1
|
Zhang Y, Wang M, Zhang D, Wang Y, Wang L, Qiu Y, Wang L, Chen T, Zhao L. Crystallization and Performance of Polyamide Blends Comprising Polyamide 4, Polyamide 6, and Their Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3399. [PMID: 37631455 PMCID: PMC10459628 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamide 4 (PA4) is a biobased and biodegradable polyamide. The high hydrogen bond density of PA4 bestows it with a high melting point that is close to its thermal decomposition temperature, thereby limiting the melt processing of PA4. In this study, PA4 was blended with polyamide 6 (PA6) and further modified with copolyamide 4/6 (R46). The effects of composition on the crystallization behavior of the blends were studied. The results demonstrated that the binary PA4/PA6 (B46) and ternary PA4/PA6/R46 (B46/R46) blends formed two crystalline phases (PA4- and PA6-rich phases) through crystallization-induced phase separation. With increasing PA6 content, the thermal stability and crystallinity of the B46 blend increased and decreased, respectively, and the contribution of PA6 toward the crystallization of the PA4-rich phase diminished. Molecular dynamics simulations showed the molecular chain orientation of the B46 blends well. The melting points, crystallinities, and grain sizes of the B46/R46 blends were lower than those of the B46 blends. The crystallization of the PA4-rich phase was restrained by the dilution effect of molten-state PA6, and the nucleation and crystallization of the PA6-rich phase were promoted by the presence of crystallized PA4. The B46 blends with 30-40 wt% PA6 had the best mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mingda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yongjun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology (SCICBT), Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liquan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
| | - Liming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology (SCICBT), Shanghai 200237, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Influence of Small Amounts of ABS and ABS-MA on PA6 Properties: Evaluation of Torque Rheometry, Mechanical, Thermomechanical, Thermal, Morphological, and Water Absorption Kinetics Characteristics. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072502. [PMID: 35407835 PMCID: PMC8999899 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, polyamide 6 (PA6) properties were tailored and improved using a maleic anhydride-grafted acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS-MA). The PA6/ABS-MA blends were prepared using a co-rotational twin-screw extruder. Subsequently, the extruded pellets were injection-molded. Blends were characterized by torque rheometry, the Molau test, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), impact strength, tensile strength, Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetry (TG), Contact Angle, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and water absorption experiments. The most significant balance of properties, within the analyzed content range (5, 7.5, and 10 wt.%), was obtained for the PA6/ABS-MA (10%) blend, indicating that even low concentrations of ABS-MA can improve the properties of PA6. Significant increases in impact strength and elongation at break have been achieved compared with PA6. The elastic modulus, tensile strength, HDT, and thermal stability properties of the PA6/ABS-MA blends remained at high levels, indicating that maleic anhydride interacted with amine end-groups of PA6. Torque rheometry, the Molau test, and SEM analysis suggested interactions in the PA6/ABS-MA system, confirming the high properties obtained. Additionally, there was a decrease in water absorption and the diffusion coefficient of the PA6/ABS-MA blends, corroborating the contact angle analysis.
Collapse
|
3
|
Oliveira AD, Castro LDC, Gonçalves Beatrice CA, Almeida Lucas A, Pessan LA. Effect of nonmodified and organically modified montmorillonite incorporation on polyamide 6/acrylonitrile‐ethylene‐propylene‐diene‐styrene/methyl methacrylate‐co‐maleic anhydride system. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cesar Augusto Gonçalves Beatrice
- Department of Materials Engineering Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos São Carlos Brazil
| | - Alessandra Almeida Lucas
- Department of Materials Engineering Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos São Carlos Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Pessan
- Department of Materials Engineering Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos São Carlos Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Safari M, Otaegi I, Aramburu N, Wang Y, Liu G, Dong X, Wang D, Guerrica-Echevarria G, Müller AJ. Composition dependent miscibility in the crystalline state of polyamide 6 /polyamide 4,10 blends: From single to double crystalline blends. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
5
|
Taskin MB, Ahmad T, Wistlich L, Meinel L, Schmitz M, Rossi A, Groll J. Bioactive Electrospun Fibers: Fabrication Strategies and a Critical Review of Surface-Sensitive Characterization and Quantification. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11194-11237. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Berat Taskin
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Taufiq Ahmad
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laura Wistlich
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry and Helmholtz Institute for RNA Based Infection Research, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitz
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Angela Rossi
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Modification of Surface Hydrophobicity of PLA/PE and ABS/PE Polymer Blends by ICP Etching and CF x Coating. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13235578. [PMID: 33297468 PMCID: PMC7729899 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The flow regime inside the channel of 3D printed microreactors is defined by the surface properties of the channel walls. Polylactide (PLA) and acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) are two polymers that are the most common in additive manufacturing using fused filament fabrication, commonly known as “3D printing”. With the aim of developing new materials for the 3D printing of microreactors whose channel surface hydrophobicity could be modified, PLA and ABS were blended with cheaper and widely used polymers-high-density polyethylene (PE-HD) and low-density polyethylene (PE-LD). Polymer blend surfaces were treated with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and coated by fluorocarbon-based material (CFx) plasma deposition treatment in order to modify surface hydrophobicity. It has been shown that the modification of surface morphology of PLA polymer blends can be achieved by ICP etching and CFx coating, while this was not possible for ABS polymer blends under the conducted treatment conditions. The treated surface of PLA/PE-HD 90/10 showed a contact angle of 121.6° which is 36° higher than the contact angle measured on the untreated surface. Surfaces that have achieved contact angles higher than 120° have an “island like” surface morphology. Samples with higher “islands” showed higher contact angles, that confirmed that the hydrophobicity also depends on the height of the “islands”. Furthermore, it has been found that etching time significantly impacts the contact angle values and surface morphology of the PLA polymer blends, while the CFx coating time does not have significant impact on the surface properties.
Collapse
|
7
|
Dong J, Liu J, Li X, Liang Q, Xu X. Relationship between the Young's Modulus and the Crystallinity of Cross-Linked Poly(ε-caprolactone) as an Immobilization Membrane for Cancer Radiotherapy. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2020; 4:2000008. [PMID: 32782823 PMCID: PMC7408052 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death in the world. In cancer radiotherapy, immobilization membranes composed of cross-linked poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) are utilized for patient positioning. A higher-dimensional stability of the membrane is urgently required to facilitate more accurate radiation dose delivery. It is extremely important to establish the relationship between the degree of crystallinity and the Young's modulus (E) because it determines the mechanical properties and can be modulated by crystallinity. When two components of the membrane with different strains are in contact, a gradient region adjacent to the interface is formed and confirmed by attenuated total reflection infrared microscopy. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy are used to scan the same area in the gradient region (14 µm × 14 µm) to characterize E and crystallinity (X Raman), respectively. This co-localized method ensures the accuracy of the relationship. Finally, 1764 AFM measurement data are processed and 49 pairs of E-X Raman data are obtained. The regression curve shows that E monotonically increases with X Raman. The nonlinearity of the curve may be attributed to the α-relaxation and cross-linking of PCL chains. The chemical structure of this material significantly impacts the mechanical properties, thus requiring future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- Department of Radiation OncologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510630P. R. China
| | - Jinchao Liu
- Analytical and Testing CenterSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of OncologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510630P. R. China
| | - Qingyou Liang
- Analytical and Testing CenterSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Xiangying Xu
- Department of Radiation OncologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510630P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|