1
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Oikonomou D, Heim HP. Analysis and Validation of Varied Simulation Parameters in the Context of Thermoplastic Foams and Special Injection Molding Processes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092119. [PMID: 37177265 PMCID: PMC10181333 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The simulation solutions of different plastic injection molding processes are as multifaceted as the field of injection molding itself. In this study, the simulation of a special injection molding process, which generates partially foamed integral components, was parameterized and performed. This partial and physical foaming is realized by a defined volume expansion of the mold cavity. Using the injection molding simulation software Moldex 3D, this so-called Pull and Foam process was digitally reconstructed and simulated. Since the Pull and Foam process is a special injection molding technique for producing foamed components, the validity of the simulation results was analyzed and evaluated. With the use of Moldex 3D, varied settings such as different bubble growth models and mesh topologies were set, parameterized, and then analyzed, to provide differentiated numerical calculation solutions. Actual manufactured components represent the experimental part of this study and are produced for reference. Different evaluation methods were used to quantify morphological quantities such as porosities, local densities, and cell distributions. These methods are based on two-dimensional and three-dimensional imaging techniques such as optical microscopy and X-ray microtomography (µ-CT). Thus, this structural characterization of the manufactured samples serves as the validation basis for the calculated results of the simulations. According to the illustrated results, the adequate selection of bubble growth models and especially mesh topologies must be considered for valid simulation of specific core-back techniques, such as the Pull and Foam injection molding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Oikonomou
- Institute of Material Engineering, Polymer Engineering, University of Kassel, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Heim
- Institute of Material Engineering, Polymer Engineering, University of Kassel, 34125 Kassel, Germany
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2
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From the perspective of cells as dispersed phase in foam injection molding: Cell deformation of PP/PTFE foams. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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3
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Yetgin SH, Unal H. A study of the cell morphology and mechanical properties of bumper material PP-T-EPDM composite foam. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/02624893231151363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, cellular polypropylene based composite foams were prepared using an universal injection moulding machine. The chemical foaming agent was added to neat polypropylene (PP) polymer, talc filled polypropylene (PP-T) composite and talc filled polypropylene/ethylene-propylene-diene blend (PP-T-EPDM) composite materials at the ratio of 1% and 2% by weight. The influence of foaming agent content on the mechanical and cellular properties of both neat PP polymer and PP composites was investigated. The results showed that the tensile strength, tensile modulus, impact strength, hardness, cell diameter, foam density and viscosity values and skin layer thickness decreased while volume expansion ratio increased with the increment in chemical blowing agent content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hüseyin Unal
- Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Sakarya, Turkey
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4
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Gong W, Zhang D, Zhang C, Zeng X, He L, Jiang T. Deformation and Simulation of the Cellular Structure of Foamed Polypropylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235103. [PMID: 36501496 PMCID: PMC9736430 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamed Polymer is an important polymer material, which is one of the most widely used polymer materials and plays a very important role in the polymer industry. In this work, foamed polypropylene (PP) composites are prepared by injection molding, and the cell deformation process within them is studied by combining visualization technology and COMSOL software simulation. The results shows that the deformation of isolated cells depends in temperature, and there is no macroscopic deformation. There was no significant difference between the stress around adjacent cells at different temperatures, but the stress at different positions around the adjacent cells has obvious changes, and the maximum stress at the center of the adjacent cells was 224.18 N·m-2, which was easy to cause a lateral deformation of the cells. With the increase in temperature, the displacement around the adjacent cell gradually increased, the maximum displacement of the upper and lower symmetrical points of the cell was 14.62 μm, which is most likely to cause longitudinal deformation of the cell; the deviation of the cell deformation parameter gradually increased, which led to deformation during the growth of the cell easily. The simulation results were consistent with the visualized cell deformation behaviors of the foamed PP composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gong
- School of Materials and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Composite Modified Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence: (W.G.); (L.H.); (T.J.)
| | - Di Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Composite Modified Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Composite Modified Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Xiangbu Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Composite Modified Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Li He
- National Engineering Research Center for Composite Modified Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
- Correspondence: (W.G.); (L.H.); (T.J.)
| | - Tuanhui Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Composite Modified Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
- Correspondence: (W.G.); (L.H.); (T.J.)
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5
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Ma Y, Xin C, Huang G, Wang Y, He Y. Fundamental influences of propylene‐based elastomer on the foaming properties of high melt strength polypropylene based on extrusion foaming. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Ma
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Chunling Xin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Engineering Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment, Ministry of Education Beijing China
| | - Gang Huang
- ExxonMobil Asia Pacific Research & Development Co Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Yaxian Wang
- ExxonMobil Asia Pacific Research & Development Co Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Yadong He
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Engineering Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment, Ministry of Education Beijing China
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6
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Mark LH, Zhao C, Chu RKM, Park CB. Mechanical Properties of Injection Molded PP/PET-Nanofibril Composites and Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142958. [PMID: 35890732 PMCID: PMC9315760 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The creation and application of PET nanofibrils for PP composite reinforcement were studied. PET nanofibrils were fibrillated within a PP matrix using a spunbond process and then injection molded to test for the end-use properties. The nanofibril reinforcement helped to provide higher tensile and flexural performance in solid (unfoamed) injection molded parts. With foam injection molding, the nanofibrils also helped to improve and refine the microcellular morphology, which led to improved performance. Easily and effectively increasing the strength of a polymeric composite is a goal for many research endeavors. By creating nanoscale fibrils within the matrix itself, effective bonding and dispersion have already been achieved, overcoming the common pitfalls of fiber reinforcement. As blends of PP and PET are drawn in a spunbond system, the PET domains are stretched into nanoscale fibrils. By adapting the spunbonded blends for use in injection molding, both solid and foamed nanocomposites are created. The injection molded nanocomposites achieved increased in both tensile and flexural strength. The solid and foamed tensile strength increased by 50 and 100%, respectively. In addition, both the solid and foamed flexural strength increased by 100%. These increases in strength are attributed to effective PET nanofibril reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Howe Mark
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; (L.H.M.); (C.Z.); (R.K.M.C.)
| | - Chongxiang Zhao
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; (L.H.M.); (C.Z.); (R.K.M.C.)
| | - Raymond K. M. Chu
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; (L.H.M.); (C.Z.); (R.K.M.C.)
- SABIC Limburg B.V., 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; (L.H.M.); (C.Z.); (R.K.M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-978-3053
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7
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Güzel K, Zarges JC, Heim HP. Effect of Cell Morphology on Flexural Behavior of Injection-Molded Microcellular Polycarbonate. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15103634. [PMID: 35629661 PMCID: PMC9144126 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative study of the structure and properties relationship in cellular materials is mostly limited to cell diameter, cell density, skin layer thickness, and cell size distribution. In addition, the investigation of the morphology is generally carried out in two dimensions. Therefore, the interrelation between morphological properties and mechanical characteristics of the foam structure has remained in an uncertain state. In this study, during the physical foaming process, a foam morphology is locally created by using a mold equipped with a core-back insert. The variation in morphology is obtained by modifying the mold temperature, injection flow rate, and blowing agent content in the polymer melt. X-ray microtomography (μCT) is used to acquire the 3D visualization of the cells structure. The Cell Distribution Index (CDI) is calculated to represent the polydispersity in cell size distribution. The relationship between the wide range of morphological qualities and relevant flexural properties is made explicit via a statistical model. According to the results, the morphology, particularly cell shape, characterizes the mechanism of the linear elastic deformation of the closed-cell foams. IR-thermography reveals the bending failure of cellular structures in the tensile region despite the differences in cell diameter.
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8
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Wang C, Shaayegan V, Costa F, Han S, Park CB. The critical requirement for high-pressure foam injection molding with supercritical fluid. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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9
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Shaayegan V, Wang C, Ataei M, Costa F, Han S, Bussmann M, Park CB. Supercritical CO2 utilization for development of graded cellular structures in semicrystalline polymers. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Sarver JA, Sumey JL, Whitfield RM, Kiran E. Confined batch foaming of
semi‐crystalline
rubbery elastomers with carbon dioxide using a mold. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Sarver
- Department of Chemical Engineering Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Jenna L. Sumey
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | | | - Erdogan Kiran
- Department of Chemical Engineering Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
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11
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12
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Mei XY, Zhou YG, Sun HL, Dong BB, Liu CT, Turng LS. Evaluating the gas-laden ability of polymer melt under atmospheric conditions using a modified torque rheometer. J CELL PLAST 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x21997351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of incorporating gas and the associated influencing factors on polymer melt, a method of evaluating the gas-laden ability using modified rheometric measurements was proposed. In this study, common and widely used thermoplastic materials—polypropylene (PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and their blends with different weight ratios—were selected, and the rheological properties of neat melt and gas-laden melts were tested using a modified torque rheometer. The foamed samples were also produced using a regular injection-molding machine, and the foamed morphology was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The comparison of rheological curves of neat melt and gas-laden melt indicated that the incorporation of gas influenced the rheological properties of the gas-laden polymer melts as evidenced by a decrease of zero-rotational torque and an increase in the melt flow index. The results also suggested that the gas-laden ability of polymer melt could be evaluated quantitatively by the decay (due to desorption) of gas using the modified rheological measurement method. This study also demonstrated that the gas-laden ability can be used to predict the foaming behavior of polymer melts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yu Mei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ying-Guo Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Hong-Long Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Bin-Bin Dong
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Chun-Tai Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Polymer Engineering Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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13
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Alekseev ES, Alentiev AY, Belova AS, Bogdan VI, Bogdan TV, Bystrova AV, Gafarova ER, Golubeva EN, Grebenik EA, Gromov OI, Davankov VA, Zlotin SG, Kiselev MG, Koklin AE, Kononevich YN, Lazhko AE, Lunin VV, Lyubimov SE, Martyanov ON, Mishanin II, Muzafarov AM, Nesterov NS, Nikolaev AY, Oparin RD, Parenago OO, Parenago OP, Pokusaeva YA, Ronova IA, Solovieva AB, Temnikov MN, Timashev PS, Turova OV, Filatova EV, Philippov AA, Chibiryaev AM, Shalygin AS. Supercritical fluids in chemistry. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Cadete MS, Gomes TEP, Carvalho PJ, Neto VF. Polymeric foams from recycled thermoplastic poly(ethylene terephthalate). J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20948562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the increase use of plastics, there is currently a concern with the waste of materials, resulting in a series of challenges and opportunities for the waste management sector. In the present work, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) foam was produced from recycled PET (RPET) from used water bottles. The recycled material was manually prepared and foamed in batches with the assistance of nitrogen gas as the physical blowing agent. RPET was characterized using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The influence of the pressure on the foam formation was studied and the results obtained showed that this variable influences the final product characteristics. To evaluate the behavior of the foams, their morphology, response to deformation when subject to compression and their thermal conductivities were studied. The morphology analysis showed that operating at higher-pressure results in bigger pore size but also in an increased pore size heterogeneous distribution, and foams that exhibit a higher thermal conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylene S Cadete
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tiago EP Gomes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro J Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Victor F Neto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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15
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A Design of Experiment Approach for Surface Roughness Comparisons of Foam Injection-Moulding Methods. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13102358. [PMID: 32443909 PMCID: PMC7287706 DOI: 10.3390/ma13102358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pursuit of polymer parts produced through foam injection moulding (FIM) that have a comparable surface roughness to conventionally processed components are of major relevance to expand the application of FIM. Within this study, 22% talc-filled copolymer polypropylene (PP) parts were produced through FIM using both a physical and chemical blowing agent. A design of experiments (DoE) was performed whereby the processing parameters of mould temperatures, injection speeds, back-pressure, melt temperature and holding time were varied to determine their effect on surface roughness, Young’s modulus and tensile strength. The results showed that mechanical performance can be improved when processing with higher mould temperatures and longer holding times. Also, it was observed that when utilising chemical foaming agents (CBA) at low-pressure, surface roughness comparable to that obtained from conventionally processed components can be achieved. This research demonstrates the potential of FIM to expand to applications whereby weight saving can be achieved without introducing surface defects, which has previously been witnessed within FIM.
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16
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Zhou Y, Chen T. Combining foam injection molding with batch foaming to improve cell density and control cellular orientation via multiple gas dissolution and desorption processes. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Guo Zhou
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringJiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacture and Process for Marine Mechanical EquipmentJiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang Jiangsu China
| | - Tuo‐Yang Chen
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringJiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang Jiangsu China
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17
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Abstract
Injection moulding is a well-established replication process for the cost-effective manufacture of polymer-based components. The process has different applications in fields such as medical, automotive and aerospace. To expand the use of polymers to meet growing consumer demands for increased functionality, advanced injection moulding processes have been developed that modifies the polymer to create microcellular structures. Through the creation of microcellular materials, additional functionality can be gained through polymer component weight and processing energy reduction. Microcellular injection moulding shows high potential in creating innovation green manufacturing platforms. This review article aims to present the significant developments that have been achieved in different aspects of microcellular injection moulding. Aspects covered include core-back, gas counter pressure, variable thermal tool moulding and other advanced technologies. The resulting characteristics of creating microcellular injection moulding components through both plasticising agents and nucleating agents are presented. In addition, the article highlights potential areas for research exploitation. In particular, acoustic and thermal applications, nano-cellular injection moulding parts and developments of more accurate simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Rees
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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18
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A Novel Hybrid Foaming Method for Low-Pressure Microcellular Foam Production of Unfilled and Talc-Filled Copolymer Polypropylenes. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111896. [PMID: 31744195 PMCID: PMC6918196 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Unfilled and talc-filled Copolymer Polypropylene (PP) samples were produced through low-pressure foam-injection molding (FIM). The foaming stage of the process has been facilitated through a chemical blowing agent (C6H7NaO7 and CaCO3 mixture), a physical blowing agent (supercritical N2) and a novel hybrid foaming (combination of said chemical and physical foaming agents). Three weight-saving levels were produced with the varying foaming methods and compared to conventional injection molding. The unfilled PP foams produced through chemical blowing agent exhibited the strongest mechanical characteristics due to larger skin wall thicknesses, while the weakest were that of the talc-filled PP through the hybrid foaming technique. However, the hybrid foaming produced superior microcellular foams for both PPs due to calcium carbonate (CaCO3) enhancing the nucleation phase.
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19
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Kastner C, Steinbichler G. Theoretical Background and Automation Approach for a Novel Measurement Method for Determining Dynamic Solubility Limits of Supercritical Fluids in Injection Foam Molding. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Kastner
- Institute of Polymer Injection Molding and Process AutomationJohannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Strasse 69, A‐4040 Linz Austria
| | - Georg Steinbichler
- Institute of Polymer Injection Molding and Process AutomationJohannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Strasse 69, A‐4040 Linz Austria
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21
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Recent Trends of Foaming in Polymer Processing: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11060953. [PMID: 31159423 PMCID: PMC6631771 DOI: 10.3390/polym11060953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer foams have low density, good heat insulation, good sound insulation effects, high specific strength, and high corrosion resistance, and are widely used in civil and industrial applications. In this paper, the classification of polymer foams, principles of the foaming process, types of blowing agents, and raw materials of polymer foams are reviewed. The research progress of various foaming methods and the current problems and possible solutions are discussed in detail.
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