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Paleari L, Bragaglia M, Fabbrocino F, Luciano R, Nanni F. Self-Monitoring Performance of 3D-Printed Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone Carbon Nanotube Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010008. [PMID: 36616358 PMCID: PMC9823479 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) carbon-nanotube (CNT) self-monitoring composites at different levels of filler loading (i.e., 3, 5 and 10% by weight) have been extruded as 3D-printable filaments, showing gauge factor values of 14.5, 3.36 and 1.99, respectively. CNT composite filaments of 3 and 5 wt% were 3D-printed into tensile samples, while the PEEK 10CNT filament was found to be barely printable. The 3D-printed PEEK 3CNT and PEEK 5CNT composites presented piezo-resistive behavior, with an increase in electrical resistance under mechanical stress, and showed an average gauge factor of 4.46 and 2.03, respectively. Mechanical tests highlighted that 3D-printed samples have a laminate-like behavior, presenting ultimate tensile strength that is always higher than 60 MPa, hence they offer the possibility to detect damages in an orthogonal direction to the applied load wit high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Paleari
- Department of Enterprise Engineering Mario Lucertini, University of Rome Tor Vergata, and INSTM Research Unit Roma Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Bragaglia
- Department of Enterprise Engineering Mario Lucertini, University of Rome Tor Vergata, and INSTM Research Unit Roma Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (F.N.); Tel.: +39-06-72594273 (M.B.); +39-06-72594496 (F.N.)
| | | | - Raimondo Luciano
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples Partenope, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Nanni
- Department of Enterprise Engineering Mario Lucertini, University of Rome Tor Vergata, and INSTM Research Unit Roma Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (F.N.); Tel.: +39-06-72594273 (M.B.); +39-06-72594496 (F.N.)
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Ge S, Samanta S, Li B, Carden GP, Cao PF, Sokolov AP. Unravelling the Mechanism of Viscoelasticity in Polymers with Phase-Separated Dynamic Bonds. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4746-4755. [PMID: 35234439 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of dynamic (reversible) bonds within polymer structure enables properties such as self-healing, shape transformation, and recyclability. These dynamic bonds, sometimes refer as stickers, can form clusters by phase-segregation from the polymer matrix. These systems can exhibit interesting viscoelastic properties with an unusually high and extremely long rubbery plateau. Understanding how viscoelastic properties of these materials are controlled by the hierarchical structure is crucial for engineering of recyclable materials for various future applications. Here we studied such systems made from short telechelic polydimethylsiloxane chains by employing a broad range of experimental techniques. We demonstrate that formation of a percolated network of interfacial layers surrounding clusters enhances mechanical modulus in these phase-separated systems, whereas single chain hopping between the clusters results in macroscopic flow. On the basis of the results, we formulated a general scenario describing viscoelastic properties of phase-separated dynamic polymers, which will foster development of recyclable materials with tunable rheological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Ge
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Subarna Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Bingrui Li
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - G Peyton Carden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Peng-Fei Cao
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Alexei P Sokolov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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Rogerio CB, Carvalho Abrantes D, de Oliveira JL, Ribeiro de Araújo D, Germano da Costa T, de Lima R, Fernandes Fraceto L. Cellulose Hydrogels Containing Geraniol and Icaridin Encapsulated in Zein Nanoparticles for Arbovirus Control. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:1273-1283. [PMID: 35167254 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The most important arboviruses are those that cause dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika, for which the main vector is the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The use of repellents is an important way to combat mosquito-borne pathogens. In this work, a safe method of protection employing a repellent was developed based on a slow release system composed of zein nanoparticles containing the active agents icaridin and geraniol incorporated in a cellulose gel matrix. Analyses were performed to characterize the nanoparticles and the gel formulation. The nanoparticles containing the repellents presented a hydrodynamic diameter of 229 ± 9 nm, polydispersity index of 0.38 ± 0.10, and zeta potential of +29.4 ± 0.8 mV. The efficiencies of encapsulation in the zein nanoparticles exceeded 85% for icaridin and 98% for geraniol. Rheological characterization of the gels containing nanoparticles and repellents showed that the viscoelastic characteristic of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose gel was preserved. Release tests demonstrated that the use of nanoparticles in combination with the gel matrix led to improved performance of the formulations. Atomic force microscopy analyses enabled visualization of the gel network containing the nanoparticles. Cytotoxicity assays using 3T3 and HaCaT cell cultures showed low toxicity profiles for the active agents and the nanoparticles. The results demonstrated the potential of these repellent systems to provide prolonged protection while decreasing toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina B Rogerio
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Três de Março 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180, Brazil
| | - Daniele Carvalho Abrantes
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Três de Março 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180, Brazil
| | - Jhones L de Oliveira
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | | | - Tais Germano da Costa
- Laboratory of Bioactivity Assessment and Toxicology of Nanomaterials, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18023-000, Brazil
| | - Renata de Lima
- Laboratory of Bioactivity Assessment and Toxicology of Nanomaterials, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18023-000, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Três de Março 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180, Brazil
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Rheological Properties of MWCNT-Doped Titanium-Oxo-Alkoxide Gel Materials for Fiber Drawing. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15031186. [PMID: 35161129 PMCID: PMC8838049 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A strategy of doping by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) to enhance mechanical strength and the electrical conductivity of ceramic fibers has nowadays attracted a great deal of attention for a wide variety of industrial applications. This study focuses on the effect of MWCNTs on rheological properties of metal alkoxide precursors used for the preparation of nanoceramic metal oxide fibers. The rheological behavior of MWCNT-loaded titanium alkoxide sol precursors has been evaluated via an extensional rheometry method. A substantial decrease in elongational viscosity and relaxation time has been observed upon an introduction of MWCNTs even of low concentrations (less than 0.1 wt.%). A high quality MWCNT/nanoceramic TiO2 composite fibers drawn from the specified precursors has been validated. The MWCNT percolation, which is mandatory for electrical conductivity (50 S/m), has been achieved at 1 wt.% MWCNT doping.
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The Influence of Sonication Processing Conditions on Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Single and Hybrid Epoxy Nanocomposites Filled with Carbon Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234128. [PMID: 34883631 PMCID: PMC8659569 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) are used to enhance electrical and mechanical properties of epoxy-based nanocomposites. Despite the evidence of synergetic effects in the hybrid GNP-CNT-epoxy system, there is still a lack of studies that focus on the influence of different dispersion methods on the final properties of these ternary systems. In the present work, direct and indirect ultrasonication methods were used to prepare single- and hybrid-filled GNP-CNT-epoxy nanocomposites, varying the amplitude and time of sonication in order to investigate their effect on electrical and thermomechanical properties. Impedance spectroscopy was combined with rheology and electron microscopy to show that high-power direct sonication tends to degrade electrical conductivity in GNP-CNT-epoxy nanocomposites due to damage caused in the nanoparticles. CNT-filled samples were mostly benefitted by low-power direct sonication, achieving an electrical conductivity of 1.3 × 10−3 S·m−1 at 0.25 wt.% loading, while indirect sonication was not able to properly disperse the CNTs and led to a conductivity of 1.6 ± 1.3 × 10−5. Conversely, specimens filled with 2.5 wt. % of GNP and processed by indirect sonication displayed an electrical conductivity that is up to 4 orders of magnitude higher than when processed by direct sonication, achieving 5.6 × 10−7 S·m−1. The introduction of GNP flakes improved the dispersion state and conductivity in hybrid specimens processed by indirect sonication, but at the same time impaired these properties for high-power direct sonication. It is argued that this contradictory effect is caused by a selective localization of shorter CNTs onto GNPs due to strong π-π interactions when direct sonication is used. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the addition of nanofillers improved epoxy’s storage modulus by up to 84%, but this property is mostly insensitive to the different processing parameters. Decrease in crosslinking degree and presence of residual solvent confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, however, diminished the glass transition temperature of the nanocomposites by up to 40% when compared to the neat resin due to plasticization effects.
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Cullari LL, Masiach T, Peretz Damari S, Ligati S, Furó I, Regev O. Trapped and Alone: Clay-Assisted Aqueous Graphene Dispersions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:6879-6888. [PMID: 33525866 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dispersing graphene sheets in liquids, in particular water, could enhance the transport properties (like thermal conductivity) of the dispersion. Yet, such dispersions are difficult to achieve since graphene sheets are prone to aggregate and subsequently precipitate due to their strong van der Waals interactions. Conventional dispersion approaches, such as surface treatment of the sheets either by surfactant adsorption or by chemical modification, may prevent aggregation. Unfortunately, surfactant-assisted graphene dispersions are typically of low concentration (<0.2 wt %) with relatively small sheets (<1 μm lateral size) while chemical modification is punished by increased defect density within the sheets. We investigate here a new approach in which the concentration of dispersed graphene in water is enhanced by the addition of a fibrous clay mineral, sepiolite. As we demonstrate, the clay particles in water form a kinetically arrested particle network within which the graphene sheets are effectively trapped. This mechanism keeps graphene sheets of high lateral size (∼4 μm) dispersed at high concentrations (∼1 wt %). We demonstrate the application of such dispersions as cooling liquids for thermal management solutions, where a 26% enhancement in the thermal conductivity is achieved as compared to that in a filler-free fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Luciano Cullari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Tom Masiach
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Sivan Peretz Damari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Shani Ligati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - István Furó
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-1044, Sweden
| | - Oren Regev
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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Tai CH, Pan GT, Yu HY. Entropic Effects in Solvent-Free Bidisperse Polymer Brushes Investigated Using Density Functional Theories. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:16835-16849. [PMID: 31770491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solvent-free polymer-functionalized nanoparticles form a special type of colloid composed of inorganic cores self-suspended by their grafted coronas. In the absence of intervening solvent molecules, the fluidity of the system is provided by these tethered polymers as they fill the space. Here, we study the structure and interaction of neighboring polymer-grafted surfaces in the solvent-free condition using mean-field density functional theories. For opposing flat surfaces, the brush configuration and the associated energy landscape are semianalytically investigated given the incompressibility of the tethered entropic chains. The effect of brush polydispersity (including variations in both chain length and surface grafting density) is considered by two bidisperse models corresponding to different physical scenarios: one for opposing brushes uniformly mixed with two species at a fixed grafting density, and the other for opposing brushes with distinct chain lengths and grafting densities. The space-filling capabilities of the neighboring coronas differ not only by their ratio of radii of gyration for the composing polymers but also by their ratio of grafting densities. We show that the system energy depicts a steric repulsion as the brushes are compressed, which is typical for hairy particles in a solvent. However, as the interwall separation increases, the cooperative stretching of the chains leads to an entropic attraction between them, a unique characteristic of solventless systems. The corresponding brush profiles change from a bell-like shape to a more step-function-like feature as the interwall spacing increases significantly. The interwall separation associated with the overall free energy minimum therefore characterizes the favorable interparticle spacing for solvent-free polymer-functionalized particles. The limiting accessible parameter space of polymer sizes and grafting densities subjected to the space-filling constraint is comprehensively explored for representative interparticle spacing characterizing the compressed, relaxed, and stretched regimes for a given polymer species, respectively. Such information would be useful for guiding the design of experimental solvent-free polymer-functionalized nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Heng Tai
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ting Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Yu Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
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Chen S, Chen L, Wang Y, Wang C, Miao M, Zhang D. Load transfer of thiol-ended hyperbranched polymers to improve simultaneously strength and longation of CNTs/epoxy nanocomposites. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Li S, Tian H, Zhang B, Hu GH, Liu CY, Zhang L, Tian M. Nonlinear and linear viscoelastic behaviors of thermoplastic vulcanizates containing rubber nanoparticle agglomerates. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sánchez M, Uicich JF, Arenas GF, Rodríguez ES, Montemartini PE, Penoff ME. Chemical reactions affecting halloysite dispersion in epoxy nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sánchez
- National Interuniversity Council 871 Ecuador Street, C1214ACM Buenos Aires Argentina
- Structural Composite Group (CET)Materials Science and Technology Research Institute (INTEMA) –Technical and Scientific National Research Council (CONICET) and National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP) 7575 Solís Street, 7600 Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Julieta Fabienne Uicich
- Structural Composite Group (CET)Materials Science and Technology Research Institute (INTEMA) –Technical and Scientific National Research Council (CONICET) and National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP) 7575 Solís Street, 7600 Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Gustavo Francisco Arenas
- Laser Laboratory, Scientific and Technologic Research Institute in Electronics (ICyTE), Faculty of EngineeringNational University of Mar del Plata & CONICET 4302 Juan B. Justo Street, 7600 Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Exequiel Santos Rodríguez
- Structural Composite Group (CET)Materials Science and Technology Research Institute (INTEMA) –Technical and Scientific National Research Council (CONICET) and National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP) 7575 Solís Street, 7600 Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Pablo Ezequiel Montemartini
- Structural Composite Group (CET)Materials Science and Technology Research Institute (INTEMA) –Technical and Scientific National Research Council (CONICET) and National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP) 7575 Solís Street, 7600 Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Marcela Elisabeth Penoff
- Structural Composite Group (CET)Materials Science and Technology Research Institute (INTEMA) –Technical and Scientific National Research Council (CONICET) and National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP) 7575 Solís Street, 7600 Mar del Plata Argentina
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