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Yang T, He S, Liu P, Yan J, Lu R, Xue Y. Chain heterogeneity of poly(lactic acid) and its influence on crystallization kinetics. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134101. [PMID: 39048000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Temperature rising elution fractionation (TREF) approach was used to separate a biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) resin into ten fractions and completely establish the relationship between chain microstructure and properties. The main fractions were mainly eluted at 100, 110, 114, and 118 °C, and their mass percentages were 7.98 wt%, 44.83 wt%, 19.64 wt%, and 11.90 wt%, respectively. Through the use of successive self-nucleation/annealing (SSA) thermal fractionation, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR), the intermolecular and intramolecular differences of PLA were further explored. Fractions eluted at 90, 110, 118, and 126 °C were also chosen to research the non-isothermal cold crystallization kinetics, and fractions eluted at 110, 118, and 126 °C were chosen to explore the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics in order to simulate the real process. The findings demonstrated that the Liu-Mo approach were more suited the non-isothermal crystallization and non-isothermal cold crystallization kinetics of PLA. As the elution temperature increased, so did the stereoregularity of the fractions, the crystallization rate, the crystallization capacity, and the lamellar thickness. These will lay a foundation for its basic research and industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Shuang He
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Jingyao Yan
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Ruiyao Lu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yanhu Xue
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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2
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Arndt JH, Bhati SS, Ellwanger Cangussu M, Geertz G, Mohammadi H, Brüll R. Unraveling the comonomer distribution in ethylene - vinyl ester terpolymers through liquid chromatography with infrared detection. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464197. [PMID: 37423074 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyolefins are the most commercially relevant polymers by volume. A readily available feedstock and their tailor-made microstructure allow to adapt polyolefins to many fields of application. Important molecular design features of olefin copolymers are the molar mass distribution (MMD) with the corresponding average values, comonomer type, chemical composition distribution (CCD) with the corresponding average and the tacticity distribution (TD). Advanced separation techniques i.e., high-temperature gel permeation chromatography (HT-GPC) as well as its hyphenation with high-temperature high performance liquid chromatography (HT-HPLC) in the form of high-temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography (HT 2D-LC) have been successfully applied in this work. This allowed to deeply analyze the molecular heterogeneities of complex polyolefin terpolymers consisting of ethylene, vinyl acetate and branched vinyl ester monomers. By using filter-based infrared detection, the capabilities of HT-GPC are further extended so that the distribution of methyl- and carbonyl groups could be obtained along the molar mass axis. Using porous graphitic carbon (PGC) as a stationary phase for HT-HPLC separation provided information about the CCD of these complex polyolefins from experimental data as part of the hyphenated approach of HT 2D-LC. The latter revealed the full MMD x CCD distribution function, which is the key for a comprehensive analysis of the bivariate molecular structure of the polyolefin terpolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Hendrik Arndt
- Division Plastics, Department Material Analysis and Characterization, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sampat Singh Bhati
- IIT Roorkee, Department of Paper Technology, Star Paper Mill Road, Saharanpur 247001, India.
| | - Manoela Ellwanger Cangussu
- Braskem SA, Advanced Characterization, Passo Raso (CTI PP1) Terceiro Distrito, Triunfo/RS, CEP 95853-000, Brasil
| | - Guru Geertz
- Division Plastics, Department Material Analysis and Characterization, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hadi Mohammadi
- Braskem NAM, Material Science, 550 Technology Dr, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States.
| | - Robert Brüll
- Division Plastics, Department Material Analysis and Characterization, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
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3
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Critical conditions for liquid chromatography of statistical polyolefins: Evaluation of diene distribution in EPDM terpolymers. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1246:340856. [PMID: 36764768 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography at critical conditions is of interest as it may unravel molecular information on macromolecular structures not accessible by any other analytical techniques. Yet so far, such conditions have never been experimentally established for copolymers, where a particular need for such information exists. Toward this goal, critical conditions for statistical ethylene propylene copolymers were identified. In the first approach the composition of the binary mobile phase was varied at a constant temperature, and secondly by modulating the adsorption-desorption temperature at constant mobile phase composition. Solvents for both methods were identified by using a novel approach that combines structure retention relationships with Hansen Solubility Parameters. As a result, for the first time, the heterogeneity of an ethylene propylene diene terpolymer sample with regard to the pendant double bond of the diene could be determined. The novel chromatographic approach was validated by measuring the composition of fractions taken over the chromatographic run offline by nuclear magnetic resonance. In summary, this work gave the first experimental evidence for the existence of critical conditions for polyolefin random copolymers, as postulated by Brun. This novel chromatographic approach holds immense potential to engineer complex polymers towards future applications by making use of the now-accessible molecular information.
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Nifant'ev IE, Vinogradov AA, Vinogradov AA, Minyaev ME, Bagrov VV, Salakhov II, Shaidullin NM, Chalykh AE, Shapagin AV, Ivchenko PV. Heterocene-catalyzed ethylene/oct-1-ene copolymerization under MAO-free and low-MAO conditions: The synthesis of highly statistical copolymers and their use in blending with HDPE. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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5
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Thermal and Morphological Analysis of Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Composites Containing d-limonene/β-cyclodextrin for Active Food Packaging. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031220. [PMID: 36770887 PMCID: PMC9920889 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Composites made of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and β-cyclodextrin/d-limonene inclusion complex (CD-lim) were prepared by melt extrusion to develop a novel food packaging material. Scanning electron microscopy evidenced a fairly good dispersion of the filler within the polymeric matrix. Infrared spectroscopy coupled with thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the presence of CD-lim in the composites, proving that the applied technology of including the essential oil within β-CD cages allows for preventing a sizable loss of d-limonene despite a high temperature and shear applied upon extrusion processing. Moreover, the influence of the filler on the thermal properties of PE was assessed. It was found that the cyclodextrin-based inclusion complex significantly fastens the crystallization path of the polyethylene matrix with an improved crystallization rate of the PE/CD-lim composites compared to the neat polymer.
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Deshmukh S, Macko T, Arndt JH, Barton B, Bernardo R, van Doremaele G, Brüll R. Solvent Selection for Liquid Adsorption Chromatography of Ethylene–Propylene–Diene Terpolymers by Combining Structure–Retention Relationships and Hansen Solubility Parameters. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subrajeet Deshmukh
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tibor Macko
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Arndt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bastian Barton
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Raffaele Bernardo
- ARLANXEO Netherlands B.V., Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robert Brüll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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Golub’ FS, Bolotov VA, Parmon VN. Modern Trends in the Processing of Linear Alpha Olefins into Technologically Important Products: Part I. CATALYSIS IN INDUSTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s2070050421020069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Deshmukh S, Macko T, Arndt JH, Malz F, van Doremaele G, Bernardo R, Brüll R. Separation of ethylene-norbornene copolymers using high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1652:462367. [PMID: 34246964 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The elution behavior of ethylene-norbornene (EN) copolymers prepared with various catalysts was studied in selected binary solvent gradients using porous graphite (HypercarbTM) as stationary phase. It was found that the elution volumes of the EN copolymers correlated with their average norbornene content. For a series with norbornene content lower than 20 mol % the correlation was positive (i.e. increasing elution volumes with increasing norbornene content), whereas for a series with norbornene contents above 20 mol % it was negative (decreasing elution volumes with increasing norbornene content). It is known that EN copolymers have complicated microstructures that depend on norbornene content and the catalyst system used for synthesis. Thus, it is supposed that the opposing trends in the elution behavior of the EN copolymers are caused by differences in their microstructure, ultimately governed by the norbornene content. Our conclusions are supported by results from NMR spectroscopy, which revealed the microstructure, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrajeet Deshmukh
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tibor Macko
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Arndt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Frank Malz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Robert Brüll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Meunier DM, Wade JH, Janco M, Cong R, Gao W, Li Y, Mekap D, Wang G. Recent Advances in Separation-Based Techniques for Synthetic Polymer Characterization. Anal Chem 2020; 93:273-294. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Meunier
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - James H. Wade
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - Miroslav Janco
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Rongjuan Cong
- Packaging and Specialty Plastics, Characterization, The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Wei Gao
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Yongfu Li
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - Dibyaranjan Mekap
- Packaging and Specialty Plastics, Characterization, Dow Benelux, 4542 NM Terneuzen, The Netherlands
| | - Grace Wang
- School of Cinematic Arts, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Arndt JH, Brüll R, Macko T, Garg P, Tacx J. In-depth characterization of polyolefin plastomers/elastomers (ethylene/1-octene copolymers) through hyphenated chromatographic techniques. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1621:461081. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Ndiripo A, Albrecht A, Pasch H. Improving chromatographic separation of polyolefins on porous graphitic carbon stationary phases: effects of adsorption promoting solvent and column length. RSC Adv 2020; 10:17942-17950. [PMID: 35517227 PMCID: PMC9053593 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00509f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatographic separation of complex polyolefins on porous graphitic carbon stationary phases is strongly influenced by the composition of the mobile phase. Of particular interest is the effect of the chemical structure of the adsorption promoting solvent as this component of the mobile phase determines the adsorption–desorption behavior of the polyolefin molecules. In a systematic study, alkyl alcohols and linear alkanes are used as adsorption promoting solvents and the effect of the molecules' carbon chain length on chromatographic resolution is investigated. As representative examples, solvent gradient interaction chromatography experiments on polypropylene stereoisomers and ethylene-co-1-octene copolymers are presented. In a further study, the effect of increasing chromatographic column length on the solvent gradient separation of ethylene-co-1-octene copolymers is investigated. In summary, it is shown that the polypropylene stereoisomers are retained in 1-octanol as well as in n-decane and n-dodecane, allowing for identification of the individual stereoisomers in complex blends. For ethylene-co-1-octene copolymers it is shown that separation improves with increasing carbon chain length of the adsorption promoting solvent. Maximum resolution is obtained when a column length of 300 mm is used with 1-dodecanol as the adsorption promoting solvent. The chromatographic separation of complex polyolefins on porous graphitic carbon stationary phases is strongly influenced by the composition of the mobile phase.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Andreas Albrecht
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH St. Peter-Strasse 25 Linz 4021 Austria
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
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Ndiripo A, Pasch H. Retention of polypropylene stereoisomers in solvent gradient interaction chromatography on porous graphitic carbon as influenced by temperature and mobile phase composition. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1618:460865. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wang S, Wang L, Zhong L, Xu R, Wang X, Kang W, Gao H. C1-symmetric tert-butyl substituted pyridylamido hafnium complex for ethylene, α-olefin, and styrene polymerizations. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Kot D, Macko T, Arndt JH, Brüll R. Porous graphite as platform for the separation and characterization of synthetic polymers – an overview. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1606:360038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Arndt JH, Brüll R, Macko T, Garg P, Tacx J. High performance liquid chromatography of polyolefin plastomers/elastomers (ethylene/1-octene copolymers) – Comparison of different solvent systems. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1593:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Brunel F, Boyron O, Clement A, Boisson C. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ethylene/Hexene Copolymer Adsorption onto Graphene: New Insight into Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Brunel
- Chemistry, CatalysisPolymers and Processes (C2P2) UMR 5265, CNRS, CPE Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918 F‐69615 Villeurbanne France
| | - Olivier Boyron
- Chemistry, CatalysisPolymers and Processes (C2P2) UMR 5265, CNRS, CPE Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918 F‐69615 Villeurbanne France
| | - Arnaud Clement
- Chemistry, CatalysisPolymers and Processes (C2P2) UMR 5265, CNRS, CPE Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918 F‐69615 Villeurbanne France
| | - Christophe Boisson
- Chemistry, CatalysisPolymers and Processes (C2P2) UMR 5265, CNRS, CPE Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918 F‐69615 Villeurbanne France
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