1
|
Yang J, Xu S, Ching YC, Chuah CH, Wang R, Li C, Wei Y, Liang G. Effects of silane hydrolysis time on the physicochemical properties of bioplastics based on starch and epoxidized soybean oil. Food Chem 2024; 460:140601. [PMID: 39089044 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
This work investigated the effects of 3-aminopropyl triethoxy silane (APTES) hydrolysis time on the physicochemical properties of the resulting starch/epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) bioplastics comprehensively. FTIR analysis confirmed that APTES hydrolyzed for 4 h had the best modification effect on starch. The results of XRD and TGA demonstrated the successful silylation of starch by APTES despite hydrolysis time. Silylation treatment reduced the thermal stability of starch slightly, but enhanced the thermal stability of the resultant bioplastics, revealing better interaction between silylated starch and ESO. The interfacial adhesion of starch and ESO in the bioplastics was obviously enhanced when APTES was hydrolyzed for 2-24 h. The bioplastics with APTES hydrolyzed for 2-4 h showed more desirable tensile properties as the silane hydrolysis was complete and self-condensation of hydrolyzed silanes was avoided. The bioplastics containing silylated starch still showed superior opacity and biodegradability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Yang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China.
| | - Shicai Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Yern Chee Ching
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Cheng Hock Chuah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Rui Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Chunhui Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Yunwei Wei
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Guoying Liang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yin P, Shi F, Luo M, Wu J, Zhao B, Zhang C, Shen Y, Chen Y. Preparation and Characterization of Responsive Cellulose-Based Gel Microspheres for Enhanced Oil Recovery. Gels 2024; 10:532. [PMID: 39195061 DOI: 10.3390/gels10080532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
As an important means to enhance oil recovery, ternary composite flooding (ASP flooding for short) technology has achieved remarkable results in Daqing Oilfield. Alkalis, surfactants and polymers are mixed in specific proportions and injected into the reservoir to give full play to the synergistic effect of each component, which can effectively enhance the fluidity of crude oil and greatly improve the oil recovery. At present, the technology for further improving oil recovery after ternary composite flooding is not mature and belongs to the stage of technical exploration. The presence of alkaline substances significantly alters the reservoir's physical properties and causes considerable corrosion to the equipment used in its development. This is detrimental to both the environment and production. Therefore, it is necessary to develop green displacement control agents. In the reservoir environment post-ASP flooding, 2-(methylamino)ethyl methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate were chosen as monomers to synthesize a polymer responsive to alkali, and then grafted with cellulose nanocrystals to form microspheres of alkali-resistant swelling hydrogel. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) modified with functional groups and other materials were utilized to fabricate hydrogel microspheres. The product's structure was characterized and validated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The infrared spectrum revealed characteristic absorption peaks of CNCs at 1165 cm-1, 1577 cm-1, 1746 cm-1, and 3342 cm-1. The diffraction spectrum corroborated the findings of the infrared analysis, indicating that the functional modification occurred on the CNC surface. After evaluating the swelling and erosion resistance of the hydrogel microspheres under various alkaline conditions, the optimal particle size for compatibility with the target reservoir was determined to be 6 μm. The potential of cellulose-based gel microspheres to enhance oil recovery was assessed through the evaluation of Zeta potential and laboratory physical simulations of oil displacement. The study revealed that the absolute value of the Zeta potential for gel microspheres exceeds 30 in an alkaline environment with pH values ranging from 7 to 14, exhibiting a phenomenon where stronger alkalinity correlates with a greater absolute value of Zeta potential. The dispersion stability spans from good to excellent. The laboratory oil displacement simulation experiment was conducted using a cellulose-based gel microsphere system following weak alkali ASP flooding within the pH value range from 7 to 10. The experimental interventions yielded recovery rates of 2.98%, 3.20%, 3.31%, and 3.38%, respectively. The study indicates that cellulose-based gel microspheres exhibit good adaptability in alkaline reservoirs. This research offers a theoretical foundation and experimental approaches to enhance oil recovery techniques post-ASP flooding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
- Daqing Oilfield Company Ltd Natural Gas Sub-Company, Daqing 163000, China
| | - Fang Shi
- Key Laboratory for EOR Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
| | - Mingjian Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
| | - Jingchun Wu
- Key Laboratory for EOR Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Daqing Oil Field Co., Ltd., No. 6 Oil Production Plant, Daqing 163000, China
| | - Chunlong Zhang
- Daqing Yongzhu Petroleum Technology Development Co., Ltd., Daqing 163000, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Key Laboratory for EOR Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
| | - Yanbing Chen
- Shenyang Oil Production Plant of Liaohe Oilfield, Shenyang 110000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Samyn P, Cosemans P. Nanocellulose Grades with Different Morphologies and Surface Modification as Additives for Waterborne Epoxy Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1095. [PMID: 38675014 PMCID: PMC11054773 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
While adding different micro- and nanocellulose types into epoxy coating formulations with waterborne phenalkamine crosslinker, effects on processing conditions and coating performance were systematically investigated. The variations in viscosity, thermal and thermomechanical properties, mechanical behavior, abrasive wear, water contact angles, and coating morphologies were evaluated. The selected additives include microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) at 1 to 10 wt.% and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF), cellulose microfibers (CMF), and hydrophobically modified cellulose microfibers (mCMF) at 0.1 to 1.5 wt.%. The viscosity profiles are determined by the inherent additive characteristics with strong shear thinning effects for epoxy/CNF, while the epoxy/mCMF provides lower viscosity and better matrix compatibility owing to the lubrication of encapsulated wax. The crosslinking of epoxy/CNF is favored and postponed for epoxy/(CNC, CMF, mCMF), as the stronger interactions between epoxy and CNF are confirmed by an increase in the glass transition temperature and reduction in the dampening factor. The mechanical properties indicate the highest hardness and impact strength for epoxy/CNF resulting in the lowest abrasion wear rates, but ductility enhances and wear rates mostly reduce for epoxy/mCMF together with hydrophobic protection. In addition, the mechanical reinforcement owing to the specific organization of a nanocellulose network at percolation threshold concentrations of 0.75 wt.% is confirmed by microscopic analysis: the latter results in a 2.6 °C (CNF) or 1.6 °C (CNC) increase in the glass transition temperature, 50% (CNF) or 20% (CNC) increase in the E modulus, 37% (CNF) or 32% (CNC) increase in hardness, and 58% (CNF) or 33% (CNC) lower abrasive wear compared to neat epoxy, while higher concentrations up to 1.5 wt.% mCMF can be added. This research significantly demonstrates that nanocellulose is directly compatible with a waterborne phenalkamine crosslinker and actively contributes to the crosslinking of waterborne epoxy coatings, changing the intrinsic glass transition temperatures and hardness properties, to which mechanical coating performance directly relates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Samyn
- Department of Innovations in Circular Economy and Renewable Materials, SIRRIS, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saddique A, Kim JC, Bae J, Cheong IW. Low-temperature, ultra-fast, and recyclable self-healing nanocomposites reinforced with non-solvent silylated modified cellulose nanocrystals. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127984. [PMID: 37951429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing polymeric materials with remarkable mechanical properties and fast self-healing performance even at low temperatures is challenging. Herein, the polymeric nanocomposites containing silane-treated cellulose nanocrystals (SCNC) with ultrafast self-healing and exceptional mechanical characteristics were developed even at low temperatures. First, CNC is modified with a cyclic silane coupling agent using an eco-friendly chemical vapor deposition method. The nanocomposite was then fabricated by blending SCNC with matrix prepolymer, prepared from monomers that possess lower critical solution temperature, followed by the inclusion of dibutyltin dilaurate and hexamethylene diisocyanate. The self-healing capability of the novel SCNC/polymer nanocomposites was enhanced remarkably by increasing the content of SCNC (0-3 wt%) and reaching (≥99 %) at temperatures (5 & 25 °C) within <20 min. Moreover, SCNC-3 showed a toughness of (2498 MJ/m3) and SCNC-5 displayed a robust tensile strength of (22.94 ± 0.4 MPa) whereas SCNC-0 exhibited a lower tensile strength (7.4 ± 03 MPa) and toughness of (958 MJ/m3). Additionally, the nanocomposites retain their original mechanical properties after healing at temperatures (5 & 25 °C) owing to the formation of hydrogen bonds via incorporation of the SCNC. These novel SCNC-based self-healable nanocomposites with tunable mechanical properties offer novel insight into preparing damage and temperature-responsive flexible and wearable devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anam Saddique
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Chul Kim
- Department of Specialty Chemicals, Division of Specialty and Bio-based Chemicals Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinhye Bae
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - In Woo Cheong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ebrahimnezhad-Khaljiri H, Ghadi A. Recent advancement in synthesizing bio-epoxy nanocomposites using lignin, plant oils, saccharides, polyphenols, and natural rubbers: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128041. [PMID: 37979768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Due to environmental issues, production costs, and the low recycling capability of conventional epoxy polymers and their composites, many science groups have tried to develop a new type of epoxy polymers, which are compatible with the environment. Considering the precursors, these polymers can be produced from plant oils, saccharides, lignin, polyphenol, and natural resins. The appearance of these bio-polymers caused to introduce a new type of composites, namely bio-epoxy nanocomposites, which can be classified according to the synthesized bio-epoxy, the used nanomaterials, or both. Hence, in this work, various bio-epoxy resins, which have the proper potential for application as a matrix, are completely introduced with the synthesis viewpoint, and their characterized chemical structures are drawn. In the next steps, the bio-epoxy nanocomposites are classified based on the used nanomaterials, which are carbon nanoparticles (carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoplatelets, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, etc.), nano-silica (mesoporous and spherical), cellulose (nanofibers and whiskers), nanoclay and so on. Also, the features of these bio-nanocomposites and their applications are introduced. This review study can be a proper guide for developing a new type of green nanocomposites in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ebrahimnezhad-Khaljiri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zanjan, P.O. Box 45371-38791, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Aliakbar Ghadi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zanjan, P.O. Box 45371-38791, Zanjan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Necolau M, Bălănucă B, Frone AN, Damian CM. Tailoring an Effective Interface between Nanocellulose and the Epoxidized Linseed Oil Network through Functionalization. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:15896-15908. [PMID: 37179605 PMCID: PMC10173339 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable nanocomposite materials based on different functionalized nanocellulose (NC) structures embedded in epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) were developed as foundation toward a greener approach for anticorrosive coating evolution. The work leans on functionalization with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTS), (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTS), and vanillin (V) of NC structures isolated from plum seed shells, evaluated as potential reinforcing agents for the increase of thermomechanical properties and water resistance of epoxy nanocomposites from renewable resources. The successful surface modification was confirmed from the deconvolution of X-ray photoelectron spectra for C 1s and correlated with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) data. The secondary peaks assigned to C-O-Si at 285.9 eV and C-N at 286 eV were observed with the decrease of the C/O atomic ratio. Compatibility and efficient interface formation between the functionalized NC and the biobased epoxy network from linseed oil were translated as decreased values for the surface energy of bio-nanocomposites and better dispersion imaged through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thus, the storage modulus of the ELO network reinforced with only 1% APTS-functionalized NC structures reached 5 GPa, an almost 20% increase compared with that of the neat matrix. Mechanical tests were applied to assess an increase of 116% in compressive strength for the addition of 5 wt % NCA to the bioepoxy matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mădălina
I. Necolau
- Advanced
Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica
of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Brînduşa Bălănucă
- Advanced
Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica
of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Department
of Organic Chemistry “C. Nenitescu”, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana N. Frone
- National
Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Celina M. Damian
- Advanced
Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica
of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aziz T, Farid A, Chinnam S, Haq F, Kiran M, Wani AW, Alothman ZA, Aljuwayid AM, Habila MA, Akhtar MS. Synthesis, characterization and adsorption behavior of modified cellulose nanocrystals towards different cationic dyes. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 321:137999. [PMID: 36724850 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Green and efficient removal of polluted materials are essential for the sustainability of a clean and green environment. Nanomaterials, particularly cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), are abundant in nature and can be extracted from various sources, including cotton, rice, wheat, and plants. CNCs are renewable biomass materials with a high concentration of polar functional groups. This study used succinic anhydride to modify the surface of native cellulose nanocrystals (NCNCs). Succinic anhydride has been frequently used in adhesives and sealant chemicals for a long time, and here, it is evaluated for dye removal performance. The morphology and modification of CNCs studied using FTIR, TGA & DTG, XRD, SEM, AFM, and TEM. The ability of modified cellulose nanocrystals (MCNCs) to adsorb cationic golden yellow dye and methylene blue dye was investigated. The MCNCs exhibited high adsorption affinity for the two different cationic dyes. The maximum adsorption efficiency of NCNCs and MCNCs towards the cationic dye was 0.009 and 0.156 wt%. The investigation for adhesive properties is based on the strength and toughness of MCNCs. MCNCs demonstrated improved tensile strength (2350 MPa) and modulus (13.9 MPa) using E-51 epoxy system and a curing agent compared to 3 wt% composites. This research lays the groundwork for environmentally friendly fabrication and consumption in the industrial sector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Aziz
- Westlake University, School of Engineering, Hangzhou, China
| | - Arshad Farid
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, 29050, Pakistan.
| | - Sampath Chinnam
- Department of Chemistry, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India
| | - Fazal Haq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, 29050, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Kiran
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, 29050, Pakistan
| | - Ab Waheed Wani
- Department of Horticulture, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Zeid A Alothman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Muteb Aljuwayid
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Habila
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Saeed Akhtar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jung J, Sodano HA. Cellulose nanocrystal functionalized aramid nanofiber reinforced epoxy nanocomposites with high strength and toughness. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:245703. [PMID: 36753754 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acba1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites can be improved by incorporating various types of nanofillers. The hybridization of nanofillers through covalent linkages between nanofillers with different dimensions and morphology can further increase the properties of nanocomposites. In this work, aramid nanofibers (ANFs) are modified using chlorinated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and functionalized with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane to improve the chemical and mechanical interaction in an epoxy matrix. The integration of CNC functionalized ANFs (fACs) in the epoxy matrix simultaneously improves Young's modulus, tensile strength, fracture properties, and viscoelastic properties. The test results show that 1.5 wt% fAC reinforced epoxy nanocomposites improve Young's modulus and tensile strength by 15.1% and 10.1%, respectively, and also exhibit 2.5 times higher fracture toughness compared to the reference epoxy resin. Moreover, the glass transition temperature and storage modulus are found to increase when fACs are incorporated. Thus, this study demonstrates that the enhanced chemical and mechanical interaction by the CNC functionalization on the ANFs can further improve the static and dynamic mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Jung
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
- R&D Center, Hankook tire and technology Co., Ltd, Daejeon 34127, Republic of Korea
| | - Henry A Sodano
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Taniyama H, Takagi K. Controlling the surface structure and functionalization of a cellulose nanocrystal film modified by using glycidyloxypropylsilane in a coating process. Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-023-00763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
|
10
|
Kerche EF, Kairytė A, Członka S, da Silva VD, Salles NA, Schrekker HS, Amico SC. Imidazolium Ionic Liquids as Compatibilizer Agents for Microcrystalline Cellulose/Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020333. [PMID: 36679214 PMCID: PMC9865422 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Four imidazolium-based ionic liquids (IL; 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-carboxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1,3-dicarboxymethylimidazolium chloride and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl) -3-methylimidazolium chloride) were tested as compatibilizers of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Subsequently, ethanolic IL solutions were prepared; MCC was mixed, and the mixtures were left to evaporate the ethanol at ambient conditions. These modified MCC were characterized and applied as reinforcements (5.0 and 10 phr) in an epoxy resin aiming to manufacture biobased composites with enhanced performances. The IL did not significantly modify the morphological and structural characteristics of such reinforcements. Regarding the thermal stability, the slight increase was associated with the MCC-IL affinity. The IL-modified MCC-epoxy composites presented improved mechanical responses, such as flexural strength (≈22.5%) and toughness behavior (≈18.6%), compared with pure epoxy. Such improvement was also obtained for the viscoelastic response, where the storage modulus at the glassy state depended on the MCC amount and IL type. These differences were associated with stronger hydrogen bonding between IL and epoxy hardener or the IL with MCC, causing a "bridging" effect between MCC and epoxy matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fischer Kerche
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Minas, Metalúrgica e de Materiais (PPGE3M), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Vinícius Demétrio da Silva
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Alves Salles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Minas, Metalúrgica e de Materiais (PPGE3M), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Henri Stephan Schrekker
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Sandro Campos Amico
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Minas, Metalúrgica e de Materiais (PPGE3M), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Maurya AK, Manik G. Advances towards development of industrially relevant short natural fiber reinforced and hybridized polypropylene composites for various industrial applications: a review. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
12
|
Singh S, Bhardwaj S, Verma C, Chhajed M, Balayan K, Ghosh K, Maji PK. Elliptically birefringent chemically tuned liquid crystalline nanocellulose composites for photonic applications. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
13
|
Kerche EF, Neves RM, Ornaghi HL, Zattera AJ, Schrekker HS. The influence of Ionic liquid concentration on microcrystalline cellulose modification. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
|
14
|
Tian X, Wu M, Wang Z, Zhang J, Lu P. A high-stable soybean-oil-based epoxy acrylate emulsion stabilized by silanized nanocrystalline cellulose as a sustainable paper coating for enhanced water vapor barrier. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 610:1043-1056. [PMID: 34872721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Soybean-oil-based polymer is a promising bio-based water barrier coating on paper packaging but the application is challenged due to its poor water dispersibility. In this present study, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) modified nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was used to implement a stable dispersion of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) in water and thus synergistically improved the water vapor barrier properties after coating on paper. APTES-NCC was successfully prepared, and displayed a better interface compatibility with AESO through the Michael addition reaction. Compared with NCC, APTES-NCC displayed an improved hydrophobicity and wettability with AESO, with an increase of contact angle from 38.0° to 76.4°, and a decrease of interfacial tension from 91.5 ± 3.5 mN/m to 82.9 ± 1.8 mN/m. As an emulsifier, APTES-NCC can be more effectively adsorbed on the oil-water interface to form a more stable emulsion than NCC, with a decrease of AESO droplets size from 4.8 µm to 3.1 µm, and a remarkable improvement in static and centrifugal stability. In rheological measurement, the APTES-NCC/AESO emulsion showed a wider linear viscoelastic region (3.4%), better viscoelasticity and thermal curing properties than that of NCC/AESO emulsion, which further explained that the stability of APTES-NCC/AESO emulsion were improved. Therefore, APTES-NCC/AESO emulsion as a coating on paper cured into a continuous barrier film can effectively improve the water vapor barrier properties of paper, and the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of paper can be reduced from 1392.8 g/m2•24 h (NCC/AESO emulsion-coated) to 1286.3 g/m2 24 h (APTES-NCC/AESO emulsion-coated), both are significantly lower than that of base paper (1926.7 g/m2•24 h). CLSM testing showed that APTES-NCC could interact effectively with AESO to forming a tight barrier on paper surface and at the same time, sealing the pores inside the paper to resist water vapor penetration. The high-stable AESO emulsion prepared by APTES-NCC is expected to facilitate the utilization of NCC and AESO as a value-added material in making sustainable barrier packaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuwang Tian
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Min Wu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Peng Lu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Quantitative analysis of polymer-grafted cellulose nanocrystals using a ssNMR method on the basis of cross polarization reciprocity relation. Carbohydr Res 2022; 513:108519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
16
|
The Role of Eucalyptus Species on the Structural and Thermal Performance of Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) Isolated by Acid Hydrolysis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030423. [PMID: 35160413 PMCID: PMC8840396 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are attractive materials due to their renewable nature, high surface-to-volume ratio, crystallinity, biodegradability, anisotropic performance, or available hydroxyl groups. However, their source and obtaining pathway determine their subsequent performance. This work evaluates cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) obtained from four different eucalyptus species by acid hydrolysis, i.e., E. benthamii, E. globulus, E. smithii, and the hybrid En × Eg. During preparation, CNCs incorporated sulphate groups to their structures, which highlighted dissimilar reactivities, as given by the calculated sulphate index (0.21, 0.97, 0.73 and 0.85, respectively). Although the impact of the incorporation of sulphate groups on the crystalline structure was committed, changes in the hydrophilicity and water retention ability or thermal stability were observed. These effects were also corroborated by the apparent activation energy during thermal decomposition obtained through kinetic analysis. Low-sulphated CNCs (E. benthamii) involved hints of a more crystalline structure along with less water retention ability, higher thermal stability, and greater average apparent activation energy (233 kJ·mol−1) during decomposition. Conversely, the high-sulphated species (E. globulus) involved higher reactivity during preparation that endorsed a little greater water retention ability and lower thermal stability, with subsequently less average apparent activation energy (185 kJ·mol−1). The E. smithii (212 kJ·mol−1) and En × Eg (196 kJ·mol−1) showed an intermediate behavior according to their sulphate index.
Collapse
|
17
|
Poothanari MA, Michaud V, Damjanovic D, Leterrier Y. Surface modified microfibrillated cellulose‐poly(vinylidene fluoride) composites: β‐phase formation, viscoelastic and dielectric performance. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Arif Poothanari
- Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites (LPAC) Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Véronique Michaud
- Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites (LPAC) Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Dragan Damjanovic
- Group for Ferroelectrics and Functional Oxides Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Yves Leterrier
- Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites (LPAC) Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Borsoi C, Hansen B, Gemmer RE, Dahlem Júnior MA, Francisquetti EL, Zattera AJ, Santana RMC, Catto AL. Effect of different surface treatments on polypropylene composites reinforced with yerba mate fibers: Physical, mechanical, chemical, and morphological properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cleide Borsoi
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates Lajeado Brazil
| | - Betina Hansen
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates Lajeado Brazil
| | - Ruan Ezequiel Gemmer
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates Lajeado Brazil
| | - Marcos Aurélio Dahlem Júnior
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS Escola de Engenharia, Laboratório de Materiais Poliméricos – LAPOL Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Edson Luiz Francisquetti
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul – IFRS Farroupilha Brazil
| | - Ademir José Zattera
- Universidade de Caxias do Sul – UCS Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Engenharia de Processos e Tecnologias (PGEPROTEC) Caxias do Sul Brazil
| | - Ruth Marlene Campomanes Santana
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS Escola de Engenharia, Laboratório de Materiais Poliméricos – LAPOL Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - André Luis Catto
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates Lajeado Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Motta Neves R, Zattera AJ, Campos Amico S. Enhancing thermal and dynamic‐mechanical properties of epoxy reinforced by amino‐functionalized microcrystalline cellulose. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Motta Neves
- Postgraduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Ademir José Zattera
- Postgraduate Program in Engineering of Processes and Technologies (PGEPROTEC) University of Caxias do Sul (UCS) Caxias do Sul Brazil
| | - Sandro Campos Amico
- Postgraduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Clarkson CM, El Awad Azrak SM, Forti ES, Schueneman GT, Moon RJ, Youngblood JP. Recent Developments in Cellulose Nanomaterial Composites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000718. [PMID: 32696496 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) are a class of materials that have recently garnered attention in fields as varied as structural materials, biomaterials, rheology modifiers, construction, paper enhancement, and others. As the principal structural reinforcement of biomass giving wood its mechanical properties, CNM is strong and stiff, but also nontoxic, biodegradable, and sustainable with a very large (Gton yr-1 ) source. Unfortunately, due to the relatively young nature of the field and inherent incompatibility of CNM with most man-made materials in use today, research has tended to be more basic-science oriented rather than commercially applicable, so there are few CNM-enabled products on the market today. Herein, efforts are presented for preparing and forming cellulose nanomaterial nanocomposites. The focus is on recent efforts attempting to mitigate common impediments to practical commercialization but is also placed in context with traditional efforts. The work is presented in terms of the progress made, and still to be made, on solving the most pressing challenges-getting properties that are competitive with currently used materials, removing organic solvent, solving the inherent incompatibility between CNM and polymers of interest, and incorporation into commonly used industrial processing techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn M Clarkson
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
| | - Sami M El Awad Azrak
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
| | - Endrina S Forti
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
| | - Gregory T Schueneman
- Forest Products Laboratory, United States Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Robert J Moon
- Forest Products Laboratory, United States Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Qin X, Ge W, Mei H, Li L, Zheng S. Toughness improvement of epoxy thermosets with cellulose nanocrystals. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulian Qin
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Wenming Ge
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Honggang Mei
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Sixun Zheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yue L, Ke K, Amirkhosravi M, Gray TG, Manas-Zloczower I. Catalyst-Free Mechanochemical Recycling of Biobased Epoxy with Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:4176-4183. [PMID: 35006830 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical vitrimerization, as a method to recycle cross-linked thermosets by converting the permanent network into a recyclable and reprocessable vitrimer network, inevitably requires a catalyst to accelerate the bond exchange reactions. Here, we demonstrate a catalyst-free approach to achieve the recycling of a cross-linked biobased epoxy into high-performance nanocomposites with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). CNCs provide abundant free hydroxyl groups to promote the transesterification exchange reactions while also acting as reinforcing fillers for the resultant nanocomposites. This technique introduces an effective way to fabricate high-performance thermoset nanocomposites based on recycled polymers in an ecofriendly way, promoting the recycle and reuse of thermosets as sustainable nanocomposites for different applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yue
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith Bldg, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Mehrad Amirkhosravi
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith Bldg, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Thomas G Gray
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 2080 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Ica Manas-Zloczower
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith Bldg, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bijaisoradat O, Yue L, Manas‐Zloczower I, Manuspiya H. Wood flour‐high density polyethylene composites: Influence of silanization and esterification on mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Liang Yue
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Ica Manas‐Zloczower
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Hathaikarn Manuspiya
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology Bangkok Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Aziz T, Zheng J, Jamil MI, Fan H, Ullah R, Iqbal M, Ali A, Khan FU, Ullah A. Enhancement in Adhesive and Thermal Properties of Bio‐based Epoxy Resin by Using Eugenol Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystals. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-01942-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
25
|
Phan DN, Khan MQ, Nguyen NT, Phan TT, Ullah A, Khatri M, Kien NN, Kim IS. A review on the fabrication of several carbohydrate polymers into nanofibrous structures using electrospinning for removal of metal ions and dyes. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 252:117175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
26
|
Cabrera IC, Berlioz S, Fahs A, Louarn G, Carriere P. Chemical functionalization of nano fibrillated cellulose by glycidyl silane coupling agents: A grafted silane network characterization study. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1773-1782. [PMID: 33075339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nano fibrillated cellulose (NFC) has turned into a material widely studied due to its desirable performance for numerous organic systems. Nevertheless, its surface is not very compatible with most organic systems; hence, chemical functionalization methods offer a path to solve this problem. In this study, NFC is successfully functionalized with two silane coupling agents: 3-glycidyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPS) and 3-glycidyloxypropyl dimethylethoxysilane (GPMES) by a simple, direct, and environmentally friendly method. Different analyses have been carried out in order to confirm the chemical modification of NFC. ATR-IR, XPS, and 29Si NMR spectroscopies confirmed the chemical modification that allowed the understanding of the structure and the conformation onto the modified NFC surface. SEM and AFM microscopies were performed to study possible alterations in morphology; a slight change was observed. Thermal properties were also analyzed by TGA analysis. It remains stable after chemical functionalization. Grafted NFC showed good performance compared to the pristine one. It allows a better dispersion into organic systems improving their properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isis Castro Cabrera
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire MAtériaux, Polymères, Interfaces et Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), CS 60584, 83 041 Toulon Cedex 9, France
| | - Sophie Berlioz
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire MAtériaux, Polymères, Interfaces et Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), CS 60584, 83 041 Toulon Cedex 9, France
| | - Armand Fahs
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire MAtériaux, Polymères, Interfaces et Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), CS 60584, 83 041 Toulon Cedex 9, France
| | - Guy Louarn
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, 44 000 Nantes, France
| | - Pascal Carriere
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire MAtériaux, Polymères, Interfaces et Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), CS 60584, 83 041 Toulon Cedex 9, France.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kono H, Uno T, Tsujisaki H, Matsushima T, Tajima K. Nanofibrillated Bacterial Cellulose Modified with (3-Aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane under Aqueous Conditions: Applications to Poly(methyl methacrylate) Fiber-Reinforced Nanocomposites. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:29561-29569. [PMID: 33225187 PMCID: PMC7676300 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of eco-friendly fiber-reinforced composite resins is an important objective from an environmental perspective, and nanofibrillated bacterial cellulose (NFBC), with extremely long high-aspect-ratio fibers, is a filler material with high potential for use in such composite resins. In this study, we investigated chemical modification of the surfaces of NFBC fibers by coupling with (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane and fabricated nanocomposite materials using the prepared surface-modified NFBC. The product prepared by the one-pot reaction of (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane with NFBC microfibrils dispersed in aqueous acid retained the same nanofibril structure as the intact NFBC. The degree of molar substitution and the silicon states on the surface of the product depended on the NFBC/(3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane ratio. The thermal analysis revealed that the thermal degradation temperature of the products increases with an increase of degree of molar substitution. Highly transparent (78-89% at 600 nm) poly(methyl methacrylate)-based nanocomposites were prepared by solvent casting; the nanocomposite containing 1.0 wt % (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilylated NFBC was only 8% less transparent than neat poly(methyl methacrylate) at 600 nm. In addition, the tensile strength of the nanocomposite was more than twice that of neat poly(methyl methacrylate) when 1 wt % of the surface-modified NFBC was added. The surface-modified NFBC is expected to be a reinforcing nanofiber material that imparts excellent physical properties to fiber-reinforced resins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kono
- Division
of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tomakomai College, Nishikioka 443, Tomakomai, Hokkaido 059 1275, Japan
- . Tel/Fax: +81 144 67 8036
| | - Taiki Uno
- Division
of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tomakomai College, Nishikioka 443, Tomakomai, Hokkaido 059 1275, Japan
| | - Haruto Tsujisaki
- Division
of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tomakomai College, Nishikioka 443, Tomakomai, Hokkaido 059 1275, Japan
| | - Tokuo Matsushima
- Kusano
Sakko Inc., Nishimachi
16, Kamiebetsu, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 067 0063, Japan
| | - Kenji Tajima
- Faculty
of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060
8628, Japan
- .
Tel/Fax: +81 11 706 6603
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Neves RM, Ornaghi HL, Zattera AJ, Amico SC. Recent studies on modified cellulose/nanocellulose epoxy composites: A systematic review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 255:117366. [PMID: 33436199 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose and its derivatives are widely explored for films and thickening of pharmaceutical solutions, in paints, as reinforcement in composites, among others. This versatility is due to advantages such as renewability, low cost, and environmental friendliness. When used in polymer composites, due to the hydrophilic character of the cellulose, surface chemical modification is highly recommended to improve its compatibility with the polymeric matrix. Hence, this paper presents a systematic review of chemically modified cellulose/epoxy resin composites focusing on the last five years. The investigation followed the PRISMA protocol that delivers a meticulous summary of all available primary research in response to a research question. After including/excluding steps, thirty-six studies were included in the review. The results were presented focusing on thermal, mechanical and dynamic-mechanical properties of the composites. In brief, this methodology helped identifying the main gaps in knowledge in that field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Motta Neves
- Postgraduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Heitor Luiz Ornaghi
- Postgraduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ademir José Zattera
- Postgraduate Program in Engineering of Processes and Technologies (PGEPROTEC), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), 95070-490, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Sandro Campos Amico
- Postgraduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wan J, Zhao J, Zhang X, Fan H, Zhang J, Hu D, Jin P, Wang DY. Epoxy thermosets and materials derived from bio-based monomeric phenols: Transformations and performances. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
30
|
Doineau E, Bauer G, Ensenlaz L, Novales B, Sillard C, Bénézet JC, Bras J, Cathala B, Le Moigne N. Adsorption of xyloglucan and cellulose nanocrystals on natural fibres for the creation of hierarchically structured fibres. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 248:116713. [PMID: 32919547 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Green treatment of natural fibres is a major issue in paper, textile and biocomposites industries to design innovative and eco-friendly products. In this work, hierarchical structuring of flax woven fabrics by the adsorption of xyloglucan (XG) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) is studied. Indeed, CNC have high mechanical properties, high specific surface area and great potential for functionalization. The adsorption of XG and CNC has been investigated in terms of localization by confocal and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantification through adsorption isotherms. Adhesion force measurements have also been performed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). XG and CNC are homogeneously adsorbed on flax fabric and adsorption isotherms reach plateau values around 20 mg /gfibres for both. The pre-adsorption of XG on flax fabric influences the amount of adsorbed CNC in the high concentrations and also creates entanglements and strong interactions between XG and CNC with the formation of an extensible network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Doineau
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, Ales, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP(2), LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France; INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316, Nantes, France.
| | | | - Léo Ensenlaz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP(2), LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno Novales
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316, Nantes, France; INRAE, BIBS Facility, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Cécile Sillard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP(2), LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Julien Bras
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP(2), LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Nicolas Le Moigne
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, Ales, France.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Influence of operating conditions on proton conductivity of nanocellulose films using two agroindustrial wastes: Sugarcane bagasse and pinewood sawdust. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 238:116171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
32
|
Trache D, Tarchoun AF, Derradji M, Hamidon TS, Masruchin N, Brosse N, Hussin MH. Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications. Front Chem 2020; 8:392. [PMID: 32435633 PMCID: PMC7218176 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, nanocellulose (NC), cellulose in the form of nanostructures, has been proved to be one of the most prominent green materials of modern times. NC materials have gained growing interests owing to their attractive and excellent characteristics such as abundance, high aspect ratio, better mechanical properties, renewability, and biocompatibility. The abundant hydroxyl functional groups allow a wide range of functionalizations via chemical reactions, leading to developing various materials with tunable features. In this review, recent advances in the preparation, modification, and emerging application of nanocellulose, especially cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), are described and discussed based on the analysis of the latest investigations (particularly for the reports of the past 3 years). We start with a concise background of cellulose, its structural organization as well as the nomenclature of cellulose nanomaterials for beginners in this field. Then, different experimental procedures for the production of nanocelluloses, their properties, and functionalization approaches were elaborated. Furthermore, a number of recent and emerging uses of nanocellulose in nanocomposites, Pickering emulsifiers, wood adhesives, wastewater treatment, as well as in new evolving biomedical applications are presented. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of NC-based emerging materials are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Djalal Trache
- UER Procédés Energétiques, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Bordj El-Bahri, Algeria
| | - Ahmed Fouzi Tarchoun
- UER Procédés Energétiques, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Bordj El-Bahri, Algeria
| | - Mehdi Derradji
- UER Procédés Energétiques, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Bordj El-Bahri, Algeria
| | - Tuan Sherwyn Hamidon
- Materials Technology Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nanang Masruchin
- Research Center for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nicolas Brosse
- Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche sur le MAtériau Bois (LERMAB), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - M. Hazwan Hussin
- Materials Technology Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Aziz T, Fan H, Zhang X, Khan FU, Fahad S, Ullah A. Adhesive properties of bio-based epoxy resin reinforced by cellulose nanocrystal additives. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2020; 40:314-320. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2019-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Abstract
The adhesive properties of a self-prepared bio-based epoxy resin with native cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are evaluated in this article. The porosity of actual CNCs is high. The most promising finding is the acquisition of high tensile modulus. The addition of CNC composites significantly increased the tensile modulus at lower wt.%, and the maximum crystallinity of CNCs was obtained. Bearing in mind the advantages of CNCs, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a uniform distribution of concentrated CNCs. Clusters were formed at higher CNCs ratios, and the composite matrix content with high CNCs produced good expansion, low crystallinity, and increased elongation. Our analysis showed that the original CNCs were more evenly distributed in the self-prepared bio-based epoxy resin, which enhanced transformation, supported by improved dispersion of native CNCs. The presence of native CNCs greatly improved and enhanced the bonding performance of the bio-based epoxy resin in the interface area. Enhancing the mechanical properties of native CNCs has broad application prospects in environmental areas. This suggests that the widespread use of native CNCs in environmental engineering applications is feasible, especially in terms of adhesives properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Aziz
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Hong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Xiangwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Farman Ullah Khan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology , Bannu 28000 , Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Lakki Marwat , Lakki Marwat 28420 , KPK , Pakistan
| | - Shah Fahad
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Asmat Ullah
- School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University Shannxi , Shannxi , China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ly M, Mekonnen TH. Cationic surfactant modified cellulose nanocrystals for corrosion protective nanocomposite surface coatings. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
35
|
Hendren KD, Higgins MA, Long BK, Foster EJ. Cellulose nanocrystal-reinforced poly(5-triethoxysilyl-2-norbornene) composites. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00963a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the reinforcement of a previously inaccessible norbornene-silane with a stiff, bio-based nanofiller.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith D. Hendren
- Virginia Polytechnic and State University Materials Science and Engineering
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | | | - Brian K. Long
- University of Tennessee Department of Chemistry
- Dr Knoxville
- USA
| | - E. Johan Foster
- Virginia Polytechnic and State University Materials Science and Engineering
- Blacksburg
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Acrylate-modified gamma-irradiated olive stones waste as a filler for acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/devulcanized rubber composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
37
|
Sunflower oil cake-derived cellulose nanocrystals: Extraction, physico-chemical characteristics and potential application. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 136:241-252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
38
|
Torlopov MA, Martakov IS, Mikhaylov VI, Legki PV, Golubev YA, Krivoshapkina EF, Tracey C, Sitnikov PA, Udoratina EV. Manipulating the colloidal properties of (non-)sulfated cellulose nanocrystals via stepwise surface cyanoethylation/carboxylation. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
39
|
Lee JS, Ryu YS, Kim I, Kim SH. Effect of interface affinity on the performance of a composite of microcrystalline cellulose and polypropylene/polylactide blends. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Su Lee
- Department of Organic and Nano EngineeringHanyang University Seoul South Korea
| | - Yeon Sung Ryu
- Department of Organic and Nano EngineeringHanyang University Seoul South Korea
| | - Ick‐Soo Kim
- Faculty of Textile Science and TechnologyShinshu University Nagano Japan
| | - Seong Hun Kim
- Department of Organic and Nano EngineeringHanyang University Seoul South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Leszczyńska A, Radzik P, Szefer E, Mičušík M, Omastová M, Pielichowski K. Surface Modification of Cellulose Nanocrystals with Succinic Anhydride. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E866. [PMID: 31086019 PMCID: PMC6572273 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) is a key intermediate step in the development of new functionalities and the tailoring of nanomaterial properties for specific applications. In the area of polymeric nanocomposites, apart from good interfacial adhesion, the high thermal stability of cellulose nanomaterial is vitally required for the stable processing and improvement of material properties. In this respect, the heterogeneous esterification of CNC with succinic anhydride was investigated in this work in order to obtain CNC with optimised surface and thermal properties. The influence of reaction parameters, such as time, temperature, and molar ratio of reagents, on the structure, morphology and thermal properties, were systematically studied over a wide range of values by DLS, FTIR, XPS, WAXD, SEM and TGA methods. It was found that the degree of surface substitution of CNC increased with the molar ratio of succinic anhydride to cellulose hydroxyl groups (SA:OH), as well as the reaction time, whilst the temperature of reaction showed a moderate effect on the degree of esterification in the range of 70-110 °C. The studies on the thermal stability of modified nanoparticles indicated that there is a critical extent of surface esterification below which only a slight decrease of the initial temperature of degradation was observed in pyrolytic and oxidative atmospheres. A significant reduction of CNC thermal stability was observed only for the longest reaction time (240 min) and the highest molar ratio of SA:OH. This illustrates the possibility of manufacturing thermally stable, succinylated, CNC by controlling the reaction conditions and the degree of esterification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Leszczyńska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Paulina Radzik
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ewa Szefer
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Matej Mičušík
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava 45, Slovakia.
| | - Mária Omastová
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava 45, Slovakia.
| | - Krzysztof Pielichowski
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cellulose nanocrystals/fluorinated polyacrylate soap-free emulsion prepared via RAFT-assisted Pickering emulsion polymerization. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 177:321-328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
42
|
Lavoratti A, Zattera AJ, Amico SC. Mechanical and dynamic-mechanical properties of silane-treated graphite nanoplatelet/epoxy composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Lavoratti
- Postgraduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Ademir José Zattera
- Postgraduate Program in Engineering of Processes and Technologies; Universidade de Caxias do Sul; Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560, Caxias do Sul RS Brazil
| | - Sandro Campos Amico
- Postgraduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chakrabarty A, Teramoto Y. Recent Advances in Nanocellulose Composites with Polymers: A Guide for Choosing Partners and How to Incorporate Them. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E517. [PMID: 30966551 PMCID: PMC6415375 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the research on nanocellulose composites with polymers has made significant contributions to the development of functional and sustainable materials. This review outlines the chemistry of the interaction between the nanocellulose and the polymer matrix, along with the extent of the reinforcement in their nanocomposites. In order to fabricate well-defined nanocomposites, the type of nanomaterial and the selection of the polymer matrix are always crucial from the viewpoint of polymer⁻filler compatibility for the desired reinforcement and specific application. In this review, recent articles on polymer/nanocellulose composites were taken into account to provide a clear understanding on how to use the surface functionalities of nanocellulose and to choose the polymer matrix in order to produce the nanocomposite. Here, we considered cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) and cellulose nanofiber (CNF) as the nanocellulosic materials. A brief discussion on their synthesis and properties was also incorporated. This review, overall, is a guide to help in designing polymer/nanocellulose composites through the utilization of nanocellulose properties and the selection of functional polymers, paving the way to specific polymer⁻filler interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Chakrabarty
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yoshikuni Teramoto
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|