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Triggered and controlled release of bioactives in food applications. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2022; 100:49-107. [PMID: 35659356 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds (e.g., nutraceuticals, micronutrients, antimicrobial, antioxidant) are added to food products and formulations to enhance sensorial/nutritional attributes and/or shelf-life. Many of these bioactives are susceptible to degradation when exposed to environmental and processing factors. Others involve in undesirable interactions with food constituents. Encapsulation is a useful tool for addressing these issues through various stabilization mechanisms. Besides protection, another important requirement of encapsulation is to design a carrier that predictably releases the encapsulated bioactive at the target site to elicit its intended functionality. To this end, controlled release carrier systems derived from interactive materials have been developed and commercially exploited to meet the requirements of various applications. This chapter provides an overview on basic controlled and triggered release concepts relevant to food and active packaging applications. Different approaches to encapsulate bioactive compounds and their mode of release are presented, from simple blending with a compatible matrix to complex multiphase carrier systems. To further elucidate the mass transport processes, selected diffusion and empirical release kinetic models are presented, along with their brief historical significance. Finally, interactive carriers that are responsive to moisture, pH, thermal and chemical stimuli are presented to illustrate how these triggered release mechanisms can be useful for food applications.
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Yang FJ, Liu QF, Wu XB, He YY, Shu XG, Huang J. High ionic conduction, toughness and self-healing poly(ionic liquid)-based electrolytes enabled by synergy between flexible units and counteranions. RSC Adv 2021; 11:35687-35694. [PMID: 35493141 PMCID: PMC9043274 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04553a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer electrolytes offer great potential for emerging wearable electronics. However, the development of a polymer electrolyte that has high ionic conductivity, stretchability and security simultaneously is still a considerable challenge. Herein, we reported an effective approach for fabricating high-performance poly(ionic liquids) (PILs) copolymer (denoted as PIL-BA) electrolytes by the interaction between flexible units (butyl acrylate) and counteranions. The introduction of butyl acrylate units and bis(trifluoromethane-sulfonyl)imide (TFSI−) counteranions can significantly enhance the mobility of polymer chains, resulting in the effective improvement of ion transport, toughness and self-healability. As a result, the PIL-BA copolymer-based electrolytes containing TFSI− counterions achieved the highest ionic conductivity of 2.71 ± 0.17 mS cm−1, 1129% of that of a PIL homopolymer electrolyte containing Cl− counterions. Moreover, the PIL-BA copolymer-based electrolytes also exhibit ultrahigh tensile strain of 1762% and good self-healable capability. Such multifunctional polymer electrolytes can potentially be applied for safe and stable wearable electronics. Polymer electrolytes offer great potential for emerging wearable electronics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Jie Yang
- College Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Qing Feng Liu
- College Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Bing Wu
- College Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yu Yi He
- College Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xu Gang Shu
- College Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Jin Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, P. R. China
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Li N, Qu X, Wang L, Tian Q, Chen Y, Yao X, Chen S, Jin S. Chemical synthesis of chitosan-mimetic polymers via ring-opening metathesis polymerization and their applications in Cu 2+ adsorption and catalytic decomposition. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00668h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at solving the uncontrollability in the properties of chitosan, we synthesized two chitosan-mimetic polymers, the homopolymer mimic PHNI and the copolymer mimic PHNI-PHNIA, by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaosai Qu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Paper Chemicals
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Qingquan Tian
- National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Paper Chemicals
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Xianping Yao
- National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Paper Chemicals
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Shusen Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Shaohua Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
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Xu S, Qi Y, Zhang J. Incorporation of indolinospirooxazine on ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer to produce a intelligently temperature‐regulated nonwhite cool material. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xu
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Yanli Qi
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites Nanjing 210009 China
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Investigating the effects of bulky allylic substituents on the regioregularity and thermodynamics of ROMP on cyclopentene. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Tian B, Zhang X, Fan H. Synthesis of polyethylene-g-polydimethylsiloxane graft copolymers by copolymerization of ethylene with polydimethylsiloxane macromonomer. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Song K, Kim K, Hong D, Kim J, Heo CE, Kim HI, Hong SH. Highly active ruthenium metathesis catalysts enabling ring-opening metathesis polymerization of cyclopentadiene at low temperatures. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3860. [PMID: 31455772 PMCID: PMC6712042 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of versatile ruthenium olefin-metathesis catalysts with high activity, stability, and selectivity is a continuous challenge. Here we report highly controllable ruthenium catalysts using readily accessible and versatile N-vinylsulfonamides as carbene precursors. Catalyst initiation rates were controlled in a straightforward manner, from latent to fast initiating, through the facile modulation of the N-vinylsulfonamide ligands. Trifluoromethanesulfonamide-based catalysts initiated ultrarapidly even at temperatures as low as -60 °C and continuously propagated rapidly, enabling the enthalpically and entropically less-favored ring-opening metathesis polymerizations of low-strained functionalized cyclopentene derivatives, some of which are not accessible with previous olefin-metathesis catalysts. To our surprise, the developed catalysts facilitated the polymerization of cyclopentadiene (CPD), a feedstock that is easily and commonly obtainable through the steam cracking of naphtha, which has, to the best of our knowledge, not been previously achieved due to its low ring strain and facile dimerization even at low temperatures (below 0 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitaek Song
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunsoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeun Hong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Eun Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hugh I Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Hyeok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Synthesis of precisely diphenyl ether-functionalized polyethylene via acyclic diene metathesis polymerization. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
This Viewpoint highlights the viability and increasing variety of functionalized polypentenamers as unique and valuable materials created through enthalpy-driven ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of low ring strain cyclopentene monomers. The terms "low ring strain" and "enthalpy-driven" are typically conflicting ideologies for successful ROMP; however, these monomers possess a heightened sensitivity to reaction conditions, which may be leveraged in a number of ways to provide performance elastomers with good yield and precise functional topologies. Over the last several years, a rekindled interest in these systems has led to a renaissance of research aimed at improving their synthesis and exploring their potential. Their chemistry, applications, and future outlook are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Neary
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Justin G. Kennemur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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10
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2017. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wang Q, Zhang T, Fan Y, Fan X. Synthesis of functionalized cyclopentenes through allenic ketone-based multicomponent reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:8854-8858. [PMID: 30411769 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02259c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel and efficient synthesis of diversely functionalized cyclopentene derivatives through the multicomponent reactions of 1,2-allenic ketones with 4-chloroacetoacetate and malononitrile/cyanoacetate under mild and metal-free conditions is presented. Mechanistically, the formation of title compounds involves a cascade process including nucleophilic substitution, Michael addition and intramolecular aldol type reaction. Interestingly, when 1-phenyl allenic ketones bearing electron-donating groups on the phenyl ring were reacted with 4-chloroacetoacetate and cyanoacetate, methylenecyclo-pentanes, the regioisomer of cyclopentenes, were formed with good selectivity and high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, P. R. China.
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Neary WJ, Fultz BA, Kennemur JG. Well-Defined and Precision-Grafted Bottlebrush Polypentenamers from Variable Temperature ROMP and ATRP. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1080-1086. [PMID: 35632939 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polypentenamer macroinitiators are synthesized through variable temperature ring opening metathesis polymerization of 3-cyclopentenyl α-bromoisobutyrate, which has sufficient ring strain (ΔHp = -22.6 kJ mol-1) to produce targeted molar mass (<5% from theoretical), low dispersity (1.17 ≤ Đ ≤ 1.23), and high conversion (∼72%). An initiation site for atom-transfer radical polymerization at every fifth backbone carbon allows "grafting-from" of styrene with quantitative initiation and linear molar mass increase with time. These bottlebrushes retain a low dispersity (Đ ≤ 1.34) at varying graft degrees of polymerization (5 ≤ Nsc ≤ 49) and have a glass transition temperature highly sensitized to graft length. Extension of the grafts with methyl methacrylate produces a core-shell brush polymer with high molar mass (>1000 kg mol-1) and Đ = 1.33. This system exhibits high synthetic versatility and control with a unique flexible backbone to expand the suite of densely grafted polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Neary
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Brandon A. Fultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Justin G. Kennemur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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Brits S, Neary WJ, Palui G, Kennemur JG. A new echelon of precision polypentenamers: highly isotactic branching on every five carbons. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01922j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A systematic study shows that bulky allylic substituents on cyclopentene monomers affords a highly precise microstructure after ring-opening metathesis polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Brits
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - William J. Neary
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - Goutam Palui
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - Justin G. Kennemur
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
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Song S, Zhang Z, Liu X, Fu Z, Xu J, Fan Z. Synthesis and characterization of functional polyethylene with regularly distributed thioester pendants via ring-opening metathesis polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhisheng Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Junting Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
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