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Godlewska J, Smorawska J, Głowińska E. Chemical Structure and Thermal Properties versus Accelerated Aging of Bio-Based Poly(ether-urethanes) with Modified Hard Segments. Molecules 2024; 29:3585. [PMID: 39124990 PMCID: PMC11314303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging of polymers is a natural process that occurs during their usage and storage. Predicting the lifetime of polymers is a crucial aspect that should be considered at the design stage. In this paper, a series of bio-based thermoplastic poly(ether-urethane) elastomers (bio-TPUs) with modified hard segments were synthesized and investigated to understand the structural and property changes triggered by accelerated aging. The bio-TPUs were synthesized at an equimolar ratio of reagents using the prepolymer method with the use of bio-based poly(trimethylene ether) glycol, bio-based 1,3-propanediol, and hexamethylene diisocyanate or hexamethylene diisocyanate/partially bio-based diisocyanate mixtures. The polymerization reaction was catalyzed by dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL). The structural and property changes after accelerated aging under thermal and hydrothermal conditions were determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Among other findings, it was observed that both the reference and aged bio-TPUs decomposed in two main stages and exhibited thermal stability up to approximately 300 °C. Based on the research conducted, it was found that accelerated aging impacts the supramolecular structure of TPUs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ewa Głowińska
- Department of Polymers Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriel Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Smorawska J, Włoch M, Głowińska E. Structure-Property Relationship and Multiple Processing Studies of Novel Bio-Based Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6246. [PMID: 37763524 PMCID: PMC10533108 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the growing demand for polymeric materials has led to an increased need to develop effective recycling methods. This study focuses on the multiple processing of bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (bio-TPUs) as a sustainable approach for polymeric waste management through mechanical recycling. The main objective is to investigate the influence of two reprocessing cycles on selected properties of bio-TPUs. Two series of bio-based TPUs were synthesized via a solvent-free two-step method with the use of hexamethylene diisocyanate or hexamethylene diisocyanate/partially bio-based diisocyanate mixtures, bio-based poly(triamethylene ether) glycol, and bio-based 1,3 propanediol. Both the raw bio-TPUs and those subjected to two reprocessing cycles were examined with respect to their chemical, physical, thermal, thermomechanical, and mechanical properties. The conducted research revealed that reprocessing led to changes in the phase separation between the hard and soft segments, thereby affecting the bio-TPUs' properties. Both series of materials showed similar chemical structures regardless of reprocessing (slight changes were observed in the range of carbonyl peak). The thermal properties of TPUs exhibited slight differences after each reprocessing cycle, but generally, the non-processed and reprocessed bio-TPUs were thermally stable up to about 300 °C. However, significant differences were observed in their mechanical properties. The tensile strength increased to 34% for the twice-reprocessed bio-TPUs, while the elongation at break increased by ca. 200%. On the other hand, the processing cycles resulted in a decrease in the hardness of both bio-TPU series (ca. 3-4 °ShA). As a result, the prepared bio-TPUs exhibited characteristics that were closer to those of the sustainable materials model, promoting the circular economy of plastics, with environmental benefits arising from their recyclability and their high content of bio-based monomers (78.4-78.8 wt.%).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ewa Głowińska
- Department of Polymers Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriel Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (J.S.); (M.W.)
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Nguyen LMT, Nguyen NKH, Dang HH, Nguyen ADS, Truong TT, Nguyen HT, Nguyen TQ, Cu ST, Le NN, Doan TCD, Nguyen LTT. Synthesis and thermal-responsive behavior of a polysiloxane-based material by combined click chemistries. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Jung YS, Woo J, Lee E, Lee S, Shin EJ. Synthesis and properties of bio-based thermoplastic poly(ether urethane) for soft actuators. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this study, bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) for use in soft actuators is bio-based poly(ether-urethane) made using fermented corn, along with bio-derived compounds such as propane-1,3-diol (PDO) as a chain extender. Bio-based TPUs were obtained through a solvent-free one-shot synthesis method, and the effects of varying the [NCO]/[OH] molar ratio and type of isocyanates on chemical structure, thermal stability, and mechanical properties were investigated. The degree of phase separation (DPS) and state of hard segment (HS) / soft segment (SS) of TPU are important factors affecting the thermal and physical properties of the prepared film. These properties depend on the [NCO]/[OH] molar ratio and the type of isocyanates used for polymerization. The results showed that, when aromatic isocyanate was used, the degree of separation of the HS/SS was improved as the molar ratio increased. The average molecular weight and DPS as well as thermal and mechanical properties of 1-isocyanato-4-[(4-isocyanatophenyl)methyl]benzene (MDI)-based TPU samples are all higher than those of 1,1’-methylenebis(4-isocyanatocyclohexane) (H12MDI)-based TPU samples in spite of the lower HS content. These findings of this study are expected to contribute to the preparation of fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing or 4D printing for shape memory polymer from bio-based TPU filaments for use in soft actuators with a shore hardness range of 59~84A.
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Shin EJ, Park Y, Jung YS, Choi HY, Lee S. Fabrication and characteristics of flexible thermoplastic polyurethane filament for fused deposition modeling three‐dimensional printing. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Shin
- Department of Organic Materials and Polymer Engineering Dong‐A University Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Yuyoung Park
- Department of Organic Materials and Polymer Engineering Dong‐A University Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Sook Jung
- Department of Organic Materials and Polymer Engineering Dong‐A University Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Yeol Choi
- Department of Fashion Design Dong‐A University Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Department of Fashion Design Dong‐A University Busan Republic of Korea
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Potolinca VO, Oprea S. An insight on the effect of the hard segment domain on the thermo‐mechanical and surface properties of new piperazine‐based polyurethanes. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Otilia Potolinca
- Department of Polyaddition and Photochemistry “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Iasi Romania
| | - Stefan Oprea
- Department of Polyaddition and Photochemistry “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Iasi Romania
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Ferreira R, Dias R, Laqua L, Pavan F, Marangoni C, Machado R. Development and scale‐up of thermoplastic poly(ether‐ester) glycol polyurethanes for flexography. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Rafael Dias
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Letícia Laqua
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Felipe Pavan
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Cintia Marangoni
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Ricardo Machado
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima Florianópolis Brazil
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Niesiobędzka J, Głowińska E, Datta J. Eco-Friendly Ether and Ester-Urethane Prepolymer: Structure, Processing and Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212207. [PMID: 34830089 PMCID: PMC8625470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study concerns bio-based urethane prepolymers. The relationship between the chemical structure and the thermal and processing parameters of bio-based isocyanate-terminated ether and ester-urethane prepolymers was investigated. Bio-based prepolymers were obtained with the use of bio-monomers such as bio-based diisocyanate, bio-based polyether polyol or polyester polyols. In addition to their composition, the bio-based prepolymers were different in the content of iso-cyanate groups content (ca. 6 and 8%). The process of pre-polymerization and the obtained bio-based prepolymers were analyzed by determining the content of unreacted NCO groups, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetry, and rheological measurements. The research conducted facilitated the evaluation of the properties and processability of urethane prepolymers based on natural components. The results indicate that a significant impact on the processability has the origin the polyol ingredient as well as the NCO content. The thermal stability of all of the prepolymers is similar. A prepolymer based on a poly-ether polyol is characterized by a lower viscosity at a lower temperature than the prepolymer based on a polyester polyol. The viscosity value depends on the NCO content.
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Kasprzyk P, Głowińska E, Datta J. Structure and properties comparison of poly(ether-urethane)s based on nonpetrochemical and petrochemical polyols obtained by solvent free two-step method. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kasprzyk P, Głowińska E, Parcheta-Szwindowska P, Rohde K, Datta J. Green TPUs from Prepolymer Mixtures Designed by Controlling the Chemical Structure of Flexible Segments. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147438. [PMID: 34299058 PMCID: PMC8305971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study concerns green thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) obtained by controlling the chemical structure of flexible segments. Two types of bio-based polyether polyols—poly(trimethylene glycol)s—with average molecular weights ca. 1000 and 2700 Da were used (PO3G1000 and PO3G2700, respectively). TPUs were prepared via a two-step method. Hard segments consisted of 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanates and the bio-based 1,4-butanodiol (used as a chain extender and used to control the [NCO]/[OH] molar ratio). The impacts of the structure of flexible segments, the amount of each type of prepolymer, and the [NCO]/[OH] molar ratio on the chemical structure and selected properties of the TPUs were verified. By regulating the number of flexible segments of a given type, different selected properties of TPU materials were obtained. Thermal analysis confirmed the high thermal stability of the prepared materials and revealed that TPUs based on a higher amount of prepolymer synthesized from PO3G2700 have a tendency for cold crystallization. An increase in the amount of PO3G1000 at the flexible segments caused an increase in the tensile strength and decrease in the elongation at break. Melt flow index results demonstrated that the increase in the amount of prepolymer based on PO3G1000 resulted in TPUs favorable in terms of machining.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Janusz Datta
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (J.D.); Tel.: +48-58-347-14-14 (J.D.)
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Zagożdżon I, Parcheta P, Datta J. Novel Cast Polyurethanes Obtained by Using Reactive Phosphorus-Containing Polyol: Synthesis, Thermal Analysis and Combustion Behaviors. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14112699. [PMID: 34063787 PMCID: PMC8196663 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing polyol applications in polyurethane synthesis can prevent volatilization of flame retardants and their migration on the surface of a material. In this work, novel cast polyurethanes were prepared by a one-step method with the use of different amounts of phosphorus-containing polyol, 4,4′–diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol. The chemical structure, thermal, physicochemical and mechanical properties and flame resistance of the prepared materials were investigated. The results obtained for cast flame-retarded polyurethanes were compared with cast polyurethane synthesized with commonly known polyether polyol. It has been shown that with an increasing amount of phosphorus content to polyurethane’s chemical structure, an increased flame resistance and char yield were found during combustion tests. Phosphorus polyol worked in both the condensed (reduced heat and mass exchange) and gas phase (inhibition of flame propagation during burning). The obtained materials contained phosphorus polyol, indicating higher thermal stability in an oxidative environment than an inert atmosphere.
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Vevere L, Fridrihsone A, Kirpluks M, Cabulis U. A Review of Wood Biomass-Based Fatty Acids and Rosin Acids Use in Polymeric Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2706. [PMID: 33207734 PMCID: PMC7696232 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, vegetable oils as a potential replacement for petrochemical materials have been extensively studied. Tall oil (crude tall oil, distilled tall oil, tall oil fatty acids, and rosin acids) is a good source to be turned into polymeric materials. Unlike vegetable oils, tall oil is considered as lignocellulosic plant biomass waste and is considered to be the second-generation raw material, thus it is not competing with the food and feed chain. The main purpose of this review article is to identify in what kind of polymeric materials wood biomass-based fatty acids and rosin acids have been applied and their impact on the properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laima Vevere
- Polymer Department, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.F.); (M.K.); (U.C.)
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Błażek K, Kasprzyk P, Datta J. Diamine derivatives of dimerized fatty acids and bio-based polyether polyol as sustainable platforms for the synthesis of non-isocyanate polyurethanes. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Błażek K, Datta J, Cichoracka A. Sustainable synthesis of cyclic carbonates from bio‐based polyether polyol: the structure characterization, rheological behaviour and thermal properties. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Błażek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Polymers TechnologyGdansk University of Technology Gdańsk Poland
| | - Janusz Datta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Polymers TechnologyGdansk University of Technology Gdańsk Poland
| | - Alicja Cichoracka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Polymers TechnologyGdansk University of Technology Gdańsk Poland
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