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Wu J, Guo J, Luo Y, Sun J, Xu L, Zhang J, Liu Y. Constitutive model for shape memory polymer and its thermodynamic responses in finite element analysis. Technol Health Care 2024:THC240078. [PMID: 38905066 DOI: 10.3233/thc-240078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a new intelligent polymer material, shape memory polymer (SMP) was a potential orthodontic appliance material. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the thermodynamic responses of SMP under different loads via finite element analysis (FEA). METHODS FEA specimens with a specification of 0.1 × 0.1 × 1 mm were designed. One end of the specimen was fixed, and the other was subjected to displacement load. Different loading, cooling, and heating rates were separately exerted on the specimen in its shape recovery process and used to observe the responses of the SMP constitutive model. Furthermore, specimens with various tensile elongation and sectional areas were simulated and used to elucidate their effect on shape recovering force. RESULTS The specimens obtained a similar stress of 0.5, 0.44, and 1.07 Mpa for different loading, cooling, and heating rates after a long time. The shape recovering force of specimen increased from 0.0102 to 0.0315 N when the elongation improved from 10% to 40% and to 0.0408 N when the sectional areas were expanded to 0.2 × 0.2 mm. CONCLUSION The stiffness of SMP was small at a high temperature but large at a low temperature. The effects of the loading, cooling, and heating rates on SMP can be eliminated after a long time. Furthermore, it was possible to increase the recovering force by increasing the elongation or expanding the sectional area of the specimen. The force was quadratically dependent on the elongation ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Wu
- Intelligent Equipment Research Institute, Ningbo Polytechnic, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Orthodontics, Ningbo Stomatology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, Ningbo Stomatology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Savaid Medical Institute for Stomatology and ENT, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Luo
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianfeng Sun
- Department of Orthodontics, Ningbo Stomatology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Savaid Medical Institute for Stomatology and ENT, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liangwei Xu
- Intelligent Equipment Research Institute, Ningbo Polytechnic, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianxing Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunfeng Liu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Fei J, Rong Y, Zhu L, Li H, Zhang X, Lu Y, An J, Bao Q, Huang X. Progress in Photocurable 3D Printing of Photosensitive Polyurethane: A Review. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300211. [PMID: 37294875 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, as a class of advanced additive manufacturing (AM) technology, photocurable 3D printing has gained increasing attention. Based on its outstanding printing efficiency and molding accuracy, it is employed in various fields, such as industrial manufacturing, biomedical, soft robotics, electronic sensors. Photocurable 3D printing is a molding technology based on the principle of area-selective curing of photopolymerization reaction. At present, the main printing material suitable for this technology is the photosensitive resin, a composite mixture consisting of a photosensitive prepolymer, reactive monomer, photoinitiator, and other additives. As the technique research deepens and its application gets more developed, the design of printing materials suitable for different applications is becoming the hotspot. Specifically, these materials not only can be photocured but also have excellent properties, such as elasticity, tear resistance, fatigue resistance. Photosensitive polyurethanes can endow photocured resin with desirable performance due to their unique molecular structure including the inherent alternating soft and hard segments, and microphase separation. For this reason, this review summarizes and comments on the research and application progress of photocurable 3D printing of photosensitive polyurethanes, analyzing the advantages and shortcomings of this technology, also offering an outlook on this rapid development direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Fei
- Key Laboratory of Medical Metal Materials of Shanxi Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
| | - Youjie Rong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Metal Materials of Shanxi Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
| | - Lisheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Metal Materials of Shanxi Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
| | - Huijie Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Metal Materials of Shanxi Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Metal Materials of Shanxi Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
| | - Ying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Metal Materials of Shanxi Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Taiyuan, 030032, P. R. China
| | - Jian An
- Shanxi Coal Center Hospital, Taiyuan, 030006, P. R. China
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, P. R. China
| | - Qingbo Bao
- Shanxi Coal Center Hospital, Taiyuan, 030006, P. R. China
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Metal Materials of Shanxi Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
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Li S, Lyu H, Wang Y, Kong X, Wu X, Zhang L, Guo X, Zhang D. Two-Way Reversible Shape Memory Behavior of Chitosan/Glycerol Film Triggered by Water. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102380. [PMID: 37242956 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible shape memory polymers (SRMPs) have been identified as having great potential for biomedical applications due to their ability to switch between different shapes responding to stimuli. In this paper, a chitosan/glycerol (CS/GL) film with a reversible shape memory behavior was prepared, and the reversible shape memory effect (SME) and its mechanism were systematically investigated. The film with 40% glycerin/chitosan mass ratio demonstrated the best performance, with 95.7% shape recovery ratio to temporary shape one and 89.4% shape recovery ratio to temporary shape two. Moreover, it shows the capability to undergo four consecutive shape memory cycles. In addition, a new curvature measurement method was used to accurately calculate the shape recovery ratio. The suction and discharge of free water change the binding form of the hydrogen bonds inside the material, which makes a great reversible shape memory impact on the composite film. The incorporation of glycerol can enhance the precision and repeatability of the reversible shape memory effect and shortens the time used during this process. This paper gives a hypothetical premise to the preparation of two-way reversible shape memory polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuozi Li
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hu Lyu
- Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150036, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xianzhi Kong
- Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150036, China
| | - Xiangxian Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiaojuan Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Li J, Liang Z, Chen K, Zhang X, Kang G, Kan Q. Thermo-mechanical deformation for thermo-induced shape memory polymers at equilibrium and non-equilibrium temperatures: Experiment and simulation. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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5
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Wang Z, Jiang H, Wu G, Li Y, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Wang X. Shape-Programmable Three-Dimensional Microfluidic Structures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:15599-15607. [PMID: 35319180 PMCID: PMC9552124 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices are gaining extensive interest due to their potential applications in wide-ranging areas, including lab-on-a-chip devices, fluid delivery, and artificial vascular networks. Most current microfluidic devices are in a planar design with fixed configurations once formed, which limits their applications such as in engineered vascular networks in biology and programmable drug delivery systems. Here, shape-programmable three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic structures, which are assembled from a bilayer of channel-embedded polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and shape-memory polymers (SMPs) via compressive buckling, are reported. 3D microfluidics in diverse geometries including those in open-mesh configurations are presented. In addition, they can be programmed into temporary shapes and recover their original shape under thermal stimuli due to the shape memory effect of the SMP component, with fluid flow in the microfluidic channels well maintained in both deformed and recovered shapes. Furthermore, the shape-fixing effect of SMPs enables freestanding open-mesh 3D microfluidic structures without the need for a substrate to maintain the 3D shape as used in previous studies. By adding magnetic particles into the PDMS layer, magnetically responsive 3D microfluidic structures are enabled to achieve fast, remote programming of the structures via a portable magnet. A 3D design phase diagram is constructed to show the effects of the magnetic PDMS/SMP thickness ratio and the volume fraction of magnetic particles on the shape programmability of the 3D microfluidic structures. The developed shape-programmable, open-mesh 3D microfluidic structures offer many opportunities for applications including tissue engineering, drug delivery, and many others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizheng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Guangfu Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- BioInspired Syracuse, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Xueju Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Polymer Program, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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6
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Luo C, Chung C, Yakacki CM, Long K, Yu K. Real-Time Alignment and Reorientation of Polymer Chains in Liquid Crystal Elastomers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1961-1972. [PMID: 34931796 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) exhibit soft elasticity due to the alignment and reorientation of mesogens upon mechanical loading, which provides additional mechanisms to absorb and dissipate energy. This enhanced response makes LCEs potentially transformative materials for biomedical devices, tissue replacements, and protective equipment. However, there is a critical knowledge gap in understanding the highly rate-dependent dissipative behaviors of LCEs due to the lack of real-time characterization techniques that probe the microscale network structure and link it to the mechanical deformation of LCEs. In this work, we employ in situ optical measurements to evaluate the alignment and reorientation degree of mesogens in LCEs. The data are correlated to the quantitative physical analysis using polarized Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The time scale of mesogen alignment is determined at different strain levels and loading rates. The mesogen reorientation kinetics is characterized to establish its relationship with the macroscale tensile strain, and compared to theoretical predictions. Overall, this work provides the first detailed study on the time-dependent evolution of mesogen alignment and reorientation in deformed LCEs. It also provides an effective and more accessible approach for other researchers to investigate the structural-property relationships of different types of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqian Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | - Christopher Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | - Christopher M Yakacki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | - Kevin Long
- Materials and Failure Modeling Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
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Li J, Liang Z, Zhang X, Kan Q. Experimental investigation on the thermo-mechanical deformation of thermo-induced shape memory polyurethane. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Li Y, Luo C, Yu K, Wang X. Remotely Controlled, Reversible, On-Demand Assembly and Reconfiguration of 3D Mesostructures via Liquid Crystal Elastomer Platforms. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:8929-8939. [PMID: 33577299 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) mesostructures are gaining rapidly growing interest due to their potential applications in a broad range of areas. Despite intensive studies, remotely controlled, reversible, on-demand assembly and reconfiguration of 3D mesostructures, which are desired for many applications, including robotics, minimally invasive biomedical devices, and deployable systems, remain a challenge. Here, we introduce a facile strategy to utilize liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), a soft polymer capable of large, reversible shape changes, as a platform for reversible assembly and programming of 3D mesostructures via compressive buckling of two-dimensional (2D) precursors in a remote and on-demand fashion. The highly stretchable, reversible shape-switching behavior of the LCE substrate, resulting from the soft elasticity of the material and the reversible nematic-isotropic transition of liquid crystal (LC) molecules upon remote thermal stimuli, provides deterministic thermal-mechanical control over the reversible assembly and reconfiguration processes. Demonstrations include experimental results and finite element simulations of 3D mesostructures with diverse geometries and material compositions, showing the versatility and reliability of the approach. Furthermore, a reconfigurable light-emitting system is assembled and morphed between its "on" and "off" status via the LCE platform. These results provide many exciting opportunities for areas from remotely programmable 3D mesostructures to tunable electronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Chaoqian Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | - Xueju Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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Lewis S, APP F, Lam S, Scanlon C, Ferracane J, Pfeifer C. Effects of systematically varied thiourethane-functionalized filler concentration on polymerization behavior and relevant clinical properties of dental composites. MATERIALS & DESIGN 2021; 197:109249. [PMID: 33162633 PMCID: PMC7641517 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of thiourethane (TU) oligomer to resin-based dental restorative materials reduces stress and improves fracture toughness without compromising conversion. Localization of TU at the resin-filler interface via silanization procedures may lead to more substantial stress reduction and clinical property enhancements. The objective of this study was to evaluate composite properties as a function of TU-functionalized filler concentration. TU oligomers were synthesized using click-chemistry techniques and subsequently silanized to barium glass filler. Resin-based composites were formulated using varying ratios of TU-functionalized filler and conventional methacrylate-silanized barium filler. Material property testing included thermogravimetric analysis, real-time polymerization kinetics and depth of cure, polymerization stress, stress relaxation and fracture toughness. Clinical property testing included water sorption/solubility, composite paste viscosity, and gloss and surface roughness measured before and after subjecting the samples to 6 h of continuous tooth brushing in a custom-built apparatus using a toothpaste/water mixture. Increasing TU-filler in the composite resulted in as much as a 78% reduction in stress, coupled with an increase in fracture toughness. Conversion was similar for all groups. After simulated tooth brushing, gloss reduction was lower for TU-containing composites and surface roughness was less than or equal to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.H. Lewis
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Biomaterials and Biomechanics, United States of America
| | - Fugolin APP
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Biomaterials and Biomechanics, United States of America
| | - S. Lam
- Apprenticeships in Science and Engineering (ASE, Saturday Academy), United States of America
| | - C. Scanlon
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Biomaterials and Biomechanics, United States of America
| | - J.L. Ferracane
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Biomaterials and Biomechanics, United States of America
| | - C.S. Pfeifer
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Biomaterials and Biomechanics, United States of America
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Kuang X, Roach DJ, Hamel CM, Yu K, Qi HJ. Materials, design, and fabrication of shape programmable polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/aba1d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Di Bartolo A, Melchels FPW. Prolonged recovery of 3D printed, photo-cured polylactide shape memory polymer networks. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:036105. [PMID: 32844139 PMCID: PMC7442493 DOI: 10.1063/5.0008910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Shape memory polymers are materials that are able to retain a deformed state until an external stimulus, most typically heat, triggers recovery to the original geometry. Whereas typically, shape memory polymers are required to recover fast (seconds to minutes), many applications, particularly in the medical field, would benefit from a slow recovery (days to weeks). In this work, we exploit the broad glass transition range of photo-cured poly(D,L-lactide) dimethacrylate networks to obtain recovery times of up to 2 weeks, at 11 °C below the peak glass transition temperature of 58 °C. Recovery times decreased considerably for higher recovery temperatures, down to ∼10 min at 55 °C. A large spread in glass transition values (53.3-61.0 °C) was observed between samples, indicating poor reproducibility in sample preparation and, hence, in predicting shape recovery kinetics for individual samples. Furthermore, a staged recovery was observed with different parts of the samples recovering at different times. The ability to prepare complex structures using digital light processing stereolithography 3D printing from these polymers was confirmed. To the best of our knowledge, this work provides the first experimental evidence of prolonged recovery of shape memory polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Di Bartolo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ferry P. W. Melchels
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Four-dimensional printing of shape memory polyurethanes with high strength and recyclability based on Diels-Alder chemistry. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Tensile Behavior of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene at Different Temperatures. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8946591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Temperature greatly influences the mechanical response of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The tensile behavior of ABS was explored in this study. The tensile experiments were conducted at a wide range of temperatures (from 40°C to 130°C). A model was established to reveal the quantitative relationship between temperature and tensile behavior of ABS. The results of tensile experiments showed that tensile behavior of ABS exhibited glassy state and high-elastics state. The model was also divided into two parts that rely on the boundary of glass transition temperature, in which the parameters of the model were calculated by the fitting method. The model predictions showed a good agreement with the results of the experimental tensile test. This study provides the quantitative relationship between temperature and tensile behavior of ABS, which saves time and experimental costs.
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Two-Way and Multiple-Way Shape Memory Polymers for Soft Robotics: An Overview. ACTUATORS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/act9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are smart materials capable of changing their shapes in a predefined manner under a proper applied stimulus and have gained considerable interest in several application fields. Particularly, two-way and multiple-way SMPs offer unique opportunities to realize untethered soft robots with programmable morphology and/or properties, repeatable actuation, and advanced multi-functionalities. This review presents the recent progress of soft robots based on two-way and multiple-way thermo-responsive SMPs. All the building blocks important for the design of such robots, i.e., the base materials, manufacturing processes, working mechanisms, and modeling and simulation tools, are covered. Moreover, examples of real-world applications of soft robots and related actuators, challenges, and future directions are discussed.
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Wang X, Liu Y, Lu H, Wu N, Hui D, Fu YQ. A coupling model for cooperative dynamics in shape memory polymer undergoing multiple glass transitions and complex stress relaxations. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Lei M, Hong W, Zhao Z, Hamel C, Chen M, Lu H, Qi HJ. 3D Printing of Auxetic Metamaterials with Digitally Reprogrammable Shape. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:22768-22776. [PMID: 31140776 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional lattice structures with specific geometric features have been reported to have a negative Poisson's ratio, termed as auxetic metamaterials, that is, stretching-induced expansion in the transversal direction. In this paper, we designed a novel auxetic metamaterial; by utilizing the shape memory effect of the constituent materials, the in-plane moduli and Poisson's ratios can be continuously tailored. During deformation, the curved meshes ensure the rotation of the mesh joints to achieve auxetics. The rotations of these mesh joints are governed by the mesh curvature, which continuously changes during deformation. Because of the shape memory effect, the mesh curvature after printing can be programmed, which can be used to tune the rotation of the mesh joints and the mechanical properties of auxetic metamaterial structures, including Poisson's ratios, moduli, and fracture strains. Using the finite element method, the deformation of these auxetic meshes was analyzed. Finally, we designed and fabricated gradient/digital patterns and cylindrical shells and used the auxetics and shape memory effects to reshape the printed structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080 , P. R. China
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Wei Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080 , P. R. China
| | - Zeang Zhao
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Craig Hamel
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Mingji Chen
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Haibao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080 , P. R. China
| | - H Jerry Qi
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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Chen L, Li W, Liu X, Zhang C, Zhou H, Song S. Carbon nanotubes array reinforced shape-memory epoxy with fast responses to low-power microwaves. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Henan Mechanical and Electrical Vocational College, No.1 Taishan Road; Zhengzhou 451191 China
- Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics; Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 West Dazhi Street; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Henan Mechanical and Electrical Vocational College, No.1 Taishan Road; Zhengzhou 451191 China
| | - Xiaopei Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Henan Mechanical and Electrical Vocational College, No.1 Taishan Road; Zhengzhou 451191 China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Henan Mechanical and Electrical Vocational College, No.1 Taishan Road; Zhengzhou 451191 China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Industrial Technology Research Institute; Henan Mechanical and Electrical Vocational College, No.1 Taishan Road; Zhengzhou 451191 China
| | - Shuwen Song
- Industrial Technology Research Institute; Henan Mechanical and Electrical Vocational College, No.1 Taishan Road; Zhengzhou 451191 China
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Modeling the Viscoelastic Hysteresis of Dielectric Elastomer Actuators with a Modified Rate-Dependent Prandtl⁻Ishlinskii Model. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10050525. [PMID: 30966559 PMCID: PMC6415381 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are known as a type of electric-driven artificial muscle that have shown promising potential in the field of soft robotics. However, the inherent viscoelastic nonlinearity makes the modeling and control of DEAs challenging. In this paper, we propose a new phenomenological modeling approach with the Prandtl–Ishlinskii (P–I) model to characterize the viscoelastic hysteresis nonlinearity of DEAs. Differently from the commonly used physics-based models, the developed phenomenological model, called the modified rate-dependent P–I model (MRPIM), produces behavior similar to that of physics-based models but without necessarily considering physical insight into the modeling problem. In this way, the developed MRPIM can characterize the asymmetric and rate-dependent viscoelastic hysteresis with a relative simple mathematical format using only the experimental data. To validate the development, experimental tests were conducted with seven different frequencies; four were selected to identify the model parameters and the rest of the data were used to further verify the model. Comparisons between the model prediction and experimental data demonstrate that the MRPIM can precisely describe the viscoelastic hysteresis effect of DEAs with a maximum prediction error of 9.03% and root-mean-square prediction error of 4.50%.
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Abishera R, Velmurugan R, Nagendra Gopal KV. Reversible plasticity shape memory effect in carbon nanotube/epoxy nanocomposites: Shape recovery studies for torsional and bending deformations. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Abishera
- Department of Aerospace Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; Chennai 600036 India
| | - R. Velmurugan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; Chennai 600036 India
| | - K. V. Nagendra Gopal
- Department of Aerospace Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; Chennai 600036 India
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Karger-Kocsis J, Kéki S. Review of Progress in Shape Memory Epoxies and Their Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 10:E34. [PMID: 30966068 PMCID: PMC6415015 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shape memory polymer (SMP) is capable of memorizing one or more temporary shapes and recovering successively to the permanent shape upon various external stimuli. Beside of the above mentioned one-way variants, also two-way shape memory polymers (SMPs) and shape memory (SM) systems exist which feature a reversible shape change on the basis of "on-off switching" of the external stimulus. The preparation, properties and modelling of shape memory epoxy resins (SMEP), SMEP foams and composites have been surveyed in this exhaustive review article. The underlying mechanisms and characteristics of SM were introduced. Emphasis was put to show new strategies on how to tailor the network architecture and morphology of EPs to improve their SM performance. To produce SMEPs novel preparation techniques, such as electrospinning, ink printing, solid-state foaming, were tried. The potential of SMEPs and related systems as multifunctional materials has been underlined. Added functionality may include, among others, self-healing, sensing, actuation, porosity control, recycling. Recent developments in the modelling of SMEPs were also highlighted. Based on the recent developments some open topics were deduced which are merit of investigations in future works.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Karger-Kocsis
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA⁻BME Research Group for Composite Science and Technology, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Effects of Loading Rate on the Relaxation and Recovery Ability of an Epoxy-Based Shape Memory Polymer. FLUIDS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/fluids2020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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