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Palmieri B, Cilento F, Amendola E, Valente T, Dello Iacono S, Giordano M, Martone A. Influence of Catalyst Content and Epoxy/Carboxylate Ratio on Isothermal Creep of Epoxy Vitrimers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3845. [PMID: 37765699 PMCID: PMC10535981 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, a commercial epoxy based on epoxy anhydride and tertiary amine was modified by a metallic catalyst (Zn2+) to induce vitrimeric behavior by promoting the transesterification reaction. The effect of two different epoxy/acid ratios (1 and 0.6) at two different zinc acetate amounts (Zn(Ac)2) on the thermomechanical and viscoelastic performances of the epoxy vitrimers were investigated. Creep experiments showed an increase in molecular mobility above the critical "Vitrimeric" temperature (Tv) of 170 °C proportionally to the amount of Zn(Ac)2. A procedure based on Burger's model was set up to investigate the effect of catalyst content on the vitrimer ability to flow as the effect of the dynamic exchange reaction. The analysis showed that in the case of a balanced epoxy/acid formulation, the amount of catalyst needed for promoting molecular mobility is 5%. This system showed a value of elastic modulus and dynamic viscosity at 170 °C of 9.50 MPa and 2.23 GPas, respectively. The material was easily thermoformed in compression molding, paving the way for the recyclability and weldability of the thermoset system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Palmieri
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (F.C.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Fabrizia Cilento
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (F.C.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Eugenio Amendola
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (F.C.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Teodoro Valente
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy;
| | - Stefania Dello Iacono
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (F.C.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Michele Giordano
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (F.C.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Alfonso Martone
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (F.C.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
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Palmieri B, Cilento F, Amendola E, Valente T, Dello Iacono S, Giordano M, Martone A. An Investigation of the Healing Efficiency of Epoxy Vitrimer Composites Based on Zn 2+ Catalyst. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3611. [PMID: 37688237 PMCID: PMC10489754 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The need to recycle carbon-fibre-reinforced composite polymers (CFRP) has grown significantly to reduce the environmental impact generated by their production. To meet this need, thermoreversible epoxy matrices have been developed in recent years. This study investigates the performance of an epoxy vitrimer made by introducing a metal catalyst (Zn2+) and its carbon fibre composites, focusing on the healing capability of the system. The dynamic crosslinking networks endow vitrimers with interesting rheological behaviour; the capability of the formulated resin (AV-5) has been assessed by creep tests. The analysis showed increased molecular mobility above a topology freezing temperature (Tv). However, the reinforcement phase inhibits the flow capability, reducing the flow. The fracture behaviour of CFRP made with the vitrimeric resin has been investigated by Mode I and Mode II tests and compared with the conventional system. The repairability of the vitrimeric CFRP has been investigated by attempting to recover the delaminated samples, which yielded unsatisfactory results. Moreover, the healing efficiency of the modified epoxy composites has been assessed using the vitrimer as an adhesive layer. The joints were able to recover about 84% of the lap shear strength of the pristine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Palmieri
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (T.V.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Fabrizia Cilento
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (T.V.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Eugenio Amendola
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (T.V.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Teodoro Valente
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (T.V.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Stefania Dello Iacono
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (T.V.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Michele Giordano
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (T.V.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Alfonso Martone
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (T.V.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
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Sun J, Liang M, Yin L, Rivers G, Hu G, Pan Q, Zhao B. Interfacial Compatibility of Core-Shell Cellulose Nanocrystals for Improving Dynamic Covalent Adaptable Networks' Fracture Resistance in Nanohybrid Vitrimer Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:39786-39796. [PMID: 37578445 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of polymeric nanocomposites with dynamic covalent adaptable networks and biobased nanomaterials has been a promising approach toward sustainable advanced materials, enabling reprogramming and recycling capabilities. Herein, a core-shell nanohybrid of functionalized cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is explored to provide crucial interfacial compatibility for improving the covalent adaptable networks of epoxy-thiol vitrimers in fracture resistance. The poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) shells grafted from CNC surfaces can be cross-linked with the covalent adaptable networks via a hot-pressing transesterification process. According to the additive concentration and annealing temperature, the stress relaxation behavior of nanohybrid vitrimer composites can be effectively regulated by the core-shell PCL-grafted CNC (CNC-PCL) nanohybrids from a dispersed to cross-linked interaction. The addition of 15 wt % of the core-shell CNC-PCLs exhibits the reinforced improvement of nanohybrid vitrimer composites in the average Young's modulus of 2.5×, fracture stress of 5.4×, and fracture strain of 2.0×. The research findings might have profound implications for developing synergistic interfacial compatibility between dynamic vitrimer networks and functional nanoparticles for advanced polymeric nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mingrui Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Lu Yin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Rivers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qinmin Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Boxin Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
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Chappuis S, Edera P, Cloitre M, Tournilhac F. Enriching an Exchangeable Network with One of Its Components: The Key to High- Tg Epoxy Vitrimers with Accelerated Relaxation. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sélène Chappuis
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Paolo Edera
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michel Cloitre
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - François Tournilhac
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
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Builes Cárdenas C, Gayraud V, Rodriguez ME, Costa J, Salaberria AM, Ruiz de Luzuriaga A, Markaide N, Dasan Keeryadath P, Calderón Zapatería D. Study into the Mechanical Properties of a New Aeronautic-Grade Epoxy-Based Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Vitrimer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061223. [PMID: 35335553 PMCID: PMC8949552 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The current drive for sustainability demands recyclable matrices for composite materials. Vitrimers combine thermoset properties with reprocessability, but their mechanical performance in highly loaded applications, for instance, composites for aeronautics, is still to be demonstrated. This work presents the complete mechanical characterization of a new vitrimer reinforced with carbon fiber. This vitrimer formulation consists of functional epoxy groups and a new dynamic disulfide crosslinks-based hardener. The testing campaign for the vitrimer composites encompassed tension, compression, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), in-plane shear (IPS), open-hole tension (OHT) and compression (OHC), filled-hole compression (FHC) and interlaminar fracture toughness tests under mode I and II. Test conditions included room temperature and high temperature of 70 °C and 120 °C, respectively, after moisture saturation. Tension and flexural tests also were applied on the neat vitrimer resin. The results compared well with those obtained for current aeronautic materials manufactured by Resin Transfer Molding (RTM). The lower values observed in compression and ILSS derived from the thermoplastic veils included as a toughening material. This work demonstrates that the vitrimer formulation presented meets the requirements of current matrices for aeronautic-grade carbon-reinforced composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Builes Cárdenas
- Composites Unit, Eurecat—Technological Center of Catalonia, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.B.C.); (M.E.R.)
| | - Vincent Gayraud
- Composites Unit, Eurecat—Technological Center of Catalonia, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;
| | - Maria Eugenia Rodriguez
- Composites Unit, Eurecat—Technological Center of Catalonia, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.B.C.); (M.E.R.)
| | - Josep Costa
- Analysis and Advanced Materials for Structural Design (AMADE), Polytechnic School, Campus Montilivi, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain;
| | - Asier M. Salaberria
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón, 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (A.M.S.); (A.R.d.L.); (N.M.)
| | - Alaitz Ruiz de Luzuriaga
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón, 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (A.M.S.); (A.R.d.L.); (N.M.)
| | - Nerea Markaide
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón, 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (A.M.S.); (A.R.d.L.); (N.M.)
| | | | - Diego Calderón Zapatería
- IDEC, Engineering Composites Advanced Solution, C/Albert Einstein 29, 01510 Miñano Menor, Spain;
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Zeng Y, Li J, Liu S, Yang B. Rosin-Based Epoxy Vitrimers with Dynamic Boronic Ester Bonds. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3386. [PMID: 34641201 PMCID: PMC8512039 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosin is an abundantly available natural product. In this paper, for the first time, a rosin derivative is employed as the main monomer for preparation of epoxy vitrimers to improve the mechanical properties of vitrimers. Novel epoxy vitrimer networks with dynamic reversible covalent boronic ester bonds are constructed by a reaction between thiols in 2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)-bis (4-mercaptan-1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (BDB) as a curing agent and epoxy groups in the rosin derivative. The rosin-based epoxy vitrimer networks are fully characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), an equilibrium swelling experiment, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The obtained rosin-based epoxy vitrimers possess superior thermostability and good mechanical properties. Due to transesterification of boronic ester bonds, rosin epoxy vitrimer network topologies can be altered, giving welding, recycle, self-healing, and shape memory abilities to the fabricated polymer. Besides, the effects of treating time and temperature on welding capability is investigated, and it is found that the welding efficiency of the 20% C-FPAE sample is >93% after treatment for 12 h at 160 °C. Moreover, through a hot press, the pulverized samples of 20% C-FPAE can be reshaped several times and most mechanical properties are restored after reprocessing at 200 °C for 60 min. Finally, chemical degradation is researched for the rosin-based epoxy vitrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Zeng
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal and Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (J.L.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
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Tangthana-umrung K, Poutrel QA, Gresil M. Epoxy Homopolymerization as a Tool to Tune the Thermo-Mechanical Properties and Fracture Toughness of Vitrimers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Quentin Arthur Poutrel
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France
| | - Matthieu Gresil
- i-Composites Lab, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Wu S, Yang H, Xu WS, Chen Q. Thermodynamics and Reaction Kinetics of Symmetric Vitrimers Based on Dioxaborolane Metathesis. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Quan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
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Lian W, Han H, Zhang X, Peng G, Jia Z, Zhang Z. Polyurethane modified epoxy vitrimer and its stress relaxation behavior. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2020-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Anhydride cured epoxy vitrimers usually exhibit desired mechanical strength but poor toughness and slow transesterification rate. Therefore, the repairing property of the material was restricted. In this paper, polyurethane modified epoxy vitrimer (PU-Epv) was prepared. PU was introduced into the vitrimer system of tetrahydrophthalic anhydride cured epoxy to improve the toughness of the material. Meanwhile, because of the presence of amino ester, the transesterification reaction was promoted and the activation energy of the transesterification was only 33.59 kJ/mol. In the thermal welding experiment, the material could be welded at least five times, and scratches on the surface of the samples could be efficiently repaired within 30 min. The toughness of the material was improved without damaging the strength. Meanwhile, the hard thermosetting epoxy was endowed with excellent repairing properties to increase the service life of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology , Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao 066004 , China
| | - Huipeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology , Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao 066004 , China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology , Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao 066004 , China
| | - Guirong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology , Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao 066004 , China
| | - Zhaojing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology , Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao 066004 , China
| | - Zhenlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology , Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao 066004 , China
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Xu W, Pan Y, Yin L, Zheng Z, Deng J, Ding X. Reprocessable Shape Memory Epoxy Resin Based on Substituent Biphenyl Structure. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yi Pan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Lv Yin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Zhaohui Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jinni Deng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiaobin Ding
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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11
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Fabrication and curing properties of o-cresol formaldehyde epoxy resin with reversible cross-links by dynamic boronic ester bonds. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Capiel G, Hernández E, Marcovich NE, Mosiewicki MA. Stress relaxation behavior of weldable crosslinked polymers based on methacrylated oleic and lauric acids. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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