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Liu W, Huang W, Song N, Wu Y, Zhao X, Chen K. Effect of stoichiometry on chemical structure, dielectric and mechanical properties of epoxy resin under gamma irradiation. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Ogawa H, Aoki M, Ono S, Watanabe Y, Yamamoto S, Tanaka K, Takenaka M. Spatial Distribution of the Network Structure in Epoxy Resin via the MAXS-CT Method. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11432-11439. [PMID: 36082480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We have succeeded in visualizing the spatial heterogeneity of the reaction ratio in epoxy resins by combining medium-angle X-ray scattering (MAXS) and computed tomography (CT). The reaction ratio is proportional to the degree of cross-linking between epoxy and amine in epoxy resins. The reaction ratio and its spatial inhomogeneity affect the toughness of epoxy resins. However, there has been no non-destructive method to measure the spatial inhomogeneity of the reaction ratio, although we can measure only the spatially averaged reaction ratio by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). We found that the scattering peak reflected the cross-linking structures in the q region of MAXS and that the peak intensity is proportional to the reaction ratio. By reconstructing CT images from this peak intensity, we visualized the spatial heterogeneity of the reaction ratio. The application of this method may not be limited to epoxy resins but may extend to studying the heterogeneity of cross-linked structures in other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ogawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Riken SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Mika Aoki
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ono
- School of Computing, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuki Watanabe
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Riken SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamamoto
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Riken SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mikihito Takenaka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Riken SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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3
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Morsch S, Lyon SB, Gibbon S, Irwin M. Internal topology and water transport in tetrafunctional epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Morsch
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Stuart B. Lyon
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Simon Gibbon
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK
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4
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The synergistic effect of irregular alumina and round plates boron nitride
binary‐particle
system on the thermal conductivity of epoxy composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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5
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Morsch S, Wand CR, Emad S, Lyon S, Siperstein F, Malanin M, Muche J, Caspari A, Drechsler A, Eichhorn KJ, Gibbon S. Molecular origins of Epoxy-Amine/Iron oxide interphase formation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 613:415-425. [PMID: 35042039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Interphase properties in composites, adhesives and protective coatings can be predicted on the basis of interfacial interactions between polymeric precursor molecules and the inorganic surface during network formation. The strength of molecular interactions is expected to determine local segmental mobility (polymer glass transition temperature, Tg) and cure degree. EXPERIMENTS Conventional analysis techniques and atomic force microscopy coupled with infrared (AFM-IR) are applied to nanocomposite specimens to precisely characterise the epoxy-amine/iron oxide interphase, whilst molecular dynamics simulations are applied to identify the molecular interactions underpinning its formation. FINDINGS Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and high-resolution AFM-IR mapping confirm the presence of nanoscale under-cured interphase regions. Interfacial segregation of the molecular triethylenetetraamine (TETA) cross-linker results in an excess of epoxy functionality near synthetic hematite, (Fe2O3) magnetite (Fe3O4) and goethite (Fe(O)OH) particle surfaces. This occurs independently of the variable surface binding energies, as a result of entropic segregation during the cure. Thermal analysis and molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that restricted segmental motion is imparted by strong interfacial binding between surface Fe sites in goethite, where the position of surface hydroxyl protons enables synergistic hydrogen bonding and electrostatic binding to Fe atoms at specific sites. This provides a strong driving force for molecular orientation resulting in significantly raised Tg values for the goethite composite samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Morsch
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Charlie R Wand
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Seyedgholamreza Emad
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Stuart Lyon
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Flor Siperstein
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mikhail Malanin
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia Muche
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Caspari
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Astrid Drechsler
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus-Jochen Eichhorn
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Simon Gibbon
- AkzoNobel, Stoneygate Lane, Felling, Gateshead NE10 0JY, UK
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Roy Choudhury S, Houston KR, Mason D, Dingemans TJ. Acid‐ and base‐catalyzed
epoxy‐phenol
thermosets from catechol, resorcinol and hydroquinone: A
structure–property
study. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Roy Choudhury
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | | | - Dawn Mason
- Eastman Chemical Company 200 S Wilcox Dr. Kingsport USA
| | - Theo J. Dingemans
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
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7
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Wu M, Zhai M, Li X. Adsorptive removal of oil drops from ASP flooding-produced water by polyether polysiloxane-grafted ZIF-8. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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Morsch S, Lyon S, Edmondson S, Gibbon S. Reflectance in AFM-IR: Implications for Interpretation and Remote Analysis of the Buried Interface. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8117-8124. [PMID: 32412736 PMCID: PMC7467426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AFM-IR combines the chemical sensitivity of infrared spectroscopy with the lateral resolution of scanning probe microscopy, allowing nanoscale chemical analysis of almost any organic material under ambient conditions. As a result, this versatile technique is rapidly gaining popularity among materials scientists. Here, we report a previously overlooked source of data and artifacts in AFM-IR analysis; reflection from the buried interface. Periodic arrays of gold on glass are used to show that the overall signal in AFM-IR is affected by the wavelength-dependent reflectivity and thermal response of the underlying substrate. Excitingly, this demonstrates that remote analysis of heterogeneities at the buried interface is possible alongside that of an overlying organic film. On the other hand, AFM-IR users should carefully consider the composition and topography of underlying substrates when interpreting nanoscale infrared data. The common practice of generating ratio images, or indeed the normalization of AFM-IR spectra, should be approached with caution in the presence of substrate heterogeneity or variable sample thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Morsch
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Lyon
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Edmondson
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gibbon
- AkzoNobel, Stoneygate Lane, Felling, Gateshead, Tyne and Wear NE10 0JY, United Kingdom
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Morsch S, Liu Y, Lyon S, Gibbon S, Gabriele B, Malanin M, Eichhorn KJ. Examining the early stages of thermal oxidative degradation in epoxy-amine resins. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Determination of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol by in-situ assembly of SBA-15 with multi-hydroxyl carbon dots. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1098:170-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Synthesis and characterization of isophorondiamine-based oligoamides: catalytic effect of amides during the curing of epoxy resins. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The aminolysis products of PET could be applied in several fields. The purpose of this study was to explore their use as a dual-purpose component as cross-linkers and catalysts in epoxy curing. PET aminolysis was carried out with 1:1.5 and 1:2 PET/amine ratios to produce amides with different molecular weights. The reaction products were characterized with functional group analysis, NMR, FTIR, MALDI-TOF, and solution viscosimetry. The terephthalamides were dissolved in isophorondiamine and used as cross-linkers. Reaction kinetics studies with DSC, viscosimetry, and quantum chemical computational methods were used to characterize their accelerative effects. Our studies have shown that terephthalamides are active catalyst and their efficiency can be tuned with their molecular weight. The quantum chemical simulations suggested that the terephthalamides are in the same order of magnitude in effectiveness as phenolic accelerators. Consequently, terephthalamides are valued materials that can serve as double-purpose components in epoxy curing.
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12
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Li H, Chen G, Su H, Li D, Sun L, Yang J. Effect of the stoichiometric ratio on the crosslinked network structure and cryogenic properties of epoxy resins cured at low temperature. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Unthank MG, Cameron C, Wright A, Hughes D, Alam MA, Probert MR. Amino-diol borate complexation for controlling transport phenomena of penetrant molecules into polymeric matrices. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00780f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A new type of epoxy-amine-borate (EAB) hybrid material is reported for control of penetrant solvent molecules into cross-linked polymer networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Unthank
- Department of Applied Sciences
- Northumbria University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael R. Probert
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- Bedson Building
- Newcastle University
- UK
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Belianinov A, Ievlev AV, Lorenz M, Borodinov N, Doughty B, Kalinin SV, Fernández FM, Ovchinnikova OS. Correlated Materials Characterization via Multimodal Chemical and Functional Imaging. ACS NANO 2018; 12:11798-11818. [PMID: 30422627 PMCID: PMC9850281 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal chemical imaging simultaneously offers high-resolution chemical and physical information with nanoscale and, in select cases, atomic resolution. By coupling modalities that collect physical and chemical information, we can address scientific problems in biological systems, battery and fuel cell research, catalysis, pharmaceuticals, photovoltaics, medicine, and many others. The combined systems enable the local correlation of material properties with chemical makeup, making fundamental questions of how chemistry and structure drive functionality approachable. In this Review, we present recent progress and offer a perspective for chemical imaging used to characterize a variety of samples by a number of platforms. Specifically, we present cases of infrared and Raman spectroscopies combined with scanning probe microscopy; optical microscopy and mass spectrometry; nonlinear optical microscopy; and, finally, ion, electron, and probe microscopies with mass spectrometry. We also discuss the challenges associated with the use of data originated by the combinatorial hardware, analysis, and machine learning as well as processing tools necessary for the interpretation of multidimensional data acquired from multimodal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Belianinov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Anton V. Ievlev
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Matthias Lorenz
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Nikolay Borodinov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Benjamin Doughty
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Sergei V. Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Facundo M. Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology and Petit Institute for Biochemistry and Bioscience, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Olga S. Ovchinnikova
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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15
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Mallakpour S, Hatami M. Green and eco-friendly route for the synthesis of Ag@Vitamin B9-LDH hybrid and its chitosan nanocomposites: Characterization and antibacterial activity. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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