1
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Lin X, Gu Q, Li J, Zhu J. Zinc-Mediated Living Cationic Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1692-1697. [PMID: 38038281 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present a facile and robust method for living cationic polymerization using zinc wire as a catalyst precursor. Well-defined poly(vinyl ether)s with various molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions (Đ < 1.10) can be achieved at room temperature. Excellent living characteristics were observed in kinetic and chain extension experiments. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the polymerization was catalyzed by the in situ generation of trace zinc ions, which is the key to polymerization under mild conditions. The utilization of zinc wire offers several advantages, including reusability, easy separation and low metal residue. Furthermore, we extended the application of this method in continuous flow polymerization, opening up a promising avenue for scalable and efficient industrial production under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lin
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qianxi Gu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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2
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Nifant’ev IE, Korchagina SA, Chinova MS, Tavtorkin AN. Polyisobutylenes with Controlled Molecular Weight and Chain-End Structure: Synthesis and Actual Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3415. [PMID: 37631472 PMCID: PMC10460079 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymerization of isobutylene allows us to obtain a wide spectrum of polyisobutylenes (PIBs) which differ in their molecular weight characteristics and the chemical structure of chain-end groups. The bulk of the PIBs manufactured worldwide are highly reactive polyisobutylenes (HRPIBs) with -C(Me)=CH2 end-groups and low-molecular weights (Mn < 5 kDa). HRPIBs are feedstocks that are in high demand in the manufacturing of additives for fuels and oils, adhesives, detergents, and other fine chemicals. In addition, HRPIBs and CMe2Cl-terminated PIBs are intensively studied with the aim of finding biomedical applications and for the purpose of developing new materials. Both chain control (molecular weight and dispersity) and chemoselectivity (formation of exo-olefinic or -CMe2Cl groups) should be achieved during polymerization. This review highlights the fundamental issues in the mechanisms of isobutylene polymerization and PIB analysis, examines actual catalytic approaches to PIBs, and describes recent studies on the functionalization and applications of HRPIBs and halogen-terminated PIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E. Nifant’ev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.K.); (M.S.C.); (A.N.T.)
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3
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Agner T, Zimermann A, Machado F, Neto BAD, de Araújo PHH, Sayer C. Polymerization of
N
‐Butyl Vinyl Ether Catalyzed by Iron‐Containing Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquid. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.202300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Agner
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis SC 88040‑900 Brazil
| | - Amadeo Zimermann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis SC 88040‑900 Brazil
| | - Fabricio Machado
- Chemistry Institute University of Brasília Brasília DF 70910‑900 Brazil
| | - Brenno A. D. Neto
- Chemistry Institute University of Brasília Brasília DF 70910‑900 Brazil
| | - Pedro H. H. de Araújo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis SC 88040‑900 Brazil
| | - Claudia Sayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis SC 88040‑900 Brazil
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4
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Lewis SP, Damodaran K. Highly
exo
‐olefinic polyisobutene synthesized using a recyclable acid. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stewart P. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry Pyramid Polymers LLC Zanesville Ohio USA
| | - Krishnan Damodaran
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
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5
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Melchiors MS, Vieira TY, Pereira LPS, Feuser PE, Ferrão V, Machado F, Carciofi BAM, de Araújo PHH, de Oliveira D, Sayer C. Copolymerization of limonene oxide and cyclic anhydrides catalyzed by ionic liquid BMI·Fe2Cl7, nanoparticles preparation, crosslinking, and cytotoxicity studies. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03152-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Bohdan M, Shiman DI, Nikishau PA, Vasilenko IV, Kostjuk SV. Quasiliving carbocationic polymerization of isobutylene using FeCl 3 as an efficient and water-tolerant Lewis acid: synthesis of well-defined telechelic polyisobutylenes. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01106a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A cost-efficient approach for the preparation of well-defined low molecular weight difunctional polyisobutulenes possessing an exo-olefin or hydroxyl group was developed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikalai Bohdan
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya St. 14, 220006, Minsk, Belarus
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya St. 14, 220006, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Dmitriy I. Shiman
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya St. 14, 220006, Minsk, Belarus
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya St. 14, 220006, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Pavel A. Nikishau
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya St. 14, 220006, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Irina V. Vasilenko
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya St. 14, 220006, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sergei V. Kostjuk
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya St. 14, 220006, Minsk, Belarus
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya St. 14, 220006, Minsk, Belarus
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7
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Kumar D, Mohammad SA, Alam MM, Banerjee S. Ultrafast and green ionic liquid-mediated controlled cationic polymerization towards amphiphilic diblock copolymers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01286j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
IL-mediated ultrafast ambient temperature living cationic polymerization of styrene (St), yielding well-defined PSt and polystyrene-b-poly(isobutyl vinyl ether) diblock copolymers with acceptable dispersity values (Đ ≤ 1.21) is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Raipur 492015, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sk Arif Mohammad
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Raipur 492015, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Md. Mehboob Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Raipur 492015, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sanjib Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Raipur 492015, Chhattisgarh, India
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8
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Li X, Li Y, Sun Y, Meng L, Zeng Y. BF 3 -Catalyzed Mukaiyama aldol reaction of acetaldehyde with 2-siloxy-1-propene. J Comput Chem 2021; 43:402-412. [PMID: 34931704 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Mukaiyama aldol reaction is a powerful tool for the construction of the carbon-carbon bond and the formation of β-hydroxycarbonyl compounds. In this work, the mechanism of acetaldehyde and 2-siloxy-1-propene both in the absence and presence of the catalyst BF3 was investigated based on density functional theory. The mechanism includes two major steps: the formation of the carbon-carbon bond and the removal of SiH3 /BF2 by water. The energy barrier of the carbon-carbon bond formation process in the presence of BF3 is obviously lower, indicating that BF3 is a good catalyst for this reaction. In terms of molecular configuration, the different tensions between the five-membered-ring and six-membered-ring can be considered as the possible reason for the catalytic effect of BF3 . In terms of charge transfer, the charges of natural population analysis in the carbon atom of the carbonyl group in acetaldehyde becomes more positive, which is easier to attack by nucleophiles and promote the nucleophilic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lingpeng Meng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanli Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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9
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Durga G, Kalra P, Kumar Verma V, Wangdi K, Mishra A. Ionic liquids: From a solvent for polymeric reactions to the monomers for poly(ionic liquids). J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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10
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Abstract
Polyisobutylenes (PIB) constitute a versatile family of polymer materials that have been used mainly as fuel and lubricant additives. Particularly, the current commercial demand for highly reactive polyisobutylene (HR-PIB) products motivates the development of new processes and procedures to produce PIBs with high polymer yields, narrow molar mass distributions and high vinyl contents. For this reason, a bibliometric survey is presented here to map and discuss important technical aspects and technological trends in the field of solution cationic polymerization of isobutylenes. It is shown that investigations in this field are concentrated mainly on developed countries and that industrial initiatives indicate high commercial interest and significant investments in the field. It is also shown that use of catalyst systems based on AlCl3 and ether cocatalysts can be very beneficial for PIB and HR-PIB manufacture. Finally, it is shown that investigations search for cheaper and environmentally friendly catalysts and solvents that can be employed at moderate temperatures, particularly for the production of HR-PIB.
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Vasilenko IV, Kostjuk SV. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for the synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene: discovery, development and perspectives. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2021.1956332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Vasilenko
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sergei V. Kostjuk
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Berezianko IA, Nikishau PA, Vasilenko IV, Kostjuk SV. Liquid coordination complexes as a new class of catalysts for the synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Dutra GVS, Silvério Neto W, Araújo PHHD, Sayer C, Silveira Neto BAD, Machado F. Cationic polymerization of styrene using iron-containing ionic liquid catalysts in an aqueous dispersed medium. POLIMEROS 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.04620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Dutra GVS, Teixeira TS, Medeiros GA, Abdelnur PV, Hermes de Araújo PH, Sayer C, Neto BAD, Machado F. On the Role of Metal-Containing Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid Catalysts in the Formation of Tailored Polystyrene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel V. S. Dutra
- Laboratory of Chemical Processes Development, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, 70904-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Tallyta S. Teixeira
- Embrapa Agroenergy, Biological Station Park, PqEB s/n Av. W3 North, 70770-901 Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Gisele A. Medeiros
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, 70904-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Patrícia V. Abdelnur
- Embrapa Agroenergy, Biological Station Park, PqEB s/n Av. W3 North, 70770-901 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Pedro H. Hermes de Araújo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Laboratory of Process Control, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Claudia Sayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Laboratory of Process Control, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Brenno A. D. Neto
- Laboratory of Chemical Processes Development, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, 70904-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, 70904-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Machado
- Laboratory of Chemical Processes Development, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, 70904-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil
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15
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Rajasekhar T, Singh G, Kapur GS, Ramakumar SSV. Recent advances in catalytic chain transfer polymerization of isobutylene: a review. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18180-18191. [PMID: 35517218 PMCID: PMC9053765 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01945c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents the development of highly reactive polyisobutylene (HRPIB), a major commercial intermediate toward fuel and lubricant additives. Recent years have witnessed very substantial advances in the catalytic chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) of isobutylene/industrial Raffinate-1 (C4 Raffinate) to produce HRPIB, particularly in nonpolar solvents at elevated temperatures. The main subjects of this review are cationic polymerization of isobutylene, progress in HRPIB research and existing challenges, and recent advances of CCTP. New initiating/catalyst systems based on ionic liquids with Lewis acids are detailed, and this approach may open new views in the synthesis of HRPIB. Some current developments in CCTP of industrial Raffinate-1 and mechanistic studies are also described. This review strongly supports that the hydrocarbon soluble Lewis acid·ether (LA·ether) complex catalyzed CCTP will become the most popular technique for preparing HRPIB and could replace the traditional BF3 catalyzed industrial method. This review presents the development of highly reactive polyisobutylene (HRPIB), a major commercial intermediate toward fuel and lubricant additives.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tota Rajasekhar
- R&D Center, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Sector-13 Faridabad-121007 Haryana India
| | - Gurmeet Singh
- R&D Center, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Sector-13 Faridabad-121007 Haryana India
| | - Gurpreet Singh Kapur
- R&D Center, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Sector-13 Faridabad-121007 Haryana India
| | - S S V Ramakumar
- R&D Center, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Sector-13 Faridabad-121007 Haryana India
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16
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Cationic polymerization of isobutylene co-initiated by chloroferrate imidazole-based ionic liquid: The advantageous effect of initiator and aromatic compounds. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Cationic Polymerization of Isobutylene and C4 Mixed Feed Using Complexes of Lewis Acids with Ethers: A Comparative Study. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-019-2290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Li X, Wu Y, Zhang J, Li S, Zhang M, Yang D, Wang H, Shang Y, Guo W, Yan P. Synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylenes viacationic polymerization in ionic liquids: characteristics and mechanism. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01141a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cationic polymerization of isobutylene (IB) was systematically studied in a 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim][PF6]) ionic liquid at −10 °C.
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Shiman DI, Vasilenko IV, Kostjuk SV. Alkoxy aluminum chlorides in the cationic polymerization of isobutylene: a co-initiator, carbocation stabilizer and chain-transfer agent. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01317b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alkoxy aluminum chlorides are efficient catalysts for the preparation of well-defined exo-olefin terminated PIBs of low (Mn ∼ 1000 g mol−1) to medium (Mn up to 50 000 g mol−1) molecular weight under mild experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy I. Shiman
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University
- Minsk
- Belarus
| | - Irina V. Vasilenko
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University
- Minsk
- Belarus
| | - Sergei V. Kostjuk
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University
- Minsk
- Belarus
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine
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