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Tamur C, Li S, Zeng D. Artificial Neural Networks for Predicting Mechanical Properties of Crystalline Polyamide12 via Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4254. [PMID: 37959935 PMCID: PMC10647475 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting material properties of 3D printed polymer products is a challenge in additive manufacturing due to the highly localized and complex manufacturing process. The microstructure of such products is fundamentally different from the ones obtained by using conventional manufacturing methods, which makes the task even more difficult. As the first step of a systematic multiscale approach, in this work, we have developed an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the mechanical properties of the crystalline form of Polyamide12 (PA12) based on data collected from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Using the machine learning approach, we are able to predict the stress-strain relations of PA12 once the macroscale deformation gradient is provided as an input to the ANN. We have shown that this is an efficient and accurate approach, which can provide a three-dimensional molecular-level anisotropic stress-strain relation of PA12 for any macroscale mechanics model, such as finite element modeling at arbitrary quadrature points. This work lays the foundation for a multiscale finite element method for simulating semicrystalline polymers, which will be published as a separate study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Tamur
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 92740, USA;
| | - Shaofan Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 92740, USA;
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2
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Cobeña-Reyes J, Yang Q, Stober ST, Burns AB, Martini A. Probabilistic Approach to Low Strain Rate Atomistic Simulations of Ultimate Tensile Strength of Polymer Crystals. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:6326-6331. [PMID: 37642670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations of the tensile ultimate properties of polymer crystals require the use of empirical potentials that model bond dissociation. However, fully reactive potentials are computationally expensive such that reactive simulations cannot reach the low strain rates of typical experiments. Here, we present a hybrid approach that uses the simplicity of a classical, nonreactive potential, information from bond dissociation energy calculations, and a probabilistic expression that mimics bond breaking. The approach is demonstrated for poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) and, with one tunable parameter, the calculated tensile ultimate stress matches that obtained using a fully reactive simulation at high strain rates. Then, the hybrid simulations are run at much lower strain rates where the ultimate tensile stress is strain rate-independent and consistent with the expected experimental range.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cobeña-Reyes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Quanpeng Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Spencer T Stober
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Adam B Burns
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Ashlie Martini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
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3
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Zhang F, Yang R, Lu D. Investigation of Polymer Aging Mechanisms Using Molecular Simulations: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081928. [PMID: 37112075 PMCID: PMC10145009 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging has a serious impact on the properties of functional polymers. Therefore, it is necessary to study the aging mechanism to prolong the service and storage life of polymer-based devices and materials. Due to the limitations of traditional experimental methods, more and more studies have adopted molecular simulations to analyze the intrinsic mechanisms of aging. In this paper, recent advances in molecular simulations of the aging of polymers and their composites are reviewed. The characteristics and applications of commonly used simulation methods in the study of the aging mechanisms (traditional molecular dynamics simulation, quantum mechanics, and reactive molecular dynamics simulation) are outlined. The current simulation research progress of physical aging, aging under mechanical stress, thermal aging, hydrothermal aging, thermo-oxidative aging, electric aging, aging under high-energy particle impact, and radiation aging is introduced in detail. Finally, the current research status of the aging simulations of polymers and their composites is summarized, and the future development trend has been prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Diannan Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Geng X, Kong X, Geng S, Qu R, Wang J, Zhang Y, Sun C, Ji C. Conductive Aramid Fibers from Electroless Silver Plating of Crosslinked HPAMAM-Modified PPTA: Preparation and Properties. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:17014-17023. [PMID: 35647446 PMCID: PMC9134384 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conductive aramid (PPTA) fibers are highly needed for making flexible conductive materials, antistatic materials, and electromagnetic shielding materials. In this work, silver-plated conductive PPTA fibers with high conductivity and excellent mechanical properties were prepared by the electroless plating of PPTA fibers modified with crosslinked hyperbranched polyamide-amine (HPAMAM). The crosslinked HPAMAM creates a stable interface between the PPTA fibers and the silver plating. The morphology and physicochemical properties of the modified and the silver-plated fibers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Three epoxy crosslinking agents with different chain lengths were used to crosslink HPAMAM, and the effects of HPAMAM concentration, crosslinking agent dosage, and crosslinking time on the resistance of the fibers were studied. The long chain crosslinking agent appears to be beneficial to silver plating. The lowest resistance (0.067 Ω/cm) was attained when HPAMAM was modified by diethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (1:1 molar ratio), and 20 g/L HPAMAM was used to modify the PPTA fibers. The tensile strength of the original PPTA fibers decreased by only 3% or less after silver plating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Geng
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong
University, Yantai 264025, China
- Yantai
Research Institute for the Transformation of Old and New Kinetic Forces, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Xiangyu Kong
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong
University, Yantai 264025, China
- Yantai
Research Institute for the Transformation of Old and New Kinetic Forces, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Shengnan Geng
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong
University, Yantai 264025, China
- Yantai
Research Institute for the Transformation of Old and New Kinetic Forces, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Rongjun Qu
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong
University, Yantai 264025, China
- Yantai
Research Institute for the Transformation of Old and New Kinetic Forces, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Jiafei Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong
University, Yantai 264025, China
- Yantai
Research Institute for the Transformation of Old and New Kinetic Forces, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong
University, Yantai 264025, China
- Yantai
Research Institute for the Transformation of Old and New Kinetic Forces, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Changmei Sun
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong
University, Yantai 264025, China
- Yantai
Research Institute for the Transformation of Old and New Kinetic Forces, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Chunnuan Ji
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong
University, Yantai 264025, China
- Yantai
Research Institute for the Transformation of Old and New Kinetic Forces, Yantai 264025, China
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Rahmati M, Rajabzadeh S, Abdelrasoul A, Kawabata Y, Yoshioka T, Matsuyama H, Mohammadi T. Molecular dynamics simulation for investigating and assessing reaction conditions between carboxylated polyethersulfone and polyethyleneimine. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Rahmati
- Department of Chemical Engineering Graduate University of Advanced Technology Kerman Iran
| | - Saeid Rajabzadeh
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Kobe University Kobe Japan
| | - Amira Abdelrasoul
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Canada
| | - Yuki Kawabata
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Kobe University Kobe Japan
| | - Tomohisa Yoshioka
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Kobe University Kobe Japan
| | - Hideto Matsuyama
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Kobe University Kobe Japan
| | - Toraj Mohammadi
- Center of Excellence for Membrane Science and Technology, Department of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST) Tehran Iran
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Yilmaz DE, Woodward WH, van Duin ACT. Machine Learning-Assisted Hybrid ReaxFF Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:6705-6712. [PMID: 34644081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a machine learning (ML)-assisted Hybrid ReaxFF simulation method ("Hybrid/Reax"), which alternates reactive and non-reactive molecular dynamics simulations with the assistance of ML models to simulate phenomena that require longer time scales and/or larger systems than are typically accessible to ReaxFF. Hybrid/Reax uses a specialized tracking tool during the reactive simulations to further accelerate chemical reactions. Non-reactive simulations are used to equilibrate the system after the reactive simulation stage. ML models are used between reactive and non-reactive stages to predict non-reactive force field parameters of the system based on the updated bond topology. Hybrid/Reax simulation cycles can be continued until the desired chemical reactions are observed. As a case study, this method was used to study the cross-linking of a polyethylene (PE) matrix analogue (decane) with the cross-linking agent dicumyl peroxide (DCP). We were able to run relatively long simulations [>20 million molecular dynamics (MD) steps] on a small test system (4660 atoms) to simulate cross-linking reactions of PE in the presence of DCP. Starting with 80 PE molecules, more than half of them cross-linked by the end of the Hybrid/Reax cycles on a single Xeon processor in under 48 h. This simulation would take approximately 1 month if run with pure ReaxFF MD on the same machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dundar E Yilmaz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | | | - Adri C T van Duin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Fiorin G, DelloStritto MJ, Percec S, Klein ML. Shear response in crystalline models of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide). Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1948122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Fiorin
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science (ICMS) and Temple Materials Institute (TMI), Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark J. DelloStritto
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science (ICMS) and Temple Materials Institute (TMI), Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Simona Percec
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science (ICMS) and Temple Materials Institute (TMI), Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael L. Klein
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science (ICMS) and Temple Materials Institute (TMI), Philadelphia, PA, USA
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8
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Yang Q, Li W, Stober ST, Burns AB, Gopinadhan M, Martini A. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Stress–Strain Behavior of Polyamide Crystals. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quanpeng Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Wenjun Li
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Spencer T. Stober
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Adam B. Burns
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Manesh Gopinadhan
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Ashlie Martini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
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Dasgupta N, Yilmaz DE, van Duin A. Simulations of the Biodegradation of Citrate-Based Polymers for Artificial Scaffolds Using Accelerated Reactive Molecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5311-5322. [PMID: 32495628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the reactivity and mechanical properties of poly(1,6-hexanediol-co-citric acid) via ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations. We implement an accelerated scheme within the ReaxFF framework to study the hydrolysis reaction of the polymer which is provided with a sufficient amount of energy known as the restrain energy after a suitable pretransition-state configuration is obtained to overcome the activation energy barrier and the desired product is obtained. The validity of the ReaxFF force field is established by comparing the ReaxFF energy barriers of ester and ether hydrolysis with benchmark DFT values in the literature. We perform chemical and mechanical degradation of polymer chain bundles at 300 K. We find that ester hydrolyzes faster than ether because of the lower activation energy barrier of the reaction. The selectivity of the bond-boost scheme has been demonstrated by lowering the boost parameters of the accelerated simulation, which almost stops the ether hydrolysis. Mechanical degradation of prehydrolyzed and intermittent hydrolyzed polymer bundles is performed along the longitudinal direction at two different strain rates. We find that the tensile modulus of the polymers increases with increase in strain rates, which shows that polymers show a strain-dependent behavior. The tensile modulus of the polyester-ether is higher than polyester but reaches yield stress faster than polyester. This makes polyester more ductile than polyester-ether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabankur Dasgupta
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Dundar E Yilmaz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Adri van Duin
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Akbarian D, Hamedi H, Damirchi B, Yilmaz DE, Penrod K, Woodward WH, Moore J, Lanagan MT, van Duin AC. Atomistic-scale insights into the crosslinking of polyethylene induced by peroxides. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kowalik M, Ashraf C, Damirchi B, Akbarian D, Rajabpour S, van Duin ACT. Atomistic Scale Analysis of the Carbonization Process for C/H/O/N-Based Polymers with the ReaxFF Reactive Force Field. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:5357-5367. [PMID: 31145615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b04298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
During the carbonization process of raw polymer precursors, graphitic structures can evolve. The presence of these graphitic structures affects mechanical properties of the carbonized carbon fibers. To gain a better understanding of the chemistry behind the evolution of these structures, we performed atomistic-scale simulations using the ReaxFF reactive force field. Three different polymers were considered as a precursor: idealized ladder PAN (polyacrylonitrile), a proposed oxidized PAN, and poly( p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole). We determined the underlying molecular details of polymer conversion into a carbon fiber structure. Because these are C/H/O/N-based polymers, we first developed an improved force field for C/H/O/N chemistry based on the density functional theory data with a particular focus on N2 formation kinetics and its interactions with polymer-associated radicals formed during the carbonization process. Then, using this improved force field, we performed atomistic-scale simulations of the initial stage of the carbonization process for the considered polymers. On the basis of our simulation data, the molecular pathways for the formation of low-molecular-weight gas species and all-carbon ring formation were determined. We also examined the possible alignment of the developed all-carbon 6-membered ring clusters, which is crucial for the further graphitic structure evolution.
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