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Gimenis de Moura L, Alberto Fancello E, da Rosa E, Rodrigo de Mello Roesler C, Muniz da Silva de Almeida C, Marie Maru de Morais M. Influence of plane-strain compression on the microstructure and tribological behavior of GUR 1050 UHMWPE. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 142:105816. [PMID: 37062097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has been used as a bearing surface in orthopedic implants due to its outstanding physical and mechanical properties. Modifications in the structure of the polymer have a direct effect on its wear. In this work, plane-strain compression in a channel die was applied to induce microstructural changes in specimens of UHMWPE GUR 1050. These structural changes were characterized using a combined approach involving Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. These qualitative and quantitative characterization resulted in a valuable understanding of the changes in the material microstructure when subjected to plastic deformation. A molecular non-uniform alignment of the UHMWPE molecules, with fragmentation and kinking of polymer lamellae, was observed in the direction of material flow, perpendicular to the compressive load direction, following an inhomogeneous strain field generated by the mechanical compression. The microstructural analyses revealed an increased crystalline content and decreased intermediate phase while amorphous phase content remained unchanged, in all the regions of the deformed specimen. The tribological performance, evaluated by the scratch resistance force, decreased along the material flow direction and increased along the load direction in the deformed polymer compared to that of the uncompressed polymer. Plane-strain compression was able to modify the polymer microstructure, introducing directional anisotropy in its tribological behavior that can impact the wear performance of the material.
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Nisa ZU, Chuan LK, Guan BH, Ayub S, Ahmad F. Anti-Wear and Anti-Erosive Properties of Polymers and Their Hybrid Composites: A Critical Review of Findings and Needs. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132194. [PMID: 35808030 PMCID: PMC9268736 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Erosion caused by the repeated impact of particles on the surface of a substance is a common wear method resulting in the gradual and continual loss of affected objects. It is a crucial problem in several modern industries because the surfaces of various products and materials are frequently subjected to destructively erosive situations. Polymers and their hybrid materials are suitable, in powdered form, for use as coatings in several different applications. This review paper aims to provide extensive information on the erosion behaviors of thermoset and thermoplastic neat resin and their hybrid material composites. Specific attention is paid to the influence of the properties of selected materials and to impingement parameters such as the incident angle of the erodent, the impact velocity of the erodent, the nature of the erodent, and the erosion mechanism. The review further extends the information available about the erosion techniques and numerical simulation methods used for wear studies of surfaces. An investigation was carried out to allow researchers to explore the available selection of materials and methods in terms of the conditions and parameters necessary to meet current and future needs and challenges, in technologically advanced industries, relating to the protection of surfaces. During the review, which was conducted on the findings in the literature of the past fifty years, it was noted that the thermoplastic nature of composites is a key component in determining their anti-wear properties; moreover, composites with lower glass transition, higher ductility, and greater crystallinity provide better protection against erosion in advanced surface applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaib Un Nisa
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia; (L.K.C.); (B.H.G.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lee Kean Chuan
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia; (L.K.C.); (B.H.G.); (S.A.)
| | - Beh Hoe Guan
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia; (L.K.C.); (B.H.G.); (S.A.)
| | - Saba Ayub
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia; (L.K.C.); (B.H.G.); (S.A.)
| | - Faiz Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia;
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Kida T, Hiejima Y, Nitta KH, Yamaguchi M. Evaluation of microscopic structural changes during strain hardening of polyethylene solids using In situ Raman, SAXS, and WAXD measurements under step-cycle test. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Candau N, Chenal JM, Lame O, Schouwink P, Michaud V, Plummer CJ, Frauenrath H. Enhanced ductility in high performance polyamides due to strain-induced phase transitions. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Polińska M, Rozanski A, Galeski A, Bojda J. The Modulus of the Amorphous Phase of Semicrystalline Polymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Polińska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz 90-363, Poland
| | - Artur Rozanski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz 90-363, Poland
| | - Andrzej Galeski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz 90-363, Poland
| | - Joanna Bojda
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz 90-363, Poland
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Galeski A, Bartczak Z, Vozniak A, Pawlak A, Walkenhorst R. Morphology and Plastic Yielding of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene. Macromolecules 2020; 53:6063-6077. [PMID: 32905184 PMCID: PMC7467761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
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The structure, morphology, and mechanical
properties of two compression-molded grades of ultrahigh-molecular-weight
polyethylene (UHMWPE) and, for comparison, one conventional linear
polyethylene (HDPE) were studied. Compression molding resulted in
some preferred orientation of lamellae in the compression direction
in UHMWPE samples, while no preferred orientation in HDPE. The mean
crystal thickness estimated from the size distribution agrees better
with those obtained from small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and mechanical
yield data than the thickness determined from the melting peak temperature.
Microscopic examination of microtomed and etched UHMWPE samples showed
that the lamellae are in the form of platelets with the width and
length in the range of 300–700 nm. The lamellae radiate from
primary nuclei forming small embryonal spherulites; their radial growth
ends at 0.3–0.7 μm from the center. There is no evidence
of branching and secondary nucleation from those primary lamellae.
Because the lamellae are radially ordered, there is no parallel stacking
of lamellae. Samples were subjected to deformation by plane-strain
compression at a constant true strain rate. In axial UHMWPE samples,
where lamellae were preferentially oriented along the loading direction,
the second yield was clearly observed. The second yield was found
to be related to the deformation instability leading to kinking of
lamellae oriented initially along the loading direction. Kinking was
clearly shown by SAXS and microscopic observation of microtomed and
etched samples. No cooperativity of kinking was observed because the
lamellae are arranged in small spherulites and not parallel in stacks.
The stress–strain curves were fitted with model curves assuming
crystal plasticity and network elasticity in the amorphous component.
The effective density of the molecular network within the amorphous
phase depended on the molecular weight of UHMWPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Galeski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Bartczak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Alina Vozniak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pawlak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Rainer Walkenhorst
- Celanese GmbH Industriepark Höchst, Brüningstr. 50, Building G832, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Bartczak Z, Vozniak A. Deformation Instabilities and Lamellae Fragmentation during Deformation of Cross-linked Polyethylene. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1954. [PMID: 31795116 PMCID: PMC6961083 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the topology of the amorphous phase and phase interconnectivity on the stability of the deformation of semicrystalline polyethylene was investigated. The chain topology was modified by crosslinking the samples with electron beam irradiation. The samples were deformed by plane-strain compression, while the accompanying structural changes were monitored with X-ray and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). At the true strain around of e = 0.3, the lamellar stacks parallel to the loading direction experienced microbuckling instability, which shortly led to the cooperative kinking of lamellae. Macroscopically, this showed up as the 'second yield.' Buckling is driven by the different stiffness levels of the hard and soft layers and their strong connectivity-for given layer thickness, the critical strain for buckling appeared proportional to the stiffness of the amorphous phase. Above e = 1.0, lamellae fragmentation was observed. This resulted from the localization of crystallographic slip, which was triggered by stress concentrations generated at lamellae faces by taut 'stress transmitter' (ST) chains. Accordingly, the fragmentation was found to be dependent on the surface fraction of STs at the amorphous-crystal interface: a low concentration of STs resulted in fewer but stronger stress concentrations, which led to earlier slip localization, followed quickly by lamellae fragmentation. The observed instabilities, either lamellae kinking or fragmentation, profoundly influenced the deformation process as well as the resultant structure. Both phenomena relieved much of the structural constraints imposed on deforming lamellae and make further strain accommodation easier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Bartczak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland;
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Bartczak Z, Vozniak A. WAXS/SAXS study of plastic deformation instabilities and lamellae fragmentation in polyethylene. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Deformation Mechanisms of Isotactic Poly-1-Butene and Its Copolymers Deformed by Plane-Strain Compression and Tension. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst9040194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The deformation-induced crystalline texture of isotactic poly-1-butene and its random copolymers with ethylene, developing during plane-strain compression and uniaxial tension, was investigated with X-Ray pole figures, supported by small-angle scattering (SAXS) and thermal analysis (DSC). The crystallographic (100)[001] chain slip was identified as the primary deformation mechanism, active in both compression and tension, supported by the transverse slip system and interlamellar shear. At the true strain around 0.8, lamellae fragmentation and partial destruction of the crystalline phase due to slip localization was observed, much heavier in tension than in plane-strain compression. That fragmentation brought an acceleration of the slip, which ultimately led to a common fiber texture in tensile samples, with the chain direction oriented preferentially along the drawing (flow) direction. Slightly more complicated crystal texture, reflecting triaxiality of the stress field, still with the chain direction preferentially oriented near the flow direction, was observed in compression. Additional deformation mechanism was observed at low strain in the plane-strain compression, which was either interlamellar shear operating in amorphous layers and supported by crystallographic slips or the simultaneous (110)[110] transverse slip operating on a pair of (110) planes. It was concluded that deformation proceeded similarly in both studied deformation modes, with practically the same deformation mechanisms engaged. Then, the plane-strain compression, proceeding homogeneously and preventing cavitation, seems more suitable for studies of the real deformation behavior, not obscured by any unwanted side-effects.
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Dong M, Li Q, Liu H, Liu C, Wujcik EK, Shao Q, Ding T, Mai X, Shen C, Guo Z. Thermoplastic polyurethane-carbon black nanocomposite coating: Fabrication and solid particle erosion resistance. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mehrali M, Bagherifard S, Akbari M, Thakur A, Mirani B, Mehrali M, Hasany M, Orive G, Das P, Emneus J, Andresen TL, Dolatshahi‐Pirouz A. Blending Electronics with the Human Body: A Pathway toward a Cybernetic Future. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700931. [PMID: 30356969 PMCID: PMC6193179 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
At the crossroads of chemistry, electronics, mechanical engineering, polymer science, biology, tissue engineering, computer science, and materials science, electrical devices are currently being engineered that blend directly within organs and tissues. These sophisticated devices are mediators, recorders, and stimulators of electricity with the capacity to monitor important electrophysiological events, replace disabled body parts, or even stimulate tissues to overcome their current limitations. They are therefore capable of leading humanity forward into the age of cyborgs, a time in which human biology can be hacked at will to yield beings with abilities beyond their natural capabilities. The resulting advances have been made possible by the emergence of conformal and soft electronic materials that can readily integrate with the curvilinear, dynamic, delicate, and flexible human body. This article discusses the recent rapid pace of development in the field of cybernetics with special emphasis on the important role that flexible and electrically active materials have played therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mehrali
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU NanotechCenter for Nanomedicine and Theranostics2800KgsDenmark
| | - Sara Bagherifard
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPolitecnico di Milano20156MilanItaly
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME)Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCV8P 5C2Canada
- Center for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaV8P 5C2Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC)University of VictoriaVictoriaV8P 5C2Canada
| | - Ashish Thakur
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU NanotechCenter for Nanomedicine and Theranostics2800KgsDenmark
| | - Bahram Mirani
- Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME)Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCV8P 5C2Canada
- Center for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaV8P 5C2Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC)University of VictoriaVictoriaV8P 5C2Canada
| | - Mohammad Mehrali
- Process and Energy DepartmentDelft University of TechnologyLeeghwaterstraat 392628CBDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Masoud Hasany
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU NanotechCenter for Nanomedicine and Theranostics2800KgsDenmark
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel GroupLaboratory of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUPaseo de la Universidad 701006Vitoria‐GasteizSpain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN)Vitoria‐Gasteiz28029Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology—UIRMI (UPV/EHU‐Fundación Eduardo Anitua)Vitoria01007Spain
| | - Paramita Das
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Jenny Emneus
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU Nanotech2800KgsDenmark
| | - Thomas L. Andresen
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU NanotechCenter for Nanomedicine and Theranostics2800KgsDenmark
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