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Polymerization in the Borstar Polypropylene Hybrid Process: Combining Technology and Catalyst for Optimized Product Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214763. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Producing isotactic polypropylene (iPP) homo- and copolymers in a wide composition and property range according to customer demand requires perfect alignment between the process technology, catalyst system and polymer structure. The present review shows this for the Borstar® PP process, a hybrid process employing liquid bulk and gas phase stages, in an exemplary way. It starts with the process design and continues through two generations of Ziegler–Natta catalyst development history to the design of advanced multimodal random and multiphase copolymers. Essential elements of each of the three areas contributing to performance range are highlighted, and an outlook to future development is given.
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Qian L, Wang Y, Lu Y, Men Y. Crystallization behavior of impact copolymer polypropylene revealed by fast scanning chip calorimetry analysis. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pressure- and Temperature-Dependent Crystallization Kinetics of Isotactic Polypropylene under Process Relevant Conditions. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11091138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a non-nucleated homopolymer (HP) and random copolymer (RACO), as well as a nucleated HP and heterophasic copolymer (HECO) were investigated regarding their crystallization kinetics. Using pvT-measurements and fast scanning chip calorimetry (FSC), the crystallization behavior was analyzed as a function of pressure, cooling rate and temperature. It is shown that pressure and cooling rate have an opposite influence on the crystallization temperature of the materials. Furthermore, the addition of nucleating agents to the material has a significant effect on the maximum cooling rate at which the formation of α-crystals is still possible. The non-nucleated HP and RACO materials show significant differences that can be related to the sterically hindering effect of the comonomer units of RACO on crystallization, while the nucleated materials HP and HECO show similar crystallization kinetics despite their different structures. The pressure-dependent shift factor of the crystallization temperature is independent of the material. The results contribute to the description of the relationship between the crystallization kinetics of the material and the process parameters influencing the injection-molding induced morphology. This is required to realize process control in injection molding in order to produce pre-defined morphologies and to design material properties.
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Mileva D, Wang J, Androsch R, Jariyavidyanont K, Gahleitner M, Bernreitner K. Crystallization of Random Metallocene-Catalyzed Propylene-Based Copolymers with Ethylene and 1-Hexene on Rapid Cooling. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2091. [PMID: 34202038 PMCID: PMC8272238 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Propylene-based random copolymers with either ethylene or 1-hexene as comonomer, produced using a metallocene catalyst, were studied regarding their crystallization behaviors, with a focus on rapid cooling. To get an impression of processing effects, fast scanning chip calorimetry (FSC) was used in addition to the characterization of the mechanical performance. When comparing the comonomer type and the relation to commercial grades based on Ziegler-Natta-type catalysts, both an interaction with the catalyst-related regio-defects and a significant difference between ethylene and 1-hexene was observed. A soluble-type nucleating agent was found to modify the behavior, but to an increasingly lesser degree at high cooling rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mileva
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, Sankt Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (J.W.); (M.G.); (K.B.)
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, Sankt Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (J.W.); (M.G.); (K.B.)
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-Oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany; (R.A.); (K.J.)
| | - Katalee Jariyavidyanont
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-Oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany; (R.A.); (K.J.)
| | - Markus Gahleitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, Sankt Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (J.W.); (M.G.); (K.B.)
| | - Klaus Bernreitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, Sankt Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (J.W.); (M.G.); (K.B.)
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Carmeli E, Kandioller G, Gahleitner M, Müller AJ, Tranchida D, Cavallo D. Continuous Cooling Curve Diagrams of Isotactic-Polypropylene/Polyethylene Blends: Mutual Nucleating Effects under Fast Cooling Conditions. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Carmeli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli studi di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Gottfried Kandioller
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, St. Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Gahleitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, St. Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- Polymat and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Davide Tranchida
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, St. Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Dario Cavallo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli studi di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
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Carmeli E, Tranchida D, Albrecht A, Müller AJ, Cavallo D. A tailor-made Successive Self-nucleation and Annealing protocol for the characterization of recycled polyolefin blends. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liu Y, Zhang J, Cai C, He Y, Chen L, Xiong X, Huang H, Tao S, Liu W. Occurrence and characteristics of microplastics in the Haihe River: An investigation of a seagoing river flowing through a megacity in northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114261. [PMID: 32120261 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater systems serve as important sources and transportation routes for marine microplastic pollution, and inadequate attention has been paid to this situation. Data on microplastic pollution of typical seagoing rivers in northern China are lacking. In the current study, we investigated the distribution and characteristics of microplastics in the main stream of the Haihe River, which flows through a metropolis with a high population density and level of industrialization and then flows into the Bohai Sea. The microplastic samples were collected by manta trawls with pore sizes of 333 μm, and the microplastic concentrations ranged from 0.69 to 74.95 items/m3. Fibers dominated in the surface water of the Haihe River; their shapes that were categorized as fibers, film, foam, fragments, and spheres, and contributed 17.4-86.7% of the total microplastics studied. The size distribution of the microplastics was concentrated in a range of 100-1000 μm, with 54.7% of the total sizes corresponding to the 333-μm trawl. Micro-Fourier transform infrared (μ-FT-IR) spectra showed that the main components were polyethylene, poly(ethylene-propylene) copolymer, and polypropylene. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) measurements revealed scratches, micropores, and cracks on the surfaces of the microplastics due to mechanical friction, chemical oxidation and degradation processes. The results of this study confirmed the high abundance and high diversity of microplastics in an urban river and indicated appreciable impacts from point-source inputs on the microplastic pollution, such as effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - JiaoDi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - ChuanYang Cai
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yong He
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - LiYuan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - HuiJing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - WenXin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Mileva D, Tranchida D, Gahleitner M. Designing polymer crystallinity: An industrial perspective. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mileva
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters, 4021 Linz Austria
| | - Davide Tranchida
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters, 4021 Linz Austria
| | - Markus Gahleitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters, 4021 Linz Austria
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