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Sadaba N, Bayón JL, Nelson A, Steinmetz NF. Digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing of polymer networks comprising virus-like particles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:9733-9736. [PMID: 39037748 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02411g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce a 3D-printable virus-like particle (VLP)-enhanced cross-linked biopolymer system. VLPs displaying surface-available acrylate groups were prepared through aza-Michael addition to serve as resins. The VLP resins were then photopolymerized into a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) network following DLP 3D printing. This approach represents a convergence of disciplines, where the synergistic interaction between virology and additive manufacturing unlocks new frontiers in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naroa Sadaba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Jorge Leganés Bayón
- Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Alshakim Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Center for Engineering in Cancer, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Schuphan J, Stojanović N, Lin YY, Buhl EM, Aveic S, Commandeur U, Schillberg S, Fischer H. A Combination of Flexible Modified Plant Virus Nanoparticles Enables Additive Effects Resulting in Improved Osteogenesis. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304243. [PMID: 38417028 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Plant virus nanoparticles (VNPs) genetically engineered to present osteogenic cues provide a promising method for biofunctionalizing hydrogels in bone tissue engineering. Flexible Potato virus X (PVX) nanoparticles substantially enhance the attachment and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) by presenting the RGD motif, hydroxyapatite-binding peptide (HABP), or consecutive polyglutamates (E8) in a concentration-dependent manner. Therefore, it is hypothesized that Tobacco mosaic virus nanoparticles, which present 1.6 times more functional peptides than PVX, will meliorate such an impact. This study hypothesizes that cultivating hMSCs on a surface coated with a combination of two VNPs presenting peptides for either cell attachment or mineralization can achieve additionally enhancing effects on osteogenesis. Calcium minerals deposited by differentiating hMSCs increases two to threefold for this combination, while the Alkaline Phosphatase activity of hMSCs grown on the PVX-RGD/PVX-HABP-coated surface significantly surpasses any other VNP combination. Superior additive effects are observed for the first time by employing a combination of VNPs with varying functionalities. It is found that the flexible VNP geometry plays a more critical role than the concentration of functional peptides. In conclusion, various peptide-presenting plant VNPs exhibit an additive enhancing effect offering significant potential for effectively functionalizing cell-containing hydrogels in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Schuphan
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Natalija Stojanović
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ying-Ying Lin
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva Miriam Buhl
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sanja Aveic
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Horst Fischer
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Lin Y, Schuphan J, Dickmeis C, Buhl EM, Commandeur U, Fischer H. Attachment of Ultralow Amount of Engineered Plant Viral Nanoparticles to Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhances Osteogenesis and Mineralization. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2001245. [PMID: 32940006 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel-based materials are widely used to mimic the extracellular matrix in bone tissue engineering, although they often lack biofunctional cues. In the authors' previous work, Potato virus X (PVX), a flexible rod-shaped biocompatible plant virus nanoparticle (VNP) with 1270 coat protein subunits, is genetically modified to present functional peptides for generating a bone substitute. Here, PVX is engineered to present mineralization- and osteogenesis-associated peptides and laden in hydrogels at a concentration lower by two orders of magnitude. Its competence in mineralization is demonstrated both on 2D surfaces and in hydrogels and the superiority of enriched peptides on VNPs is verified and compared with free peptides and VNPs presenting fewer functional peptides. Alkaline phosphatase activity and Alizarin red staining of human mesenchymal stem cells increase 1.2-1.7 times when stimulate by VNPs. Engineered PVX adheres to cells, exhibiting a stimulation of biomimetic peptides in close proximity to the cells. The retention of VNPs in hydrogels is monitored and more than 80% of VNPs remain inside after several washing steps. The mechanical properties of VNP-laden hydrogels are investigated, including viscosity, gelling temperature, and compressive tangent modulus. This study demonstrates that recombinant PVX nanoparticles are excellent candidates for hydrogel nanocomposites in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Ying Lin
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research RWTH Aachen University Hospital Pauwelsstrasse 30 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Juliane Schuphan
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Christina Dickmeis
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Eva Miriam Buhl
- Electron Microscopy Facility Institute of Pathology RWTH Aachen University Hospital Pauwelsstrasse 30 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Horst Fischer
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research RWTH Aachen University Hospital Pauwelsstrasse 30 52074 Aachen Germany
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Dickmeis C, Kauth L, Commandeur U. From infection to healing: The use of plant viruses in bioactive hydrogels. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 13:e1662. [PMID: 32677315 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses show great diversity in shape and size, but each species forms unique nucleoprotein particles that are symmetrical and monodisperse. The genetically programed structure of plant viruses allows them to be modified by genetic engineering, bioconjugation, or encapsulation to form virus nanoparticles (VNPs) that are suitable for a broad range of applications. Plant VNPs can be used to present foreign proteins or epitopes, to construct inorganic hybrid materials, or to carry molecular cargos, allowing their utilization as imaging reagents, immunomodulators, therapeutics, nanoreactors, and biosensors. The medical applications of plant viruses benefit from their inability to infect and replicate in human cells. The structural properties of plant viruses also make them useful as components of hydrogels for tissue engineering. Hydrogels are three-dimensional networks composed of hydrophilic polymers that can absorb large amounts of water. They are used as supports for tissue regeneration, as reservoirs for controlled drug release, and are found in contact lenses, many wound healing materials, and hygiene products. They are also useful in ecological applications such as wastewater treatment. Hydrogel-based matrices are structurally similar to the native extracellular matrix (ECM) and provide a scaffold for the attachment of cells. To fully replicate the functions of the ECM it is necessary to augment hydrogels with biological cues that regulate cellular interactions. This can be achieved by incorporating functionalized VNPs displaying ligands that influence the mechanical characteristics of hydrogels and their biological properties, promoting the survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of embedded cells. This article is categorized under: Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dickmeis
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Louisa Kauth
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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