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Bokobza L. Elastomer Nanocomposites: Effect of Filler-Matrix and Filler-Filler Interactions. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2900. [PMID: 37447545 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The reinforcement of elastomers is essential in the rubber industry in order to obtain the properties required for commercial applications. The addition of active fillers in an elastomer usually leads to an improvement in the mechanical properties such as the elastic modulus and the rupture properties. Filled rubbers are also characterized by two specific behaviors related to energy dissipation known as the Payne and the Mullins effects. The Payne effect is related to non-linear viscoelastic behavior of the storage modulus while the Mullins or stress-softening effect is characterized by a lowering in the stress when the vulcanizate is extended a second time. Both effects are shown to strongly depend on the interfacial adhesion and filler dispersion. The basic mechanisms of reinforcement are first discussed in the case of conventional rubber composites filled with carbon black or silica usually present in the host matrix in the form of aggregates and agglomerates. The use of nanoscale fillers with isotropic or anisotropic morphologies is expected to yield much more improvement than that imparted by micron-scale fillers owing to the very large polymer-filler interface. This work reports some results obtained with three types of nanoparticles that can reinforce rubbery matrices: spherical, rod-shaped and layered fillers. Each type of particle is shown to impart to the host medium a specific reinforcement on account of its own structure and geometry. The novelty of this work is to emphasize the particular mechanical behavior of some systems filled with nanospherical particles such as in situ silica-filled poly(dimethylsiloxane) networks that display a strong polymer-filler interface and whose mechanical response is typical of double network elastomers. Additionally, the potential of carbon dots as a reinforcing filler for elastomeric materials is highlighted. Different results are reported on the reinforcement imparted by carbon nanotubes and graphenic materials that is far below their expected capability despite the development of various techniques intended to reduce particle aggregation and improve interfacial bonding with the host matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Bokobza
- Independent Researcher, 194-196 Boulevard Bineau, 92200 Neuilly-Sur-Seine, France
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2
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Kumar V, Alam MN, Yewale MA, Park SS. Tailoring Triple Filler Systems for Improved Magneto-Mechanical Performance in Silicone Rubber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102287. [PMID: 37242867 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for multi-functional elastomers is increasing, as they offer a range of desirable properties such as reinforcement, mechanical stretchability, magnetic sensitivity, strain sensing, and energy harvesting capabilities. The excellent durability of these composites is the key factor behind their promising multi-functionality. In this study, various composites based on multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), clay minerals (MT-Clay), electrolyte iron particles (EIP), and their hybrids were used to fabricate these devices using silicone rubber as the elastomeric matrix. The mechanical performance of these composites was evaluated, with their compressive moduli, which was found to be 1.73 MPa for the control sample, 3.9 MPa for MWCNT composites at 3 per hundred parts of rubber (phr), 2.2 MPa for MT-Clay composites (8 phr), 3.2 MPa for EIP composites (80 phr), and 4.1 MPa for hybrid composites (80 phr). After evaluating the mechanical performance, the composites were assessed for industrial use based on their improved properties. The deviation from their experimental performance was studied using various theoretical models such as the Guth-Gold Smallwood model and the Halpin-Tsai model. Finally, a piezo-electric energy harvesting device was fabricated using the aforementioned composites, and their output voltages were measured. The MWCNT composites showed the highest output voltage of approximately 2 milli-volt (mV), indicating their potential for this application. Lastly, magnetic sensitivity and stress relaxation tests were performed on the hybrid and EIP composites, with the hybrid composite demonstrating better magnetic sensitivity and stress relaxation. Overall, this study provides guidance on achieving promising mechanical properties in such materials and their suitability for various applications, such as energy harvesting and magnetic sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Kumar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Najib Alam
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Manesh A Yewale
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Shin Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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3
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New Insight into Rubber Composites Based on Graphene Nanoplatelets, Electrolyte Iron Particles, and Their Hybrid for Stretchable Magnetic Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224826. [PMID: 36432953 PMCID: PMC9697100 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
New and soft composites with good mechanical stretchability are constantly addressed in the literature due to their use in various industrial applications such as soft robotics. The stretchable magnetic materials presented in this work show a promising magnetic effect of up to 28% and improved magnetic sensitivity. The composites are soft in nature and possess hardness below 65. These composites were prepared by mixing silicone rubber with fillers such as graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), electrolyte-iron particles (EIP), and their hybrid via solution mixing. The final composites were cured at room temperature for 24 h and their isotropic and anisotropic properties were studied and presented. The mechanical properties under compressive and tensile strain were studied in detail. The results show that the compressive modulus was 1.73 MPa (control) and increased to 3.7 MPa (GNP) at 15 per hundred parts of rubber (phr), 3.2 MPa (EIP), and 4.3 MPa (hybrid) at 80 phr. Similarly, the mechanical stretchability was 112% (control) and increased to 186% (GNP) at 15 phr, 134% (EIP), and 136% (hybrid) at 60 phr. Thus, GNP emerges as a superior reinforcing filler with high stiffness, a high compressive modulus, and high mechanical stretchability. However, the GNP did not show mechanical sensitivity under a magnetic field. Therefore, the hybrids containing GNP and EIP were considered and an improved mechanical performance with magnetic sensitivity was noticed and reported. The mechanism involves the orientation of EIP under a magnetic field causing a magnetic effect, which is 28% for EIP and 5% for hybrid.
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4
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Kumar V, Alam MN, Park SS. Robust magneto-rheological elastomers performance for composites based on iron oxide and carbon black in silicone rubber. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Roy K, Debnath SC, Basu D, Pongwisuthiruchte A, Potiyaraj P. EMERGING ADVANCES IN RUBBER TECHNOLOGY BY THE SUITABLE APPLICATION OF SOL-GEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.21.79955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
In recent years, the application of sol-gel science to industrial polymer research has offered advancements in rubber technology. The use of sol-gel–synthesized materials for the development of highly reinforced rubber composites is the most commonly adopted and popular method exercised by rubber scientists. This article comprehensively reviews the recent progress regarding preparation and properties of sol-gel–synthesized nanoparticles-based rubber composites. The pragmatic consequences of sol-gel–synthesized nanoparticles in rubber compounds are systematically described through rheological, mechanical, and thermal properties. Emphatic focus is given to understanding the reinforcement mechanism of rubber composites by the use of sol-gel–derived alkoxide silica as filler. The properties of rubber nanocomposites are usually dependent on the dispersion of sol-gel–synthesized nanoparticles into the rubber matrix. The results reviewed from prolific studies suggested that sol-gel science has tremendous potential to develop high performance rubber nanocomposites for future industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumarjyoti Roy
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | | | - Debdipta Basu
- Indian Rubber Manufacturers Research Association, Thane, Maharashtra 400604 India
| | - Aphiwat Pongwisuthiruchte
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Pranut Potiyaraj
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 Thailand
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6
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Strohmeier L, Schrittesser B, Schlögl S. Approaches Toward In Situ Reinforcement of Organic Rubbers: Strategy and Recent Progress. POLYM REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.1897998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Ambilkar S, Bansod ND, Kapgate BP, Das A, Formanek P, Rajkumar K, Das C. In Situ Zirconia: A Superior Reinforcing Filler for High-Performance Nitrile Rubber Composites. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:7751-7761. [PMID: 32309683 PMCID: PMC7160828 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zirconia particles are generated into a nitrile rubber (NBR) matrix via a solution sol-gel method in a controlled manner. Formation of zirconia particles from their precursor (zirconium(IV) propoxide) occurs under optimized reaction conditions. As a result, the nanoparticles are embedded and well dispersed in the NBR matrix that results in a remarkable improvement in mechanical and thermal properties of the composite. Such reinforcement is not realized when the composites are prepared following the conventional technique of filler loading by physical mixing, although the filler content remains the same. Use of a surface active coupling agent TESPT (bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide) in the reactive sol-gel system is found to further boost the mechanical performance of the composites. In order to ensure the practical application of the developed composites, a series of studies have been performed that consist of dynamic performance, swelling, thermal degradation, and resistance to oil, ozone, and abrasion. Analysis of the results reveals that in situ zirconia could be an excellent filler for the NBR composites to withstand in a harsh and adverse environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham
C. Ambilkar
- Department
of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute
of Technology, Nagpur 440010, Maharashtra, India
| | - Naresh D. Bansod
- Department
of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute
of Technology, Nagpur 440010, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bharat P. Kapgate
- Indian
Rubber Manufacturers Research Association, Thane (W) 400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amit Das
- Leibniz-Institut
für Polymerforschnug Dresden e.V., Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Petr Formanek
- Leibniz-Institut
für Polymerforschnug Dresden e.V., Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Kasilingam Rajkumar
- Indian
Rubber Manufacturers Research Association, Thane (W) 400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chayan Das
- Department
of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute
of Technology, Nagpur 440010, Maharashtra, India
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8
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Kong X, Yang D, Ni Y, Hao J, Guo W, Zhang L. Enhanced Actuation Strains of Rubber Composites by Combined Covalent and Noncovalent Modification of TiO2 Nanoparticles. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Kong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Special Elastomeric Composite Materials, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Yufeng Ni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Jian Hao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Wenli Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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9
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Bansod ND, Roy K, Das C, Vidyasagar D, Potiyaraj P. Development and characterization of graphitic carbon nitride as nonblack filler in natural rubber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naresh D. Bansod
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of ScienceChulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Kumarjyoti Roy
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of ScienceChulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Chayan Das
- Department of ChemistryVisvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Nagpur 440010 India
| | - Devthade Vidyasagar
- Department of ChemistryVisvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Nagpur 440010 India
| | - Pranut Potiyaraj
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of ScienceChulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
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10
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Incorporation of titania nanoparticles in elastomer matrix to develop highly reinforced multifunctional solution styrene butadiene rubber composites. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Vaikuntam SR, Stöckelhuber KW, Subramani Bhagavatheswaran E, Wießner S, Scheler U, Saalwächter K, Formanek P, Heinrich G, Das A. Entrapped Styrene Butadiene Polymer Chains by Sol-Gel-Derived Silica Nanoparticles with Hierarchical Raspberry Structures. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:2010-2022. [PMID: 29350918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b11792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A sol-gel transformation of liquid silica precursor to solid silica particles was carried out in a one-pot synthesis way, where a solution of styrene butadiene elastomer was present. The composites, thus produced, offered remarkable improvements of mechanical and dynamic mechanical performances compared to precipitated silica. The morphological analysis reveals that the alkoxy-based silica particles resemble a raspberry structure when the synthesis of the silica was carried out in the presence of polymer molecules and represent a much more open silica-network structure. However, in the absence of the polymer, the morphology of the silica particles is found to be different. It is envisaged that the special morphology of the in situ synthesized silica particles contributes to the superior reinforcement effects, which are associated with a strong silica-rubber interaction by rubber chains trapped inside the raspberry-like silica aggregates. Therefore, the interfaces are characterized in detail by low-field solid-state 1H NMR spectroscopy, 29Si solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Low-field 1H NMR-based double-quantum experiments provide a quantitative information about the cross-link density of the silica-filled rubber composites and about the influence of silane coupling agent on the chemical cross-link density of the network and correlates well with equilibrium swelling measurements. The special microstructure of the alkoxy-based silica was found to be associated with the interaction between alkoxy-based silica and rubber chains as a consequence of particle growth in the presence of rubber chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Raman Vaikuntam
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung , Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.,Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft, Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Eshwaran Subramani Bhagavatheswaran
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung , Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.,Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft, Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sven Wießner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung , Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.,Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft, Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Scheler
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung , Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg , 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Petr Formanek
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung , Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gert Heinrich
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung , Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.,Institut für Textilmaschinen und Textile Hochleistungswerkstofftechnik, Technische Universität Dresden , D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Amit Das
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung , Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.,Tampere University of Technology , Korkeakoulunkatu 16, 33101 Tampere, Finland
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