Y, Kormakov S, Zheng X, Wu D, Wu D. Improved electrical conductivity of PDMS/SCF composite sheets with bolting cloth prepared by a spatial confining forced network assembly method. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02061a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel method of spacial confining forced network assembly for preparation of conductive polymeric composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Gao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Yao Huang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
| | - Semen Kormakov
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Xiuting Zheng
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- Polymer Material Processing Equipment Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education
| | - Dan Wu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Daming Wu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Novel nanofibrous electrically conductive scaffolds based on poly(ethylene glycol)s-modified polythiophene and poly(ε-caprolactone) for tissue engineering applications. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|