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Zhong X, Song Y, Zheng Q. Payne effect and Mullins effect of silica filled butadiene rubber nanocomposites vulcanizates and their unextractable gels. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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2
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Naveen BS, Jose NT, Krishnan P, Mohapatra S, Pendharkar V, Koh NYH, Lim WY, Huang WM. Evolution of Shore Hardness under Uniaxial Tension/Compression in Body-Temperature Programmable Elastic Shape Memory Hybrids. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4872. [PMID: 36432998 PMCID: PMC9697891 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Body-temperature programmable elastic shape memory hybrids (SMHs) have great potential for the comfortable fitting of wearable devices. Traditionally, shore hardness is commonly used in the characterization of elastic materials. In this paper, the evolution of shore hardness in body-temperature programmable elastic SMHs upon cyclic loading, and during the shape memory cycle, is systematically investigated. Upon cyclic loading, similar to the Mullins effect, significant softening appears, when the applied strain is over a certain value. On the other hand, after programming, in general, the measured hardness increases with increase in programming strain. However, for certain surfaces, the hardness decreases slightly and then increases rapidly. The underlying mechanism for this phenomenon is explained by the formation of micro-gaps between the inclusion and the matrix after programming. After heating, to melt the inclusions, all samples (both cyclically loaded and programmed) largely recover their original hardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasundaram Selvan Naveen
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Nivya Theresa Jose
- Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Pranav Krishnan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Subham Mohapatra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, India
| | - Vivek Pendharkar
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Nicholas Yuan Han Koh
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Woon Yong Lim
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Wei Min Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Effects of Interface on the Dynamic Hysteresis Loss and Static Mechanical Properties of Illite Filled SBR Composites. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2791-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kashihara Y, Asoh TA, Uyama H. Travelling Wave Generation of Wrinkles on the Hydrogel Surfaces. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100848. [PMID: 35020236 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic and static properties of structured surfaces have important functions in nature. In particular, wrinkles have important static roles, for example, increasing surface area, but dynamic roles of wrinkles remain poorly understood. Specifically, to understand and utilize the dynamic functions of wrinkles, it is necessary to observe wrinkle formation directly. In this study, a polyion complex (PIC) is formed on a hydrogel surface by electrophoresis, and the process of wrinkle formation through a transparent electrode is directly observed. By quantitative analysis of the wavelength and amplitude of wrinkles, it is found that the wrinkles move randomly in a wavy pattern in the initial stage of growing process. Furthermore, the direction of wavy motion of wrinkles is controlled by the compression of hydrogels in the in-plane direction. The present study provides important insights into the fabrication of wrinkled surfaces with a controlled flow direction; opening the possibility for active wrinkles used in the development of functional surface structures as actuators that are capable of transporting small objects in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kashihara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taka-Aki Asoh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Sun Y, Li X, Jing H, Wang Z. Strengthening effect of mullins effect under tearing mode and its reversibility for zinc dimethacrylate-reinforced thermoplastic vulcanizates based on ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer/nitrile-butadiene rubber blends. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2020.1867171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingtao Sun
- College of Material Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- College of Material Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hua Jing
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, ChinA
| | - Zhaobo Wang
- College of Material Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, China
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Mai TT, Okuno K, Tsunoda K, Urayama K. Crack-Tip Strain Field in Supershear Crack of Elastomers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:762-768. [PMID: 35648565 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We characterize the crack-tip strain field in the high-speed (supershear) crack in the elastomers propagating faster than the shear wave speed of sound (Cs). The dependence of steady-state crack velocity (V) on input tearing energy exhibits a crossover at V ≈ Cs between the subsonic (V < Cs) and supershear cracks (V > Cs). Several features of the crack-tip strain field such as strain-magnitude, extent boundary, and singularity exponent also change substantially accompanying the transition from subsonic to supershear cracks. The definite crossover of these characteristics at V ≈ Cs reflects the variations in the crack-growth mechanism: The inertia effect comes into play in the supershear crack. We also demonstrate that the azimuthal distribution of the local crack-tip strain has a close correlation with the macroscopic crack-tip shape, regardless of the regime of V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Tam Mai
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Okuno
- Research Department I, Central Research, Bridgestone Corporation, Tokyo 187-8531, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tsunoda
- Research Department I, Central Research, Bridgestone Corporation, Tokyo 187-8531, Japan
| | - Kenji Urayama
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Kato M, Kashihara Y, Asoh TA, Uyama H. Geometry Control of Wrinkle Structures Aligned on Hydrogel Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:1467-1473. [PMID: 31999120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface geometries in nature such as wrinkle structures have various functions. Attention has been paid to the fabrication method of the geometry and geometry control by external stimuli. This is because surface geometries as an active interface are able to contribute to the control of interactions with the external environment. In this study, aligned wrinkles were fabricated on the surface of stretched hydrogels in aqueous conditions by the electrophoretic formation of a polyion complex layer. The geometry of wrinkles was controlled by the stretching ratio and Young's modulus of hydrogels, and hierarchical wrinkle structures were fabricated after unloading the stretched hydrogels. Therefore, it can be a new wrinkle-formation method capable of transferring the initial elastic anisotropy of the substrate material to the wrinkle structure. Creation of thermoresponsive wrinkles that can transform their geometrical configuration reversibly was achieved by fabrication of aligned wrinkles on the surface of thermoresponsive hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Yuka Kashihara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Taka-Aki Asoh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
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Mai TT, Matsuda T, Nakajima T, Gong JP, Urayama K. Damage cross-effect and anisotropy in tough double network hydrogels revealed by biaxial stretching. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:3719-3732. [PMID: 30977754 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00409b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropy of strain-induced internal damage in tough double network (DN) hydrogels is characterized by a sequence of two tensile experiments. Firstly, the virgin DN gels are subjected to a single biaxial loading-unloading cycle using various combinations of the two maximum strains λx,m and λy,m in the x- and y-directions (λx,m ≥ λy,m). Secondly, the rectangular subsamples, which are cut out from the unloaded specimens so that the long axis can have an angle (θ) relative to the larger pre-strain (x-)axis, are stretched uniaxially along the long axis. Directional internal damage caused by various types of pre-stretching is evaluated by comparing the loading curves of the virgin gels and the subsamples with various θ. The modulus reduction (ΔEθ) and strain-energy reduction (Dθ) are characterized as functions of λx,m, λy,m and θ. The anisotropy of damage increases with the anisotropy of imposed pre-strain field as well as λx,m, which is also observed in the anisotropic re-swelling behavior of the subsamples. The damage and the extensibility of the subsamples with θ = 0° increase with λy,m, and the damage of the subsamples with θ = 90° significantly increases with λx,m. These results reveal the presence of a pronounced damage cross-effect: a finite portion of the chain fractures in the first brittle network in one direction is caused by loading in the other orthogonal direction. This feature is in contrast to the very modest damage cross-effect in the silica reinforced elastomers, which show apparently similar stress-softening behavior but with a different origin. The strong damage cross-effect is a key feature of the internal fracture mechanism of the tough DN gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Tam Mai
- Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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Effect of radiation on mechanical properties of phenyl-vinyl-methyl-polysiloxane (PVMQ) elastomers cured with peroxide and Type I and Type II coagents. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Li Z, Xu H, Xia X, Song Y, Zheng Q. Energy dissipation accompanying Mullins effect of nitrile butadiene rubber/carbon black nanocomposites. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mai TT, Matsuda T, Nakajima T, Gong JP, Urayama K. Distinctive Characteristics of Internal Fracture in Tough Double Network Hydrogels Revealed by Various Modes of Stretching. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Tam Mai
- Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | | | - Tasuku Nakajima
- Soft Matter GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Soft Matter GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kenji Urayama
- Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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